10 approaches will help me in analyzing and exploring the values which are revealed
in the novel. Moreover, it is used to get better understanding. Rohrberger and Woods’s 3 distinguish five critical approaches. Those principles are the
formalist approach, biographical approach, socio-cultural – historical approach, mythopeic approach, and psychological approach.
In this thesis, I will employ the socio-cultural – historical approach. According to Rohrberger and Woods 9-10, socio-cultural-historical approach
insists that the only way to locate the real work is be in the reference to the civilization that produces it. The historical approach investigates the social,
cultural, and intellectual context that produced the work. It is important to explore the time and place of the work itself. The historical approach often seeks to
understand the impact of a work in today’s life. Besides socio-cultural-historical approach, I will also apply psychological
approach. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia 1947, psychological approach believes that a literature work is the reflection of life itself and the real representation of
human motivation and behavior. This approach allows me to choose the focus on the creativity process of the author, the artist’s motivation or behavior, or
analyzing fictional characters’ motivations and behaviors. Using both approaches leads me to analyze the novel from the socio-
cultural-historical and psychological point a view. Socio-cultural-historical approach enables me to investigate and dig out some understanding about the
society or the place. Society creates culture, which becomes one of the guidance, besides religion, on their life. In society, culture takes an important role. Besides
11 the culture, time also brings big influence to the society. The setting of time of the
novel is around 1945, we can call it history. Society, culture, and history have a certain relation. Therefore, by using the socio-cultural-historical approach, I can
analyze the novel deeper and keen. Second approach is psychological approach. Using this approach enables
me to have better understanding the main character behavior. Psychological approach also helps me to dig out some psychological characteristics influenced
by the moral values in the main character. Through the experiences in the main character’s life, I can analyze the manifest of the culture to the behavior of main
character.
2.1.2 Self-actualization in the Theory of Human Needs
Reviewing on self-actualization theory, in this study, I employ several theories. Based on Vernon J. Nordby and Calvin S. Hall, the psychologists
researching on self-actualization are Abraham Maslow 116, Carl Gustav Jung 95, and Kurt Goldstein 66. Three of them are talking about self-actualization
with different views. Jung said about personality is referred to as the psyche 97. Psyche
consists of three components. They are the conscious ego, the personal unconscious and its complexes, and the collective unconscious and its archetypes.
Jung also stated the important dynamic concepts are psychic energy or libido, value, entropy, and equivalence. Developmental concepts are those of
individuation, the transcendent function, and symbolization. Furthermore, Jung
12 stated that a typology has been very influential. It consists of the attitudes of
extraversion and introversion, and the psychological functions of thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. As the final concept of Jung is synchronicity.
Unlike Jung, Kurt Goldstein’s principal concept is organism 68. Goldstein divided the organism functions based on the three dynamic concepts.
The functions are equalization, self-actualization, and “coming to terms” with the environment. The abstract attitude and concrete attitude is the famous works of
Goldstein. Another expert who is talking about self-actualization is Abraham H.
Maslow. The famous work of Abraham Maslow about individual personality is the hierarchy of needs. In discovering the human needs, Maslow borrowed some
concepts from other experts. However, Maslow found some original values. There are metaneeds, self-actualizing persons, and peak experiences 117.
After several reading and finding others sources, I prefer to employ self- actualization theory by Abraham Maslow as the basis of this study. The other
reason is Abraham Maslow is the psychologist who discovers the core of traits that distinguish self-actualizing individuals 117.
In Hebert L. Petri’s book Motivation: Theory and Research 301, there are five stages on Maslow’s theory of human needs. It is well-known as the
hierarchy of needs. Before someone can fulfill the self-actualization, which is the highest level in the hierarchy, it is crucial for the human being to satisfy the lower
level of their needs.
13 The first stage is physiological needs. As the basic stage, it becomes the
strongest needs among the other human needs to be able to survive physically. The needs are hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, oxygen, and the other biological needs.
The second stage is safety needs. The safety needs represent a need safety or security in our environment, such as protection, law, and stability. This safety
needs also include the personal security, financial security, and health. Because of the reason, people mostly chose to have secure jobs, familiar surroundings, and
insurances. The third stage is belongingness and love needs. In this stage, human
needs to feel as a part of a group, and to have relationship with the others. These needs are different from sexual needs. It is more to get affection from family and
from the surroundings, have a work group, and have relationship with others as a part of a society.
The fourth stage is esteem needs. Esteem needs present a normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others. It is called a positive need because this
need likes an evaluation of oneself. The last is self-actualization. This is the final stage of development in the
hierarchy of human needs. Someone will come to this stage if they are already satisfied the first, second, third, and fourth needs. It is the needs which are
motivated human to grow, to find self-fulfillment, and to realize one’s potential. Based on Maslow’s The Farther Research of Human Nature 44, there are
eight ways leading to self-actualization. The eight ways are:
