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D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
The instruments used in this study were the researcher himself, observation, and interview. The researcher himself was going to conduct the research in this
qualitative study. Ary, et al. 2010 state that human can be an instrument for a study. They further explain that human investigator is the primary instrument for
gathering and analyzing data in qualitative studies. In addition, Lichtman 2013 states that researcher is the primary instrument since he or she who gathers and
collect the data and information. Thus, the researcher himself would gather and analyze the data in this study.
The second instrument on the research was observation. Ary, et al. 2010, p.431 say
“observation is a basis method for obtaining data in qualitative research and is more than just hanging out
”. They further explained that observation used in qualitative research is more global instead of systematic and structured observation.
The observation aims to complete the description of behavior in specific setting. While conducting PPL in the school or later called as the field or research, the
researcher could widely observe the behavior of school inhabitants in specific setting. He could even go to the classroom to observe what happened in classroom.
Furthermore, the researcher could have direct communication to the school inhabitants to obtain some necessary detailed information.
The third instrument in this research was the interview. Interview is one of the most widely used and basic methods for obtaining qualitative data Ary, et al.,
2010, p.438. It is used to gather people-based data about their opinions, beliefs, and feelings about situation in their own words. Hence, it can focus on looking for
37 and making meaning Lichtman, 2013. In conducting the interview, the researcher
was assisted with the interview protocol. However, the researcher preferred to conduct semi-structured interview to maintain flowing communication between the
researcher and the interviewees. Meanwhile, the type of questions used in the interview were open-ended questions. Ary, et al. 2010 note that it is useful to
reveal what is important to understand under the study. In gathering the interview data, the researcher was assisted by an audio recorder device. Ary, et al. 2010 say
using audio recorder is one of the most effective ways to collect interview data.
E. Data Analysis Technique
In qualitative research, there are three data analysis techniques –organizing
and familiarizing data, coding and reducing, and interpreting and representing Ary, et al.
, 2010. Organizing and familiarizing data aimed to ease the retrieved data. Since the data in this study obtained from observation and interview, initially, the
researcher collected the notes from the observation and made transcription from the interviews. Ary, et al. 2010 say that words should be transcribed as they exist to
avoid bias. It was included the authentic grammar used by the interviewees, and the nonverbal information such as gestures and laughter. To become familiar with the
data, the researcher should familiarize themselves with the data through reading and rereading the observation notes and transcript. Afterward, the researcher should
make the complete list data sources and organize the data based on the list. Thus, the researcher would have familiarized with the organized observation notes and
transcript in the first stage.
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