2. The Theory on Communism
According to encyclopedia of the origins of communism 2014, communism as a theory of government and social reform may be said, in a limited
sense, to have begun with the ancient Greek idea of the Golden Age, a concept of a world of communal bliss and harmony without the institution of private
property.
a. Soviet Communism
Based on Merle Fainsod 1964, there are some trends of Soviet Communism that can be identified:
1 Industrialization
He states that the most important single development is the continuing transformation of the Soviet Union from a predominantly agrarian into a highly
industrialized society. Industrialization has set new forces into motion. It has enhanced the importance of skilled labor at the expense of unskilled or
semiskilled labor and has made necessary widespread literacy and a command of basic technical skills in the labor force. In bureaucratic terms, it has meant a vast
expansion of managerial, engineering, technical, and scientific personnel and recognition that they constitute an “industrializing elite” who must be
appropriately rewarded for their crucial contribution to the industrialization process. It has required a heavy emphasis on scientific training and research and
recognition that the dynamic momentum of industrialization is intimately intertwined with and dependent on scientific creativity.
As the Soviet Union became a more and more highly industrialized society, dependent on its scientists, engineers, and managers to maintain its
ongoing technological momentum, some redefinition of influence within the society appeared inevitable. The authority of scientific knowledge could not be
denied without doing damage to the society’s prospects. While this development did not necessarily challenge the party’s formal monopoly of political power, it
did mean that the party leadership had to come to terms with the scientific community and that party functionaries were being increasingly equipped with
sufficient technical and scientific knowledge to exercise their controlling roles intelligently. It also opened up the prospect of gradual erosion, adaptation, and
even out-right rejection of ideological dogmas which operate as barriers to technical progress. A party that had embraced forced-draft industrialization as a
key to its salvation promised to be transformed by the very burdens it had assumed.
2 Welfare totalitarianism
With advancing industrialization came other changes. The austere production ethic of the early stages of the industrialization process was
increasingly challenged by a consumption ethic to which concessions had to be made. After decades of deprivation and sacrifice under Stalin, there was a
widespread and insistent demand for improved incentives and more amenities. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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