15 Initially, parents control children’s behavior by reward and punishment.
Through the integration of parental standards into the superego, behavior is brought under self-control. Children no longer need anyone to tell them it is
wrong to steal. However, their superego tells them. Violation of the superego’s standards, or even the impulses to do so, produces anxiety over the loss of
parental love. According to Freud, this anxiety is unconscious. The conscious emotion is guilt. If parental standards are overly rigid, the individual may be guilt-
ridden and inhibit all aggressive or sexual impulses. In contrast, an individual who fails to incorporate any standards for acceptable social behavior will have few
behavioral constraints and may connect in excessively self- indulgent or criminal behavior, such a person is considered to have a weak superego.
Sometimes the three components of personality are in the same position. The ego postpones the gratification that the id wants immediately, and the superego
battles with both the id and the ego because behavior often falls short of the moral code it represents. More often, in the normal person, the three work together to
produce integrated behavior. In addition, Kasschau 1995: 270 states that the id is concerned with what the person wants to do, the ego is concerned with planning
what he or she can do, and the superego is concerned with planning what he or she should do.
b. Theory of Personality According to Wright 1970: 515, when we ask the question”What is so-and-so
like a person?” We usually answer, in the first place, to a description in terms of traits or types. We may say that the person is highly sociable, active, talkative, and
16 impulsive, thus describing him or her by reference to his or her salient traits, or
we may simply attach a type label and call him or her an extravert. These two kinds of description are also relevant to scientific study of personality. We shall
first consider each in turn and then the distinction between them. We identify traits by observing individual behaving consistently in response to a variety of
environmental conditions. To identify specific trait, we must observe a characteristic modus operandi, or style of behavior, which is evident in a large
number of widely differing circumstances.
Kalish 1971: 52-69 states that the human personality can be studied and discussed in terms of processes, sections, characteristics, and pieces, but the
human being behaves as a total entity. Moreover, he or she behaves as an organism interacting with his or her social environment and culture. Personality
can be defined as the “dynamic organization of characteristic attributes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from other individuals”. Personality
also refers to the total individual and includes but is not limited to needs, motives, methods of adjusting, temperament qualities, self-concepts, role
behaviors, attitudes, values, and abilities. The human personality may be viewed in a variety of ways. We may see it as either enduring or arising from a specific
situation, as either an integration of segments or a whole entity, as being motivated to come to rest or being motivated to grow and develop, as stemming
largely from heredity or mostly from the environment or varying combinations of the two, as being totally determined by heredity and environment or as having
freedom and choice.
Sometimes we use the word “personality” to describe an individual’s most striking characteristic. According to Atkinson 1981: 383, personality is defined
17 as the characteristic patterns of behavior and modes of thinking that determine a
person’s alteration to the environment. Atkinson 1981 also states:
The term characteristic in the definition implies some consistency in behavior that people tend to act or think in certain ways in many different situations.
For example, you can probably think of an acquaintance who seldom expresses anger, no matter what the provocation, and another who flies off the
handle at the slightest irritation. 383
It means that the consistency of behavior in someone’s personality may affect him or her to act or think in certain ways in different situations. Furthermore,
characteristic relates to behavior in personality. Behavior is the result of interaction between personality characteristics and the social and physical
conditions of the environment. There are public and private personalities. Public personality includes
expressive features and mannerisms, general disposition, the way you react to threatening situations, the attitudes, and much more. Someone may behave
differently in large social gatherings than he or she does in a small group of close friends, but the public side of your personality still can be observed by others and
can be measured in various ways. The private personality is a hidden part of personality. Private personality includes the fantasies, thoughts, and experiences
that are not shared with others. As stated by Reyna 1973: 23, personality is a collection of emotional,
thought, and behavioral patterns unique to a person that is consistent over time. Personality comes from the Latin persona, which means literally” the mask used
by the actors” to portray a part. It is the mask “through” per which he “sounds” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18 sonat his part. It suggests that the personality is the mask of one’s role in the
comedy or tragedy of life and is not to be identified with the actor, for the persona is nothing more than a veil hiding his true nature.
According to Braun 1975: 404, psychologists use the concept of personality to find out not only what make individuals unique but also what it is that makes
people seem to behave consistently in a variety of situations and over a long period of time. Personality may be defined as those continuing characteristics of
the person that are significant for interpersonal behavior. There are also some views on attitudes as one part of a whole personality. These views are explained
in order to avoid misunderstanding on the concept of behavior and attitudes as parts of personality. People have attitudes about an enormous number of subjects.
We have attitudes about and opinions of general election, the value of college education, the lifestyle that we want, our teachers and friends, our families, and
countless other topics. Moreover, character, attitudes, behavior and other terms are included in someone’s personality.
Braun 1975: 566 defines attitude as a relatively lasting evaluation formed on the basis of knowledge and beliefs on the one hand and affective reactions on the
other. Moreover, our attitudes often influence us to act in certain ways. That is, those objects toward which we have positive attitudes we generally look for,
while those objects toward which we have negative attitudes we typically shun. A major reason for studying attitudes is the expectation that they enable us to
predict behavior. Attitudes are sometimes quite inconsistent with behavior. Some psychologists claim that behavior is seldom the product of one influence alone.
Other factors may weaken the relationship between attitudes and corresponding PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19 behavior. Clearly, behavior is determined by many factors of which our attitude is
but one, and these other factors affect attitude-behavior consistency. One obvious factor is the degree of constraint in the situation where we must often act in ways
that are not consonant with what we feel or believe. The strength and consistency of a person’s attitudes also determined how well they would predict behavior
Atkinson, 1981: 547-548. Attitudes do not automatically exist in our mind. But they are obviously
acquired from other persons through our views from situations in which we interact with others or merely observe their behavior. According to Baron and
Byrne 1997: 131-136, attitudes can be acquired indirectly, from other persons and directly through direct experience.
c. Theory of Motivation
