19 behavior. Clearly, behavior is determined by many factors of which our attitude is
but one, and these other factors affect attitude-behavior consistency. One obvious factor is the degree of constraint in the situation where we must often act in ways
that are not consonant with what we feel or believe. The strength and consistency of a person’s attitudes also determined how well they would predict behavior
Atkinson, 1981: 547-548. Attitudes do not automatically exist in our mind. But they are obviously
acquired from other persons through our views from situations in which we interact with others or merely observe their behavior. According to Baron and
Byrne 1997: 131-136, attitudes can be acquired indirectly, from other persons and directly through direct experience.
c. Theory of Motivation
According to McClelland 1985: 4, motivation refers on one hand to conscious intents, to such inner thoughts as, I wish I could play the piano, I want
to be a doctor, and I’m trying hard to solve this problem. On the other hand, looking at behaviors from the outside, motivation refers to inferences about
conscious intents that we make from observing behaviors. Thus, if we see a young girl perform a connected series of acts such as walking into room, drawing up the
piano stool, getting out some music, opening the piano, and starting to play, we assume that she wants to play a piano. If she stops playing after a while, we
assume that she no longer wants to play the piano. Jung 1974: 4-5 states that the definition of motivation must be able to include
terms that refer to such varied states as desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20 impulses, and purposes. Motivation also involves the persistence of behavior over
time so that continued effort can occur if obstacles or setbacks occur. Emotion is related to motivation because it sometimes operates as motivating factors, and
influences motivations in the process of response of something. Beck 1978: 24 says that motivation is broadly concerned with the current
determinants of choice direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-direct behavior. In fact, someone’s behavior cannot be separated from his or her emotions.
According to Herbert L. Petri in his book Motivation and Research 1981: 302- 304, motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or
within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. There are five needs that motivate human activities. These factors are stated in the hierarchy of needs. The
hierarchy of needs which is proposed by Abraham Maslow consists of physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and
self-actualization needs. Maslow divides physiological needs into survival needs and stimulation needs.
Survival needs include those produced hunger, thirst, fatigue, temperature regulation demands, and pain avoidance. Stimulation needs, including the need
for sex, activity, exploration, manipulation, and novelty, do not appear necessary for personal survival. Maslow feels that physiological needs adequately met for
most people in our society. When these needs are met, the next need of the hierarchy emerges as a dominant force in controlling and directing behavior.
The second need is safety and security needs. It is stated that the safety needs represent a need for safety or security in our environment. Like the physiological
needs, safety needs are primarily triggered in emergency situations. Higher needs PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21 become unimportant when one’s life is endangered, and our behavior reflects our
attempts to remain secure. Maslow defines that everyone needs to feel safe from such harm as meeting with physical violence, having things he or she values taken
away, or losing the care of parents or other protectors. Sometimes, an individual seeks for comfort and avoids pain to fulfill this need.
Third is love and belonging needs. When the safety needs have been adequately met, they become unimportant in the direction of behavior, and the
love or belongingness needs emerge. These needs involve a hunger for affectionate relationships with others, a need to feel part of a group, or a feeling
that one “belongs”. The love needs are not equivalent to sexual needs which are physiological, though sexual intimacy can serve to satisfy one’s need to belong.
The love needs require both the receiving and giving of love from another and someone to love. In addition, Kalish 1973: 44 defines that the needs of love and
belonging include motives such as love and affection. As this need dominates, we feel a desire for friends, family, and social contact.
The next is esteem and self-esteem needs. If the love needs have been adequately met, they too slip into the background in relation to guiding behavior,
and the esteem needs become dominant. The need for self-esteem motivates the individual to strive for achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and
freedom. The related need of esteem from others involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition, appreciation by others of one’s abilities, and a feeling of
importance. The last is self-actualization needs. At the self-actualization level, the person’s
behavior is motivated by different conditions at the lower levels. Kalish 1973: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22 48 states that the need to self-actualize motives people to grow and develop their
talents. According to Reaske 1966: 13 in How to Analyze Drama, motivation is
defined as the character’s reason for doing something. The first motive is hope for reward. It means that a major character desires to
bring happiness and prosperity to him or her to those whom he or she loves. For example, someone who wants to work hard in order to buy his or her parents a
house. The second motive is love. It is an extension of the hope for reward. A
character is motivated to do certain action because of the love which he or she has, the love which he or she wants or the love which someone has for him or her.
The example of this motive is a mother who is willing to endure pain on her child’s birth just because she loves her child.
The third is fear or failure. This is an inversion of the hope for reward. A character works in a certain fashion because he or she fears that he or she will be
crushed if he or she does not. The next is religious feeling. It is found occasionally, but not frequently. The
character acts with deep feelings and convictions that he or she acts as God’s commandments.
The last is revenge. It means that characters are usually willing to lose their own life if necessary, as long as they are able to murder or hurt someone who has
hurt them or the one they love. In this novel, Janice Templeton’s motivation makes her able to react in order to
save her daughter, Ivy Templeton, from her daughter’s unusual condition. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
23
B. Criticism
Wellek 1956: 78 states that “a work of art may rather embody the ‘dream’ of an author than his actual life, or it may be the mask’ the ‘anti-self’ behind which
his real person is hiding, or it may be a picture of the life which the author wants to escape”. From her statement, we can conclude that an author has some reasons
to write his or her literary works. They can be the expression of the author’s dream, own life, or the situation that the author avoids from.
As one of two most popular novels of Frank De Felitta, Audrey Rose has been analyzed and criticized by some people who are interested in the novel.
Unfortunately, any criticisms related to Janice Templeton’s character cannot be found. The criticisms found almost tell about the novel itself, Audrey Rose, and
also the Ivy Templeton’s character. The criticism is taken from the internet. Although the analysis does not have
any direction with the writer’s analysis, the analysis can give more information about Audrey Rose novel.
“Audrey Rose was a fabulous book. This book is one full of pathos and yet with a lot of depth. The child in the book and her natural father are tied
together with a tight string which even the fires and ashes could not burn. I would recommend this book to anyone who does not believe in the
supernatural as a concept and yet has fears and doubts about its existence, those who believe in reincarnation and those who have doubts. It’s not a book
hurting any religious sentiment and yet it is of the profoundest intensity. I liked everything about this book but the only thing that I found unrealistic
was that Ivy was about 9 or 10 years old and was 5 feet 9 inches tall and the author describe her as having large fully developed breasts among other things
but thats really the only negative thing I can think of about this book and its a minor complaint and I recommend this book very strongly Oh by the way I
dont find reincarnation terrifying, the Hindu religion of India believes in reincarnation and considers it a beautiful thing to be able to live again and they
dont find it terrifying, oh I suppose if reincarnation is not part of your religious beliefs you might find it scary because people always fear things that are
