37 and making meaning Lichtman, 2013. In conducting the interview, the researcher
was assisted with the interview protocol. However, the researcher preferred to conduct semi-structured interview to maintain flowing communication between the
researcher and the interviewees. Meanwhile, the type of questions used in the interview were open-ended questions. Ary, et al. 2010 note that it is useful to
reveal what is important to understand under the study. In gathering the interview data, the researcher was assisted by an audio recorder device. Ary, et al. 2010 say
using audio recorder is one of the most effective ways to collect interview data.
E. Data Analysis Technique
In qualitative research, there are three data analysis techniques –organizing
and familiarizing data, coding and reducing, and interpreting and representing Ary, et al.
, 2010. Organizing and familiarizing data aimed to ease the retrieved data. Since the data in this study obtained from observation and interview, initially, the
researcher collected the notes from the observation and made transcription from the interviews. Ary, et al. 2010 say that words should be transcribed as they exist to
avoid bias. It was included the authentic grammar used by the interviewees, and the nonverbal information such as gestures and laughter. To become familiar with the
data, the researcher should familiarize themselves with the data through reading and rereading the observation notes and transcript. Afterward, the researcher should
make the complete list data sources and organize the data based on the list. Thus, the researcher would have familiarized with the organized observation notes and
transcript in the first stage.
38 The second stage was coding and reducing. Ary, et al. 2010 say that this
stage is the core of qualitative research. He points out the coding aims to recognize the similarities and differences in the data by breaking apart and rearrange into
categories. He continues to explain that “the common approach in coding is to read and reread all the data and sort them by looking for units of meaning
–words, phrases, sentences, subjects’ ways of thinking, behavior patterns, and events that
seem to appear regularly and that seem important” p.483. Afterwards, the researcher appeared to identify the categories and themes based on the questions in
the research protocol. Then, the researcher put the data into the same coding. Ary et al.
2010 note code can represent information that the researcher expect to find, and otherwise, the researcher can also reduce the unexpected one. The previous
process took much time since the researcher recoded many times before coming up with the final coding. It is in line with Ary el al. 2010 who says that the first
coding may be the tentative one. The coding is possibly to be changed, refined, or reconceptualized as the analysis process continues. The last step in this stage was
that reviewing the coding to ensure whether they belong to the same coding. Thus, in the end of this stage, the researcher would have coded and identified information
based on the specific categories and themes. The last stage was interpretation and representation. Ary et al. 2010, p.490
say, “interpretation is about bringing out the meaning, telling the story, providing
an explanation, and developing plausible explana tions”. The aims in this part was
to make generalization based on the same categories and themes from the coding process. In this part, the researcher presented the discussion and analysis
