National communism The Theory on Communism

limitation, a particular social sphere must be recognized as the notorious crime of the whole of society, so that liberation from that sphere appears as general self-liberation p. 184-185. For the question of the possibility on emancipation, Marx and Engels answered in the formulation of a class with radical chains. A class of civil society which is not a class of civil society, an estate which is the dissolution of all estates, a sphere which has a universal character by its universal suffering and claims no particular right because no particular wrong, but wrong generally, is perpetuated against it; which can invoke no historical, but only human. A sphere which cannot emancipate itself without emancipating itself from all other spheres of society and thereby emancipating all other spheres of society, which, in a word, is the complete loss of man and hence can win itself only through the complete re-winning of man. This dissolution of society as a particular estate is the proletariat p. 186. Summary of emancipation then is: The only liberation from the point of view of that theory which declares man to be the supreme being for man. The emancipation of the society is the emancipation of man. The head of this emancipation is philosophy, its heart the proletariat. Philosophy cannot realize itself without the transcendence of the proletariat, and the proletariat cannot transcend itself without the realization of philosophy. Erich Fromm 1961 also explains Marx theory on emancipation below: Suffice it to say at the outset that this popular picture of Marxs materialism -- his antispiritual tendency, his wish for uniformity and subordination -- is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI utterly false. Marxs aim was that of the spiritual emancipation of man, of his liberation from the chains of economic determination, of restituting him in his human wholeness, of enabling him to find unity and harmony with his fellow man and with nature. Marxs philosophy was, in secular, nontheistic language, a new and radical step forward in the tradition of prophetic Messianism; it was aimed at the full realization of individualism, the very aim which has guided Western thinking from the Renaissance and the Reformation far into the nineteenth century p. 2. Aim of Marx is to liberate man from the pressure of economic needs, so that he can be fully human; that Marx is primarily concerned with the emancipation of man as an individual, the overcoming of alienation, the restoration of his capacity to relate himself fully to man and to nature p. 4. 2. The Removal of Surplus Value According to Marxs theory, the simplification of surplus value is that surplus value is equal to the new value created by workerslabors in excess of their own labor-cost, which is appropriated by the capitalist as profit when products are sold. Karl Marx 1982 describes the process of producing surplus value: If we now compare the two processes of producing value and of creating surplus-value, we see that the latter is nothing but the continuation of the former beyond a definite point. If on the one hand the process be not carried beyond the point, where the value paid by the capitalist for the labor-power is replaced by an exact equivalent, it is simply a process of producing value; if, on the other hand, it be continued beyond that point, it becomes a process of creating surplus-value p. 302. However, in Capital Volume 1, Marx 1982 also gives deep explanation on the relation between productive power of labor and a mode of labor. Development of the productive power of labor and a mode of labor corresponding to the productive power, surplus value can be created only by lengthening the working day by