An Analysis Of Figurative Expressions Found In Ecclesiastes

AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS FOUND IN

ECCLESIASTES

THESIS

BY:

VITA AMELYANA TELAUMBANUA

Reg. No. 070705038

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN

TABLE OF CONTENT

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION……… ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……….. iii

ABSTRACT... v

TABLE OF CONTENT………. vi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis... 1

1.2 Problems of the Analysis... 4

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis... 4

1.4 Scope of the Analysis... 5

1.5 Significance of the Analysis……… 5

1.6 Review of Related Literature... 5

CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Theory of Semantics... 8

2.2 Scope of Semantics……….. 10

2.3 Goals of Semantics……….. 11

2.4 Sense and Reference……… 12

2.5 Meaning……… 13

2.6 Varieties of Meaning……… 14

2.6.1 Leech’s Seven Types of Meaning……… 14

2.6.2 Lexical, Grammatical and Contextual Meaning……… 16

2.6.3 Linguistic and Speaker Meaning……… 17

2.7 Figurative Expression……… 18

2.8 Kinds of Figurative Expression………` 19

2.4.2.1 Metaphor………... 20

2.4.2.2 Simile……… 21

2.4.2.3 Hyperbole………. 22

2.4.2.4 Personification……….. 22

2.4.2.5 Synecdoche………... 23

2.4.2.6 Oxymoron………. 23

2.4.2.7 Irony………. 24

2.9 Related Study……….. 24

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method………. 26

3.2 Population and Sample……… 26

3.3 Data Collecting Method………. 27

3.4 Data Analysis Method………. 27

CHAPTER IV: AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSION FOUND IN ECCLESIASTES 4.1 The Data……… 29

4.1.1 Metaphor………. 29

4.1.2 Simile……….. 31

4.1.3 Hyperbole……… 32

4.1.4 Personification………... 33

4.1.6 Oxymoron……… 34

4.1.7 Synechdoche……… 34

4.2 The Analysis………. 35

4.2.1 Metaphor………. 35

4.2.2 Simile……….. 42

4.2.3 Hyperbole……… 44

4.2.4 Personification……… 47

4.2.5 Irony………... 49

4.2.6 Oxymoron……….. 50

4.2.7 Synecdoche……… 50

4.3 The Frequency………. 52

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions……… 53

5.2 Suggestions……… 54

ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Figurative Expressions Found in Ecclesiastes” ini membahas ungkapan figuratif yang mencakup metapora, simile, hiperbol, personifikasi, ironi, oksimoron dan sinekdot yang terdapat di dalam kitab Pengkotbah. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis kalimat yang mengandung makna non-literal dalam Pengkotbah dan mendeskripsikan makna yang sesungguhnya dari kalimat-kalimat non-literal tersebut berdasarkan teori semantik dari beberapa ahli sperti F.R Palmer (1976) dan Geoffrey Leech (1981) , serta untuk mengetahui jenis makna non-literal apa yang paling banyak terdapat dalam kitab Pengkotbah. Dalam menulis skripsi ini penulis menerapkan metode kepustakaan sebagai metode yang dipakai dalam analisis ini.

Adapun hasil analisis ungkapan figuratif yang diperoleh dari kitab Pengkotbah adalah 40 ungkapan figuratif yang terdiri dari 18 ungkapan metapora (45 %), 3 ungkapan simile (7.5 %), 7 ungkapan hiperbola (17.5 %), 6 ungkapan personifikasi (15 %), 2 ungkapan ironi (5 %), 4 ungkapan sinekdot (10 %) sedangkan ungkapan oksimoron tidak ditemukan dalam kitab Pengkotbah. Dan dari hasil analisis ini dapat ditarik satu kesimpulan bahwa metapor merupakan ungkapan figuratif yang paling dominan di dalam kitab Pengkotbah.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer gives a grateful thanks to Jesus Christ for His blessing through her life. Thanks God for always keeping her, making grace upon her, and lifting up His countenance upon her especially in rising her up when she felt down during the completion of this thesis until finally she could finishing it.

The writer realizes that it is not the easy thing to write a thesis. It really takes much time and energy. Even there are also so many problems that the writer have to deal with. Therefore, in this chance, she would like to express her heartiest gratitude to these following people.

The writer would like to thanks to her supervisor and co-supervisor, Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A and Dra.Persadanta Br. Karo, M.Hum. Thank you for their supervision and guidance in accomplishing this thesis.

The writer would also like to thank to the dean of Faculty of Letters, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Head of English Department, Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S , the secretary of English Department, Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum, who had given her all the facilities and opportunities in completing this thesis. The writer is also indebted to all the lecturers of English Department for giving her great contribution of knowledge during these 3 years more.

The very special gratitude for her beloved parents, M. Br. Ginting and At. Telaumbanua, the writer would like to say thank you for their everlasting love and prayer through her life. They are her beloved parents to whom this thesis is dedicated. The warmest thank also goes to her brother, Jojoe, for his support and prayer. The thankful also gives to all of her families wherever they are.

The writer would like to give a big thanks to her friends. They are Deby, Dewi Mayong, Ephung, Epiho, Mayo, Liu, Betho, Ndol, Citra, Tere, Rani, Hesti, and Femy. Thanks for the years of joyfulness, sadness and collaboration (as we go on we will still be friends forever, guys). The genuine gratitude is for Mr.CS for the new experiences during her life. Thank you so much.

My special thanks also for all friends ‘07 and for the alumnus of English Department. May God bless you all forever, Amen.

Medan, March 2011 The writer

ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Figurative Expressions Found in Ecclesiastes” ini membahas ungkapan figuratif yang mencakup metapora, simile, hiperbol, personifikasi, ironi, oksimoron dan sinekdot yang terdapat di dalam kitab Pengkotbah. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis kalimat yang mengandung makna non-literal dalam Pengkotbah dan mendeskripsikan makna yang sesungguhnya dari kalimat-kalimat non-literal tersebut berdasarkan teori semantik dari beberapa ahli sperti F.R Palmer (1976) dan Geoffrey Leech (1981) , serta untuk mengetahui jenis makna non-literal apa yang paling banyak terdapat dalam kitab Pengkotbah. Dalam menulis skripsi ini penulis menerapkan metode kepustakaan sebagai metode yang dipakai dalam analisis ini.

Adapun hasil analisis ungkapan figuratif yang diperoleh dari kitab Pengkotbah adalah 40 ungkapan figuratif yang terdiri dari 18 ungkapan metapora (45 %), 3 ungkapan simile (7.5 %), 7 ungkapan hiperbola (17.5 %), 6 ungkapan personifikasi (15 %), 2 ungkapan ironi (5 %), 4 ungkapan sinekdot (10 %) sedangkan ungkapan oksimoron tidak ditemukan dalam kitab Pengkotbah. Dan dari hasil analisis ini dapat ditarik satu kesimpulan bahwa metapor merupakan ungkapan figuratif yang paling dominan di dalam kitab Pengkotbah.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis

Language has been used by every people in the world. It is become a general statement when we say that language is a great part of human being life. It is the most important and characteristic form of human behavior. Gleason (1998:2) says “Language is so basic to our existence that life without words is difficult to envision because speaking, reading, and writing are such fundamental aspects of our daily life, they seem to be ordinary skill.” It means that human can not be separated from the language since the language is a primarily tools of communication to be used. It is used to express reaction to certain situation, to convey our feelings, ideas, thought and emotion. Even it is also used to communicate and share information to other.

As we know, human is a social creature and language can helps them to build and facilitate the relationship with others and help them to understand world events, the art and science. Jackson (1988:49) states “Human beings have been given the capacity to talk, to communicate with each other, to make meaningful utterance so that they are understood by other human beings.” This statement shows that human has a wonderful ability to communicate by using words which differentiate human being from animal and other living things. Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication. Bollinger (1975:14) has defined “Language is a system of vocal auditory communication, interacting with the experiences of its

user, employing conventional signs composed of arbitrary patterned sound units and assembled according to set rules.” This definition shows that language is a system of communication in vocal auditory form, what human beings want to talk about into the sounds that are heard or the written symbols that are read.

Language has been regarded as a science called linguistics. Hartman (1972:132) states that linguistics as a field of study and the object is language. As a science, linguistics concerns itself with all aspects relating to language and studies it from all of theoretical viewpoints described above. Linguistics is divided into some parts of discipline knowledge. They are phonology, morphology, semantics, and syntax.

Semantics is a branch of linguistics that talks about meaning in language. Considering that language is a tool to conveying the meaning, it means that when we study a language we are also study about the meaning automatically. In semantics, meaning divided into two parts, literal and non-literal (figurative expression). Literal meaning refers to words that do not deviate from their defined meaning or words in literal expressions common or dictionary usage. Non-literal meaning (figurative expression) means that there are different means from the real meaning of the word. The words in figurative expressions

Figurative expression is an object that the writer will analyze. It is because in figurative expression (non-literal meaning), the listener is often feel confusing to understand what the speaker means from his words. For example: The boy hurts her heart. From this sentence, it does not mean that the boy have hurt the girl by using something sharp tools but it means he makes the girl sad or

disappointed. Figurative expression departs from literal meaning to achieve a special effect or meaning and it has done by techniques called There are some most common kinds of figure of speech; Hyperbole, an exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true; Irony, which expresses a meaning contradictory to the stated one; Metaphor, which states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison; Personification, a figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal or an object; Simile, which is used to compare one object or idea with another to suggest they are alike; Synecdoche, which mentions a part of something to suggest the whole; Metonymy, the name of thing is substituted for another closely associated with it.

The source of the data in this thesis is taken from The Holy Bible. The Holy Bible is the holy book used by Christian people as a means to convey God’s message. The Holy Bible is consists of two big parts, they are The Old Testament and The New Testament. The Old Testament contains 39 books written from approximately 1500 to 400 BC. It told about the life journey of Israel before the birth of Jesus Christ. The New Testament contains 27 books written from approximately 40 to 90 AD. It told about God’s promise to forgive the sin of His race from their sins by giving His son, Jesus Christ.

In doing this thesis, the writer will analyze one chapter of the Holy Bible that is Ecclesiastes. Ecclesiastes is one part of The Old Testament that most likely applies to King Salomon. The letter was written in unique style of writing because

Below is an example of expression taken from Ecclesiastes that contains figurative expression:

1. Do not be quick with your mouth; do not be hasty in your heart to utter anything before God

The example shows ‘mouth’ and ‘hearth’ looks like can walk as a human being by using word ‘quick’ and ‘hasty’. The expression above means that we have to be careful in doing everything.

The reason in choosing data from the Ecclesiastes because it is interested and the writer want to know the interpretation of meaning between the literal and non-literal contained in Ecclesiastes so that can be applied in the life.

1.2 Problems of the Analysis

The problems of the Analysis of this thesis are:

1. How many types of figurative expressions are there in the Holy Bible: Ecclesiastes?

2. What types of figurative expression that can be found in the Holy Bible especially in Ecclesiastes?

3. Which one of the types of figurative expression in Ecclesiastes is dominant?

4. Why such type of figurative expression becomes dominant?

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis

Related to the problems of the analysis, the objective of this analysis are:

1. To find out the numbers of figurative expression type in the Holy Bible especially in Ecclesiastes

2 To find out the dominant type of figurative expression in Ecclesiastes 3. To find out the reasons why such type of figurative expressions

become dominant.

1.4 Scope of the Analysis

There are tremendous things to be discussed deal with the semantic analysis but in this thesis the writer just focuses on the used of the figurative expression in Ecclesiastes which is consisted of 12 chapters. There are figurative various figurative expression that can be found in literally works, but in this thesis the scope of the analysis is the sentences which have figurative expression in Ecclesiastes. And the types of figurative expression which will be analyzed in this thesis are only, metaphor, hyperbole, simile, personification, synechdoche, oxymoron, and irony.

1.5 Significance of the Analysis

Theoretically, this thesis can be usefull to enlarge the knowledge of the writer to interprete the text for understanding the real meaning in the Holy Bible. Practically, this thesis expected can be a sugesstion for the students who want to take the figurative expression as the object of their analysis.

1.6 Review of Related Literature

Palmer (1976) says that semantics is the study of meaning in language. Therefore if someone wants to discuss the figurative expression, it means that she or he can not be escaped from the semantics, because it is impossible for someone to talk about figurative expression without knowing semantics. So, figurative expression always relates to semantics.

Katz (1972:1) says “Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It is concerned with what sentence and other linguistics object express, not with the arrangement with their syntactic parts or with their pronounciation.” The other word is when we discuss about the meaning of a word or sentence be expressed through a language such as figurative expression we will not be released in a discussion of linguistics and semantics. It means that generally the basic principle of semantics is about the meaning.

Wren (1981: 488) states “Figurative expression is a departure from the ordinary form of expression or the ordinary course of ideas in order to produce a greater effect.” It means that figurative expression is an expression that can be substituted by the variations of points which successfully to imply an intended meaning by giving an effect greatly different from what it literally.

Keraf (2006:136) said that initially the figurative language was established by comparison or equation. That compares something else and tries to show the similarities between the two and the most popular type of figurative expression which often used by people is metaphor. But he also explains the other common types of figurative expression which found in some text such as hyperbole, irony, personification, synecdoche, metonymy, and simile.

Beside the semantics theory on this analysis, the writer also read some thesis that also related to this topic and they are :

Ramadhan (2008) in her thesis “The Analysis of Non-Literal meaning in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to Rock’s songs”. The writer conclude that there are 50 cases of figurative expressions found in Jascha Richer’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to Rock’s Songs. They are 14 cases of metaphor, 6 cases of simile, 6 cases of personification, 6 cases of euphemism, 1 case of irony and 17 cases of hyperbole.

Lisbet Pakpahan (2005). An Analysis of Figurative Meaning in Scorpion’s Song Lyrics. In her thesis, she analyzed figurative meaning that exist in the lyrics o Scorpion’s songs. She concludes that there are 77 cases of figurative meaning found in 10 songs of Scorpion’s and the most dominant one is hyperbole with total case 26 cases and followed by synecdoche (6 cases), metaphor (17 cases), simile (3 cases), euphemism (3 cases) and metonymy (2 cases).

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theory of Semantics

Semantics is a branch of linguistics which relates with meaning. Semantics is considered as a study of meaning in language. It deals with the expression of linguistic objects such as word, phrases and sentences. It does not pay attention to the syntactical arrangement or pronounciation of linguistic object. As states by Katz (1972 : 1), “Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It is concered with what sentence and other linguistics object express, not with the arrangement with their syntactic parts or with their pronounciation.”

Semantics has long been an object of study within the philosophy. It is said that the term semantics itself was introduced into English at the end of the 19th century. Based on etimology, the word semantics originally comes from Greek word semantikos means ‘significant’ ; semainein means ‘to show, signify’ or ‘indicated by sign’; from sema means ‘sign’. However the word ‘meaning’ has awide range of perceptions and there is no general agreement among expert obout the way in which it should be described. There are some term semantics in various defenition by some expert, they are:

Palmer (1976 : 1) states “Semantics is the technical term used to refer to study of meaning.”

Hornby (1972 : 789) has defined “Semantics is branch of linguistics concerned with studying the meaning of words and sentences.”

Lyons (1977 : 1) defines “Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning.”

Siregar (1992 : 2) states “Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, or sentences in the language or semantics is the study of meaning in language.”

Semantics has developed and becaome worthy study. There are two factors that make semantics become important and worthy study. First, meaning is strictly connected with communication. A certain meaning can be delivered through communcation plays an important role in human life. Second, the process of human attempts to comprehend the nature of meaning involves the mental ability by the use of reasoning and perception. As stated by Leech (1989 : IX), “Semantics is central to the study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing. Semantics is also at the centre of the study of the himan mind-thought process, cognition and conceptualization.”

Ridwan (1997 : 45) in Saleh (2008) states that there are some terms of semantics, such as semasiology, semology, semiotics, sememis, and semics. Beside having some terms, semantics also has some close relations with some disciplines, such as philosophy, psychology, anthropology and sosiology.

Philosophy is closely related to semantics because the nature of the world and truth which become the contemplation of philosophy is represented trough the meaning of language. Philosophy has a close relation with semantics namely philosophical semantics. Philosophical semantics examines the relation between linguistic expressions and phenomena in the world to which they refer and

considers the conditions under which such expressions can be said to be true or false and the factors which affect the interpretation of language used.

Hornby (1995 : 935) said that psychology is the science or study the maind and how it function. It is closely related with semantics because such psychology element as cognition, thought and reason can not be separated in the process of planning, organizing and uderstanding the meaning through linguistic codes.

The other terms which also have a close relation with semantics are sosiology and anthropology. Hornby (1995 : 1128) says “Sosiology is the scientific study of the nature and development of the society and social behaviour.” It has something to with semantics to identify a certain expressions or utterances which indicates the identities or characteristics of particular group or person of community. And at the last anthropology is the study of human race especially of its origin, development, customs and beliefs. It needs semantics because analysis of meanig in a language can provide the cultural classification of the language users.

2.2 Scope of Semantics

Semantics is the study of the linguistics meaning. It is not concerned with what sentences and other linguistics object expressed. It is not concerned with the arrangements of syntactic parts, or with their pronounciation. Semantics could cover more extensive areas, from structure and function of language as well as the interrelationship with other discipline. In this thesis, the scope of semantics is about the meaning itself in linguistics. Meaning of linguistic object can be various. Every people may have different way to analyze the meaning of a

linguistic because there is no very general agreement about the nature of meaning or the way in which it should be described.

There are at least two major approaches to the way in which meaning in language is studied, each of which is often very influential in determining which fact of meaning are relevant for semantics The first is linguistics approach, it concern with the way in which meaning in a language is structured. The second is philosophical approach, it investigates the relation between linguistics expression, such as the words of language, and person, things, and events in the world to which these words refer.

Katz (1972 : 11) said that theory of semantics concerns with the semantics structure of natural language in general. It is not a theory which concerns with the semantic structure of any particular language and it does not concern with individual’s meaning. Hence semantics scopes down its attention to the sentence meaning as a part of linguistic system rather than utterance meaning.

2.3 Goals of Semantics

Leech (1969 : 5) says “The aim of semantics is to explain and describe the meaning in natural language. To make our starting point in ordinary usage more explicit, we may even say that the goal of semantics is to explain what underlies the use of the word means and related term (sense, nonsense, signify, ambiguous, antonimy, synonymy, etc) in English and other language.”

From the explanation above, it can be concluded that semantics should be able to give more explnations and define any expressions in language. semantics also should be able to define their meaning properties and relation. Any kinds of

expressions should have meaning. In this case, semantics should be able to specify those meanings based on their properties or relation.

2.4 Sense and Reference

Palmer (1976 : 30) defined reference and sense as follow ; “Reference deals with the relation between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc. And the non-linguistic worldof experience. Sense relates to the complex system of relationship that hold between linguistic element themselves (mostly the words); it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relation.”

Sense is closely related to reference. As stated by Richard (1985 : 241), reference is the relationship between words, the thing, actions, event, and qualities they stand for. A word or lexeme does not merely have meaning. It contributes to the meaning of a larger unit, a phrase, clause or sentence. For example, the sense of the word ‘ring’ in these following examples is different:

1. Rony bought a ring for his mother. (ring means a circular brand which is often of gold or platinum, worn arround a finger as an ornament)

2. That bell has a nice ring. (ring means musical sound)

According to Muchtar (2006 : 103), “The term reference carries different meanings, namely extra-lingual and intra-lingual reference. Extra-lingual reference is the relationship between words and entities to the something outside of language (non-linguistic word of experience). While, intra-lingual reference is the relationship between words and entities to something inside of an utterance. And intra-lingual reference can be classified into two categories namely anaphora and cataphora. Anaphora means the use of a word or phrase which refers back to

another word or phrase which was used earlier in the text or conversation. While, cataphora means the use of a word or phrase which refers foward to another word or phrase which will be used later in the text or conversation.

The difference between sense and reference can be shown by these examples; ‘The man who is my father’ and ‘the man who married my mother’. From the examples above, both examples refer to a certain individual or the same reference that is ‘father’. The phrase ‘The man who is my father describes ‘the own father or father-in-blood’ and ‘the man who married my mother’ describes ‘the step father’.

2.5 Meaning

Language is an inportant tools of human being to communicate one another. The language, which is used by the human beings as tools of communication, indicate a certain meaning.

The word ”meaning” is simply derived from the word “mean”. There are some definitions of meaning as suggested by semanticist. They are as follow:

1. Richard (1985 : 172) in Saleh (2008) says “Meaning is what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary word. 2. Lyons (1977 : 4) says “Meaning is a word of ordinary, every day

vocabulary of English.”

3. Bloomfield (1933 : 139) defines “Meaning of a linguistics form as a situation in which the speakers utter it and response which it calls forth in the hearer.”

4. Nikelas (1988 : 23) in Pakpahan (2005 : 14) says “Meaning id a complex phenomenon involving relationship between a language and the mind of its speakers and practical use to which it is put.”

By paying attention to the definition above, the word “meaning” has a number different notions and varieties since speakers, in expressing their ideas, minds, feeling, use a word to mean something different from what it denotes.

2.6 Varieties Meaning

The experts of language have classified meaning from different point of view based on their deliberations. Those varieties of meaning can be explained in the following explantions.

2.6.1 Leech’s Seven Types of Meaning

Leech (1981 : 8-23) has defined seven types of meanong. The seven types of meaning are as follows:

1. Conceptual Meaning is logical, cognitive or denotative content For examples:

House : a building made for people to live in

Horse : a kind of animal which has four legs, a mane and a tail.

2. Conotative meaning is the communicative value and an expression has by the virtue of what it refers to to over and above its peurely conceptual content. And it includes not only physical characteristic, but also social properties and psychologycal.

The word “red” has the conotation of brave and the word “black” has the conotation of magic, evil or fear.

3. Social meaning is a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of it use. It is connected with the situation in which an utterance is uttered.

For examples:

The word ‘horse, steed and hag’ have the same conceptual meaning but the convey different social circumstances of their use.

Horse (general) Steed (poetic) Hag (slang)

4. Affective meaning is meaning that expresses the personal feelings or attitude of the speakers or the writers.

For example:

I’m very glad to hear your voice, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.

5. Reflected meaning is the meaning that arises in case of multiple conceptual meaning when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.

For example:

6. Collocative meaning consists of the association of a word acquires on account of themeanings of words which tend to occur in its environment. For example:

The word ‘handsome’ and ‘beautiful’ have commom ground in the meaning ‘good looking’. The word ‘handsome’ refers to man and ‘beautiful’ refers to woman.

