Background of the study

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Masculinity is characteristic, pattern, orientation and tendency that build statement quotation male identity. 1 It describes that men are explicit, rational, aggressive, and intelligent. Masculinity also described as a traditional value from men’s attitude or men’s behavior that believes courtesy and morals in public opinion. A man muscled body presents the image of masculinity, his strength, his courage, his adventure, and many more. In some cultures, masculinity may be an indicator of social status as much as wealth, race, or social class. In western culture, for example, greater masculinity brings greater social status for males among their peers. 2 Masculinity is associated more commonly with men than boys. 3 Masculinity in English culture or we said Victorian masculinity is men have a spiritual propriety, but in wealth were also crucial. A part of that, education, manners and refined speech made the men as gentleman. 4 Masculinity firstly appeared in the Industrial Revolution in Britain. 5 It was between 1830s and 1860s, for the most part, a period of peace, man clearly did not feel threaten to be called as soldier, etc. Some of the concepts of masculinity are such religion, domesticity, and gender role, imperialism, economy, athletic, manners and much more. While, other masculinity 1 Rachmat Hidayat, Ilmu Yang Seksis: Feminisme dan Perlawanan Terhadap Teori Sosial Maskulin, Yogyakarta:Jendela, 2004, cet. Ke-1, h.173 2 Masculinity, The Free Encyclopedia. May 18, 2007 http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiMasculinity,p.2. 3 Ibid.,p.2. 4 Victorian Masculinity, The Free Encyclopedia. May 18, 2007 http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiVictorianMasculinity,p.1. 5 Ibid.,p.1. occurred in United State of America USA was developed when the mens movement shown since the feminisms movement reached its peak in the 1970s and 1980s. Then, in the early 1990s, the mens masculinity shown boldly, because gender atmosphere went to masculine and shown the decrease of feminism. According to Janet Saltzman Chafetz 1974, 35-36 6 , the characteristic of masculinity has seven areas or forms in general culture. First is the image of men’s physic, second is men’s function, third is men’s sexual desire, fourth is men’s emotion, fifth is men’s intellectual, sixth is men’s personality, then, seventh is the other men’s areas concerning with ambition, proud, egoistical, moral, trustworthy, competitor and adventure. Janet Saltzman’s argument above describes so many aspects that could claim men are masculine. We could point out men’s masculinity from their physic, function, sexual desire, emotion, intellectual, and interpersonal and others. By the appearance of masculinity in some countries, many subjects who support mens movement or masculinity value. Some of them are Eisler and Skidmores 7 . They studied masculinity and created the idea of masculine stress in 1987, and Jeff Hearn and Keith Pringle, they are publication in gender oppression, men, masculinity, childcare, and social, created about 1987-1996. 8 Warren Farrell is the first modern masculist. Firstly he was a champion of feminism in the early 1970s, and his ideology call for gender equivalence and his popular publication in masculinity is The Myth of Male Power. 9 6 Masculinity, The Free Encyclopedia. May 18, 2007 http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiMasculinity, p.1. 7 ibid, p.2 8 Jennie Poppay, Jeff Hearn and Jeannette Edwards. “Men, Gender Division and Walfare”. London: Routledge: 1998 cet. Ke-1, h. ix. 9 Warren Farrel, The Free Encyclopedia. May 22, 2007. hhtp:en.wikipedia.orgwikiwarrenfarrel,p.1. Men show their masculinity in their life, such as home, in the office or in the clubs. We could see men’s masculinity; all depend on where the men lay. We also could see that men show their masculinity to be different from women. Take a sample for movies. We definitely could see men’s masculinity even in movies, the masculinity could be seen more clearly than in the novel because we could visualize the masculine aura from attitudes or physical appearances, such as mens muscular body. They appeared in several movies through the main character, such as in James Bond, Mission Impossible, Batman, Spiderman, Hercules, 309, Seraphim Falls, Oceans trilogy, Die Hard, Rambo and Rocky Balboa . In those movies, masculinity is visible and showed the stronger effect of movie story. In another movie, take concern of Casino Royale007 movie, we could see that the masculinity shown in the main character of James Bond. James Bond described as a man who has muscle in his body. He is also a brave man and a kind of romantic guy is the abstraction of a Neal Purvis’s story from Ian Fleming. Besides having an interesting narration, Casino Royale is created by a brilliant author named Neal Purvis. He is the Casino Royale007’s screenwriters and co-writers of the last three James Bond films with his long-time collaborator Robert Wade. He had born opposite Hampton Court, outside London. Neal studied cinematography at PCL in Central London, and received a Film Photography degree. In March 2004, he began writing a screenplay with his friend Robert Wade, Casino Royale007, within it he got appreciation from the British Academy of Film, and Television Arts honored him and co-writer Paul Haggis with a best-adapted screenplay nomination for the script of Casino Royale. 10 Casino Royale007 is the 21 st film in the James Bond series based on the 1953 novel Casino Royale by Ian Fleming and the movie star by Daniel Craig as M16 agent or secret agent. 11 In this movie, the writers see that Bond’s characteristic is a character that strongly proves and shows the masculinity of a man. The character is a quiet character, soft talking, has good performance, individual, and cruel to his enemy. For the writer itself, Bond’s Character in Casino Royale is a unique character to analyze from the aspect of men’s masculinity. It says so because the writer sees that the newest Bond has strong masculinity shifting from the earlier Bond’s movies. The newest Bond represents gentle and masculine than earlier Bond. Still, Bond is a good-looking man. He dislike to lose people hinders him. The new Bond has not sophisticated guns instrument, but he is very skilled in fight by empty hand. For example, in the early Bond’s movies, he uses dozen of rifles, shot guns, using radar. He could blow away a plane and could to do everything with his guns. But, it does not happen on Bond’s Casino Royale , because there is a border of guns action which partly show men’s masculinity such as fight by empty hand. The writer sees that Bond’s Casino Royale is similar to others Bond’s movies before, the late Bond is more masculine to face and hand his enemy by empty hand or only by a gun against dozen enemies with guns. It is boldly different from the other Bond’s movie using sophisticated gun only to execute his enemy. That is the shifting. Therefore, the writer wants to do a deep masculinity research toward Bond’s character in Casino Royale007’s movie. 10 Casino Royale, The Article. May 18, 2007. http:en.thetreader.comarticle,php5168,p1. 11 Casino Royale 2006 film, The Free Encyclopedia. Nay 18, 2007. http:en.wikipedia.orgwikicasinoroyale2006 film, p1.

B. Focus of the Research