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Types of Data Research Instrument

3.5 Types of Data

Data are information, especially facts or numbers, collected to be examined and considered and used to help decision-making, or information in an electronic form that can be stored and processed by a computer. Data that I got to strengthen my opinion and research result were pretest, post-test, and list of elaborated ideas that can be explored by the students in writing hortatory exposition by using conventional method in their pre-test or One Stay Three Stray strategy in their post-test. I also gave questionnaires to the students in order to know their opinion about teaching learning activities that have been conducted.

3.6 Research Instrument

Before collecting the data, first I made an instrument because doing a quantitative research cannot be separated from providing instrument. In the Free Dictionary by Farlex, instrument is defined as “a testing device for measuring a given phenomenon, such as a paper and pencil test, a questionnaire, an interview, a research tool, or a set of guidelines for observation” http:medical- dictionary.thefreedictionary.comresearch+instrument. From that simple definition, it can be concluded that instrument as devices that can help us in gathering data in order to measure given achievement. In this case was the students‟ ability in writing hortatory exposition text. Instrument is needed to ease the data collection. Harris 1969: 69 states that “there are two kinds of test instrument used to measure the four-language skills of the students, namely the objective test and the essay test.” For collecting the data I decided to use an essay test in the form of specific topic to be explored into hortatory exposition text because in this test students can freely express their ideas in a written form. The instrument was interesting topics that can be explored becoming hortatory exposition text. I chose the topics which were related to students‟ surroundings and their daily life. I also made the test based on the curriculum. Thus, the content of the test offered in the research was valid enough.

3.7 Method of Collecting Data

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