7. Thematic meaning means what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message in terms of ordering, focus and emphasis. It is usually applied in the use of acctive and passive forms. For example:

1. She likes orange juice the most 2. Orange juice she like the most

3. It’s orange juice that she likes the most

2.6.2 Lexical, Grammatical and Contextual Meaning

Chaer (1994 : 289) said that lexical meaning is meaning that possesed by a lexeme without any context. It is the actual thing that is observed through human sense. For example, the lexeme ‘cat’ has a lexical meaning i.e a small furry animal with four legs, a tail and mustache. And the lexeme ‘house’ has lexical meaning i.e the building made for people to live in.

Grammatical meaning is meaning that possesedby a stem because of grammatical process, such as affixation or tense. For example, in the affixation of suffix –s attached to a stem ‘pen’ produces ‘pens’. The grammatical meaning that appears that the number of the word ‘pens’ is more than the word ‘pen’ (‘pen’ means one pen (singular) while ‘pens’ (plural)).

Contextual meaning is the type of meaning which is determine by the context in which the word is used.

2.6.3 Linguistics and Speaker Meaning

In general, the linguistic meaning of an expression is simply the meaning or meanings of that expression in some form of language. One can understand linguistics meaning provided if he or she posseses adequate knowledge about grammatical rules and vocabularies of a language. The linguistics meaning is determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations. For example:

1. The boy runs 2. The bean plants run 3. Her stockings run

In those example, the word ‘run’ has more than one linguistics meaning base on the dictionary.

Speaker meaning is what a speaker means when producing his or her utterances. Sometimes, the speaker says somethind different from what his orher words mean. Or the other words, the speaker sometimes speaks non-literally. There are some different ways of speaking non literally. One of them is through the use of idiom.Richard (1985 : 134) in Saleh (2008 : ) says that idiom is an expression which functions as a single unit and whose meaning can not be worked out from its separate parts. The meaning of an idiomatic expression can not predicated either lexically or grammatically. For example, kick the bucket means passed away, I’m walking in the sunlight in the literally it means feel happy.

Another common way of speaking non literally is through the use of figure of speech, such as simile, metaphore, irony, hyperbole, personification, etc. There are so many terms of figure of speech, such as figurative meaning, figurative

language and figurative expression. And the term figurative expression will be used in this thesis. Moreover, because figurative expression is the subject matter of this thesis, it will be covered more detail in the following explanations.

2.7 Figurative Expression

Figurative expression are often arbitrary and conventional. The figurative expressions on a certain language might be different from another. They are mostly depending on the cultural background of themselves. Using figurative expression is by making imaginative description in fresh ways. It requires much imagination and focuses the readers or listeners to attend the connotation rather than the denotation because the sentence has hidden meaning behind the lexical meaning. It is usually immediately obvious whether w writer or a speaker is using figurative or literal language. The writer or speaker uses particular symbols to express the idea.

Wren (1981: 488) states “Figurative expression is a departure from the ordinary form of expression or the ordinary course of ideas in order to produce a greater effect.” It means that figurative expression is an expression that can be substituted by the variations of points which successfully to imply an intended meaning by giving an effect greatly different from what it literally. Or the other words we can say that figurative expression is the expressive use of language in which words are used in a non literal sense to give a particular emphasis or to generate a special effect.

The increasing of using figurative expression will obviously enrich the vocabularies of the users. One can be considered to possess a great number of

vocabularies provided that he or she understands well the meaning of the words or phrases literally. Therefore, figurative expression become essential in the learning vocabularies.

There are two purposes of using figuratuve expression namely pragmatic purpose and referential purpose. The pragmatic purpose ofusing figurative expression is to appeal the sense or interest, to clarify, to please, to delight and to surprise. While, the referential purpose of using figurative expression is to describe mental process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or an action more comprehensively and concisely.

2.8 Kinds of Figurative Expression

There are many kinds of figurative expression. Taylor (1981 : 167) has classified figurative expression into three groups. They are as follows:

1. Comparison and substitution : simile, metaphor, allusion, metonimy, analogy and allegory.

2. Representation by substitution : synecdoche, personification, symbol. 3. Contrast by discrepancy and inversion : overstatement, understatement,

paradox (oxymoron), irony, verbal, situtional and dramatic.

While, Tarigan (1995 : 114) also has classified figurative expression into four groups. They are as follows:

1. Majas pertentangan terdiri dari hiperbola, litotes, ironi, oksimoron, paranomasia, paralipsis dan zeugma. (Contrastive figure of speech consists of hyperbole, litotes, irony, oxymoron, paranomasia, paralipsis and zeugma)

2. Majas perbandingan terdiri dari perumpamaan, kiasan, penginsanan, sindiran dan antithesis. (Comparative figure of speech consists of simile, metaphore, personification, allegory and antithesis)

3. Majas pertautan terdiri dari metonimia, sinekdok, alusi, eufdimisme, elipsis, inversi dan gradasi. ( Linkage consists of metonymy, synecdoche, allusion, euphemism, ellipsis, inversion and gradation.

