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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two big parts. Those are theoretical review and theoretical framework. Theoretical review examines the theories applied in
conducting the study. Definitely, only those which are directly relevant to the study are included. The next part is the theoretical framework. It clarifies the
contribution of the theories in solving the problem formulations. Those theories must be synthesized so as to make them operationally applicable to the problem
formulations. In other words, it depicts a guidance to analyze the problems formulated in the problem formulation.
A. Theoretical Review
Here, theoretical review consists of literary theories and any other relevant theories. The first problem formulation will be answered by acquiring literary
theories that consist of theory of critical approach and theory of character and characterization. Afterwards, the problem formulation about the Christian value
will require theory of love, theory of faith, theory of hope, and the theory of the positive values of tragedy.
1. Critical Approach
According to Guerin et al. there are five types of literary approaches, namely historical and biographical approaches, moral and philosophical
10 approaches, the formalist approach, the psychological approach, and mythological
and archetypal approaches 51-218. According to Guerin, in historical and biographical approaches people see
a literary work as “a reflection of its author’s life and times or the life and the times of the characters in the work” 51. The most common and well known of
the use of the historical and biographical approaches is Huckleberry Finn from Mark Twain. It is believed that the most sensational happenings and colorful
characters in Huckleberry Finn are based on actual events and persons Twain saw in Hannibal, Missouri, where he grew up, and in other towns up and down the
Mississippi. Next, it is the moral and philosophical approaches. According to Guerin et
al. moral-philosophical approach is “the approach which insists to teach morality and probe philosophical issues. If the work is in any degree significant or
intelligible, the meaning of its literary works will be there” 78. The chief impact of Huckleberry Finn derives from its morality. The major theme of this story is
“man’s inhumanity to man and it is exemplified in both calm and impassioned accusation and satire” 78. Due to that fact, this study determines to use the moral
philosophical approach. This approach will give much help to find the moral teaching within the story. Beyond the course of his life, Elijah undergoes some
valuable philosophical issues. In the formalist approach, Guerin proposes the assumption that “a given
literary experience takes a shape proper to itself, or at least that the shape and the experience are functions of each other” 103. Therefore, most of the time, the
11 formalist approach is relevantly used to analyze poems. This is because poem is
usually identified from its lines of iambic, lines, and rhymes. The fourth approach is the psychological approach. According to Guerin,
the use of psychological interpretation is “to afford many profound clues toward solving a work’s thematic and symbolic mysteries” 153. Therefore, this
approach is an excellent tool for reading beneath the lines. Many critics often use Freud’s psychological theory as an interpretive tool. Freud, as cited by Guerin,
proposes that psychological forces over which they have very limited control motivate most of people’s actions 153. .
Last, Guerin states that mythological and archetypal approaches are concerned “to seek out the mysterious elements that inform certain literary works
and elicit, with almost uncanny force, dramatic and universal human reactions” 182. Also it aims and wishes “to discover how certain works of literature,
usually those that have become, or promise to become, “classics” image a kind of reality to which readers give perennial response” 182.
2. Character and Characterization
Kategori