. . . . REVIEW of RELATED LITERATURE

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c. .

Noun Clauses from Request Like noun clause from statements, noun clauses from requests are introduced by that. Such clauses occur most frequently as objects of verbs which express the degree of urgency, advisability or desirability such as advise, ask, beg, command, demand, desire, forbid, insist, move, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest and urge Frank, 1972: 297. The verbs in noun clauses from request usually take the present subjunctive form, as in:

44. The doctor recommended that he take a vacation.

Verb of present subjunctive

d. .

Noun Clauses from Exclamations Frank 1972: 299 states that noun clauses from exclamations are introduced by the same words that introduce exclamation – what a, how. The word order of exclamations is preserved in these noun clauses. Noun clauses from exclamations occur chiefly as objects of verbs or prepositions. For example: 45. Exclamation : What a beautiful figure his wife has Noun clause: He is always boasting about what a beautiful figure his wife has. Noun clause what a beautiful figure his wife has functions as the object of preposition “about” Universitas Sumatera Utara xxxviii

2.5.2. .

Functions of Noun Clauses Frank 1972: 283-284 states that the noun clauses can function as the subject, subjective complement, object of verb, object of preposition, appositive and subject after “It”.

a. .

Noun Clauses as Subjects The first grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the subject. Subjects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that perform the action or act upon the predicate. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as subjects: retrieved from: http:www.linguisticsgirl.comgrammatical-functions-of-english- noun-clauses 46. How you will finish all your homework on time is beyond me. 47.That the museum cancelled the lecture disappoints me. b. . Noun Clauses as Subjective Complement The second grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the subjective complement. Subjective complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow a copular verb and describe the subject. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as subjective complements: retrieved from: http:www.linguisticsgirl.comgrammatical-functions-of-english- noun-clauses 48. The truth was that the moving company lost all your furniture. 49. My question is whether you will sue the company for losses. Universitas Sumatera Utara xxxix

c. .

Noun Clauses as Object of Verb The third grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the object of verb especially the transitive verb. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as object of verb: retrieved from: http:www.linguisticsgirl.comgrammatical-functions-of-english- noun-clauses

50. Do you know when the train should arrive. 51. Our dog eats whatever we put in his bowl.

d. .

Noun Clauses as Object of Preposition The fourth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is as the object of preposition. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as object of preposition: retrieved from: http:www.linguisticsgirl.comgrammatical-functions-of-english- noun-clauses 52. We have been waiting for whoever will pick us up from the party. 53. My husband did not think about that I wanted some nice jewelry for my birthday. In the following complex sentences, the noun clause comes after an intransitive verb construction:  The child was afraid that he would fall down.  They felt sorry that they lost the match. According to Wren Martin 1990: 204, it will be seen that the preposition of and for necessary to connect the intransitive verb construction to the succeeding noun clause in each of the above sentence is omitted. If we put a noun or a gerund instead of the clause, we would say afraid of, sorry for and the noun or gerund will be the object of the preposition in each clauses. The noun clause in each of the Universitas Sumatera Utara xl complex sentence may also be regarded as the object of the missing preposition after the intransitive verb construction.