4. Majas perulangan terdiri dari aliterasi, autanaklasis, kiasmus dan repetisi. (Repetition consists of alliteration, autanaklasis, kiasmus and repetition) And the figurative expression that will be analyzed in this thesis are metaphor, personification, hyperbole, synecdoche, simile, irony and oxymoron that exist in Ecclesiastes.

2.8.1 Metaphor

Metaphor is a kind of figurative expression which is an implicit comparison in which two unlike object are compared by identifying or substituting one with other. Or methapor is a figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between two relatively unlike things using a form of be.

Metaphor are well known as a stylistic feature of literature, but in fact are found in almost all language use, other than simple explanations of physical events in the material world. All abstract vocabulary is metaphorical, but in most cases the original language hides the metaphor from us, a metaphor compares things, but does not show this with forms such as as, like. This appear is simile. The following example is regarded as metaphor:

• Sarah is an angel

In the expression above, shows us an example of metaphor. It is comparing two nouns, Sarah and angel. Possibly Sarah is a kind person just like an angel. So, the expression above metaphorically means Sarah is a kind person.

2.8.2 Simile

Simile compares two unlike object that are regarded similar or almost similar. It expresses a similarity. The object which are compared have to be different kind. Simile is usually indicated by using words like or as.

The following examples is regarded as simile: 1. Your eyes like the star

2. John swims like a fish 3. Peter is as brave as lion

In the first expression, it compares the eyes with the star. It does not mean that your eyes like a star but it means that your eyes are so beautiful. In the second expression, shows the ability of John in swimming is compared with a fish. Fish is an animal that lives ib the water and uses fins and tail for swimming. It can swimm well. So, the expression above means John can swim well. In the third expression, Peter’s bravery is compared with a lion. Lion is a strong animal that lives inthe jungle. So, the expression above means Peter is very brave.

2.8.3 Hyperbole

Hyberbole is one exaggerated way which consists of an exaggerated statement which is not mean to be literary. It is also known as overstatement. It is

used to emphasize a certain point with a statement containing an exaggeartion. It exaggerates the quality,size or number of something, sometimes for a fantastic degree in order to emphasize the point more.

The following expression is considered as hyperbole: Tom has not seen his mom for ages

In the expression above, the phrase ‘for ages’ indicates as an exaggeration. Through the phrase, the speaker want to emphasize that Tom has never seen his mom for a long time.

2.8.4 Personification

Personification is a kind of of figurative expression in which an inanimate object given a human quality. In the other word, personification means giving inhuman thing human qualities. A figure that endows animals, ideals, abstraction and inanimate object with human form, the representing of imaginary creatures of things as having human personalities, intelligence and emotions it is reperesention of a thing or abstraction in the format of person.

The following examples are considered as personification: 1. Life can twist your heart, put you in the dark 2. My heart was asleep

In the first expression, the word ‘heart’ is described as something that has hands ang feet to twist and put. The word ‘heart’ is considered as having human quality. So. The expression means everything can happen in our life.

In the second expression, the words ‘asleep’ as used to express human’s personal qualities. In this expression, means a condition that someone has no feeling.

2.8.5 Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a kind of figurative expressions which states one thing partly instead of its universe or vice versa.

The following examples are considered as a synecdoche: 1. God will bless the hand that have given donation for us. 2. We will see the competition between Germany and England.

In the first expression, the word ‘hand’ refers to the people because hand is a part of human body. In the second expression, the words ‘Germany and England’ are used as substitution of some players of both countries.

2.8.6 Oxymoron

Oxymoron is a kind of figurative expression that uses two words are contradictory in meaning o produce a rethorical effect by means of a concise paradox.

The following example is considered as oxymoron: Childhood is so bittersweet.

In the expression above, the word ‘bittersweet’ indicates an oxymoron since the word ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’ are contradictory in meaning.

2.8.7 Irony

Irony is a kind of figurative expression in which real meaning is completely opposed to its surface meaning. Irony is a way of speaking or writing by saying something while the meaning is another. It refers to a situation in which

reality differs from appearance. It occurs in sentence or words when they imply contrast or opposite meaning.

The example below is considered as irony:

Your handwriting is very good so I can not read it

The expression above can be considered as irony since the expression want to say that his handwriting is very bad.

2.9 Related Study

In compiling this thesis, the writer refers to some previous researches which are related with the thesis. Some of them are follows:

Nurul Ramadhan (2008). The Analysis of Non-Literal meaning in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to Rock’s songs. In her thesis, she analyzed non literal meaning taht exists in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to Rock’s songs. She concludes that there are 50 cases of non literal meaning found in Jascha Richer’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to Rock’s Songs and the most dominant one is hyperbole with total case 17 cases and followed by metaphor (14 cases), simile (6 cases), personification (6 cases), euphemism (6 cases) and irony (1 case).

