13 The last one is mannerism. The author can also describe a person’s mannerism,
habits, or idiosyncrasies in his or her fictional life can also describe the character’s personality.
2. Theory of Psychology
This part defines theory of psychoanalysis, theory of personality, and theory of motivation. The study needs to know the theory of psychoanalysis in order to
explore the private personality or intrinsic motives that direct someone to do his or her reactions. Theory of personality is used in order to analyze the character
more profoundly. This part is also completed by theory of motivation.
a. Theory of Psychoanalysis
According to Atkinson 1981: 395-396 in Introduction to Psychology, psychoanalysis theory explores the private personality or the unconscious motives
that direct behavior. Psychoanalysis theory is also concerned with the way in which personality develops.
Psychoanalysis theory deals with Freud’s theory. Freud believes that personality is composed of three major systems. There are id, ego, and superego.
Each system has its own functions, but the three interact to govern behavior. The id is the most primitive part of the personality. It presents in the newborn
infant, from which the ego and the superego later develop. The id consists of the basic biological impulses or drives, which include the need to eat, drink,
eliminate wastes, avoid pain, and gain sexual pleasure. Freud believes that aggression is also a basic biological drive. The id seeks immediate gratification of
14 these impulses. Like a young child, the id operates on the pleasure principle that
endeavors to avoid pain and obtain pleasure regardless of the external circumstances. It can be concluded that the actions based on the id are basic
human instinct such as instinct of sexuality life-instinct, aggression death- instinct, and immediate gratification. Therefore, if the id is the only part of
personality, an individual might seek pleasure and avoid discomfort in immediate and dangerously spontaneous way.
The second system is the ego. Children soon learn that their impulses cannot always be immediately fulfilled. Hunger must wait until someone provides food.
The satisfaction of relieving bladder or bowel pressure must be delayed until the bathroom is reached. A new part of the personality, the ego, develops as the
young child learns to consider the demands of reality. The ego obeys the reality principle, which tells that the gratification of impulses must be delayed until the
appropriate environmental conditions are found. Ego is essentially the ”executive” of personality in that it decides what actions are appropriate and which id
impulses will be satisfied in what manner. The ego mediates among the demands of the id, the realities of the world, and the demands of the superego.
The third part of the personality, the superego, is the “internalized” representation of the values and morals of society as taught to the child by the
parents and others. It is essentially the individual’s conscience. The superego judges whether an action is right or wrong. The id seeks pleasure, the ego tests
reality, and the superego strives for perfection. The superego develops in response to parental rewards and punishments. It incorporates all the actions for which the
child is punished or reprimanded as well as all the actions for which the child is rewarded.
15 Initially, parents control children’s behavior by reward and punishment.
Through the integration of parental standards into the superego, behavior is brought under self-control. Children no longer need anyone to tell them it is
wrong to steal. However, their superego tells them. Violation of the superego’s standards, or even the impulses to do so, produces anxiety over the loss of
parental love. According to Freud, this anxiety is unconscious. The conscious emotion is guilt. If parental standards are overly rigid, the individual may be guilt-
ridden and inhibit all aggressive or sexual impulses. In contrast, an individual who fails to incorporate any standards for acceptable social behavior will have few
behavioral constraints and may connect in excessively self- indulgent or criminal behavior, such a person is considered to have a weak superego.
Sometimes the three components of personality are in the same position. The ego postpones the gratification that the id wants immediately, and the superego
battles with both the id and the ego because behavior often falls short of the moral code it represents. More often, in the normal person, the three work together to
produce integrated behavior. In addition, Kasschau 1995: 270 states that the id is concerned with what the person wants to do, the ego is concerned with planning
what he or she can do, and the superego is concerned with planning what he or she should do.
b. Theory of Personality According to Wright 1970: 515, when we ask the question”What is so-and-so
