9
in here is a kind of language development which adds meaning into the pronunciation and the speaker‘s environment.
13
The importance of context in pragmatic emphasized by Wijana that examines pragmatic context-bound meanings,
14
this is confirmed by the explanation Levinson that Pragmatic is the study of those relations between
language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of language.
15
Context includes only some of the basic parameters of the context of utterance, including participants, identity, role and location, assumptions about
what participants know or take for granted, the place of an utterance within a sequence of turns at talking, and so on.
C. Deixis
Deictic word derived from the Greek word ―deiktikos‖ designation it
directly.
16
Levinson explain that the word deixis comes from Greek which means pointing or indicating.
17
The means of pointing or indicating has close relation with how words put into the context. In other words, deixis is based
on the context depending on the time and place of his spoken word. If the hearer or the reader does not know it, then it will be difficult for them to
understand.
13
Gabrielle Kasper Shosana Blum-Kulka, Interlanguage Pragmatics, New York: Oxford, 1978. p. 51
14
Nadar, 2009, op.cit, p.4
15
Levinson, 1983, op.cit, p. 9
16
Nadar, 2009, op.cit, p. 54
17
Levinson, 1983, op.cit, p. 54
10
Deixis makes the reader or hearer have to broaden the limitation of mind. As Yule explains that two referents, proximal near from the speaker
and distal far from the speaker influence the deixis context. When the context words such as this, here, now, that, there, and then appear, the
addressee has to think twice where the location of the speaker. For example, there is a statement that room, and then the addressee has to figure out where
the room is and which is meant by the speaker. So, the context does not just depend on distal or proximal perception of the speaker, but it also uses the
hearer‘s logic.
18
The function of deixis is to point or indicate something. Then, this function creates something or someone to be the referent. Many
referents are created by deixis. Levinson mentions three the traditional categories of deixis are person,
place and time.
19
In addition to the three types, Lyson and Fillmore add two types of deixis, there are discourse or text deixis and social deixis.
1. Person Deixis.
Person deixis is about who involves in the speech event or in the text. The reader or the listener has to know who the referent is; otherwise,
he can not give an appropriate perception. Moreover, the concept of context also takes the role of person deixis.
The basic concept of person deixis is based on person. Levinson says there are three categories of person deixis. They are first person,
18
George Yule, Pragmatics, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, p.9
19
Nadar, op.cit, p. 55
