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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section is Review of Related Theories. Review of related theories examines the relevant theory applied
in this study. The second section is Review on the Historical Background. The third section is Theoretical Framework. Theoretical framework clarifies the
contribution of the theories in answering the problem formulation.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
This section presents some theories and reviews which can be used in analyzing the novel. In this study, I have two problem formulations. In answering
the problem formulations, I will apply two critical approaches. Socio-cultural- historical approach will be used in answering the first problem. Besides that, I will
also use some reviews of Japanese culture. For the second problem formulation, I will use the psychological
approach. To support the answer, theory of character and characterization are used to find out a clear description of Totto-chan as the main character. I will combine
those theories with the theory of human needs. In this study, I will use Maslow’s theory of human needs to analyze the main character self-actualization.
2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approach
I have to be able to make a reasonable judgment in analyzing this study. Therefore, I will employ two of the theories of critical approaches. Those critical
10 approaches will help me in analyzing and exploring the values which are revealed
in the novel. Moreover, it is used to get better understanding. Rohrberger and Woods’s 3 distinguish five critical approaches. Those principles are the
formalist approach, biographical approach, socio-cultural – historical approach, mythopeic approach, and psychological approach.
In this thesis, I will employ the socio-cultural – historical approach. According to Rohrberger and Woods 9-10, socio-cultural-historical approach
insists that the only way to locate the real work is be in the reference to the civilization that produces it. The historical approach investigates the social,
cultural, and intellectual context that produced the work. It is important to explore the time and place of the work itself. The historical approach often seeks to
understand the impact of a work in today’s life. Besides socio-cultural-historical approach, I will also apply psychological
approach. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia 1947, psychological approach believes that a literature work is the reflection of life itself and the real representation of
human motivation and behavior. This approach allows me to choose the focus on the creativity process of the author, the artist’s motivation or behavior, or
analyzing fictional characters’ motivations and behaviors. Using both approaches leads me to analyze the novel from the socio-
cultural-historical and psychological point a view. Socio-cultural-historical approach enables me to investigate and dig out some understanding about the
society or the place. Society creates culture, which becomes one of the guidance, besides religion, on their life. In society, culture takes an important role. Besides
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