Concept of Bilingualism Concepts

Bilingualism restricted to nearly every country, which has two or more language in their society. Beside English as the International language every country has mother language. According to Mackey in Romaine 1995:12 bilingualism is defined as the alternate use of two more languages. Whereas, Diebold in Romaine 1995:11 uses the terms ‘incipient languages’ to characterized the initial stages of contact between two languages. Fishman says that bilingualism is essentially characterization of individual linguistic versatility Fishman 1972:83. Bloomfield specifies ‘native-like control of two languages’ as the criteria for bilingualism in Romaine 1995:11 Although in bilingualism the two languages can be kept separately, but switching code from one to the other language often occurs in a bilingual, because the ability to use two languages often make the bilinguals switch their languages. Here term bilingualism is used as the alternate use of two languages that may cause the occurrence of code switching of the bilinguals from one code to the other in their daily interactions. The bilinguals are productive in using both languages, Indonesian and English, particularly.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

The main theory adopted for these research is take from Poplack 1989:122- 123 for the types of code switching and for the reasons of code switching proposed by Grosjean 1982:152. Each the theory will describe below:

2.3.1 The types of Code Switching

According to Poplack 1980 who distinguishes there are three types of code switching. They are: 1. Tag switching In this of switching Poplack in Romaine, 1995:121 stated the switch involves the insertion of a tag in language into an utterance which is otherwise entirely in other language, e.g. you know, I mean, etc. Tags may be easily inserted into a number of points in monolingual utterance without disturbing syntactical rules, since tags are subject to minimal syntactic restriction. A tag is a word or phrase that is added to a sentence for emphasis, e. g, I do in yes, I do, isn’t, won’t you, aren’t they?, etc. Tag switching can be in the form of an exclamation. Exclamation is a short sound word, or phrase expressing sudden surprise, pain, etc. Here are examples of tag switching given by Poplack in Romaine 1995:122: a. In PunjabiEnglish code switching I mean subconsciously, kerijane, you know English tag b. In Finnish English code switching Matta en ma viittinyt, no way English tag c. In Tagalog English code switching The proceeding went smoothly, batagalong tag