1. Marxism Approach to Literature
As stated by Raymond Williams in Marxism and Literature, Marxist literary criticism approach wants to reveal the contradiction in social classes. It
considers literature has a political power, as a record of class struggle mainly for the labors and proletariat. The focus of Marxist approach is on the text as a
representation of social attitudes, and as a product of socio-economic and historical factors 1978. P. 69.
In addition, the Marxist literary criticism approach concerns on the conscious and the unconscious of the social reality in which the work is produced. It tries to find
the disguise content of the novel to reveal the tendency of socio-political condition of the writing the novel. To show realities, according to Marxist approach, the novel
also reflects the real society Barry, 2002: pp. 167-168. In keeping with the totalizing spirit of Marxism, literary theories arising
from the Marxist paradigm have not only sought new ways of understanding the relationship between economic production and literature, but all cultural
production as well Hawley, 2001, p. 293. Marx and Engels were responding to social hardships stemming from the rise of capitalism. Appropriately, their
theories are formulated specifically to analyze how society functions in a state of upheaval and constant change.
2. The Theory on Communism
According to encyclopedia of the origins of communism 2014, communism as a theory of government and social reform may be said, in a limited
sense, to have begun with the ancient Greek idea of the Golden Age, a concept of a world of communal bliss and harmony without the institution of private
property.
a. Soviet Communism
Based on Merle Fainsod 1964, there are some trends of Soviet Communism that can be identified:
1 Industrialization
He states that the most important single development is the continuing transformation of the Soviet Union from a predominantly agrarian into a highly
industrialized society. Industrialization has set new forces into motion. It has enhanced the importance of skilled labor at the expense of unskilled or
semiskilled labor and has made necessary widespread literacy and a command of basic technical skills in the labor force. In bureaucratic terms, it has meant a vast
expansion of managerial, engineering, technical, and scientific personnel and recognition that they constitute an “industrializing elite” who must be
appropriately rewarded for their crucial contribution to the industrialization process. It has required a heavy emphasis on scientific training and research and
Kategori