Syaiful Saleh KS (2008). A Semantic Analysis of Figurative Expressions in Ernest Hemmingway’s the Old Man and the Sea. In his thesis, he analyzed figurative expressions that exists in Ernest Hemmingway’s the Old Man and the Sea. He concludes that there are 67 cases of figurative expressions found in Ernest Hemmingway’s the Old Man and the Sea. They are 27 cases of simile, 20 cases of personification, 8 cases of metaphor, 7 cases of synecdoche, 4 cases of hyperbole and 1 case of oxymoron.

Lisbet Pakpahan (2005). An Analysis of Figurative Meaning in Scorpion’s Song Lyrics. In her thesis, she analyzed figurative meaning that exist in the lyrics o Scorpion’s songs. She concludes that there are 77 cases of figurative meaning found in 10 songs of Scorpion’s and the most dominant one is hyperbole with total case 26 cases and followed by synecdoche (6 cases), metaphor (17 cases), simile (3 cases), euphemism (3 cases) and metonymy (2 cases).

Finally, based on the review and as the writer stated on 1.4 above, the figurative expression, which will be analyzed in this thesis are metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, synecdoche, irony and oxymoron that exist in Ecclesiastes. The theory which is conducted in analyzing all data in this thesis is the semantics theory which is proposed by F.R. Palmer.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Methodology

This thesis is compiled by using library research. It is applied by reading and studying some books concerned with the topic of the problem such as a number of books about linguistics, semantics and figurative expressions which are studied in the library or another places.

As stated by Nawawi (1993 : 30), “Penelitian kepustakaan (library research), kegiatan penelitian in dilakukan maupun di tempat-tempat lain. Literatur yang dipergunakan tidak terbatas hanya pada buku dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur, baik di perpustakaan -buku, tetapi juga dapat berupa bahan-bahan dokumentasi, majalah-majalah, koran-koran, dan lain-lain.”

3.2 Population and Sample

Arikunto (1987 : 9) says that population is a group of individuals or items to be analyzed. The population of a research can be people, social phenomenon. Language or other things that are relevant to the analysis. On this occasion, the population of the research in this thesis are all the expressions that have figurative meaning in Ecclesiastes.

While, in term of sample, purposive sampling is conducted to determine the sample in this thesis. Arikunto in Saleh (2008 : 33) says “Sampel bertujuan adalah tehnik sampling yang dipergunakan oleh seorang peneliti jika peneliti tersebut mempunyai pertimbangan-pertimbangan tertentu didalam pengambilan sampelnya.” The sample of the research in this thesis is all the expressions that have figurative meaning that exist in Ecclesiastes.

3.3 Data Collecting

In collecting data, Arikunto (1996 : 234) says tha documentation method is performed in thesis in which the data of the research. And the data in this thesis are from the written material that is Ecclesiastes.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

In analyzing the data in this thesis, descriptive method is applied in which all the fact that are related to the object of the analysis in this thesis will be described. Nawawi (1993 : 27) says “Metode deskriptif adalah prosedur atau cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang sedang diselidiki sebagaimana adanya berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang aktual pada saat sekarang. (Descriptive method is a procedure or manner in solving the problems by explaining the object which is being investigated towards the factual facts.)

In analyzing the data,there are some procedures to be done. They are as follows:

1. Figurative expressions which are found in Ecclesiastes will be determined 2. All the figurative expressions in Ecclesiastes will be determoned based on

the types.

3. After identifying all data, a percentage value will be set up for each kind of figurative expressions based on the following formula (Bungin, 2005 : 171-172)

n = fx X 100% N

n = the percentage of one kind of figurative expressions fx = individual fruquency (one kind of figurative expressions)

N = number of occurance (all kinds of figurative expressions)

After calculating the data in percentage, the most dominant figuratibe expression to the least dominant one will be determined. All figurative expression will be analyzed based on semantics theory. Having analyzed all the data, some conclusion will be conclude based on the result of the analysis.

CHAPTER IV

AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSION FOUND IN ECCLESIASTES

4.1 The Data

The data to be analyzed in this thesis are taken from Ecclesiastes. Ecclesiastes is

one of chapter that found in Holy Bible that consists of 12 chapter. The data analyzed based on figurative expression, they are metaphor, simile, hyperbole, personification, irony, oxymoron and synechdoche. Here are the figurative expression which are found in Ecclesiastes.

Metaphor

1. Ecclesiastes 1: 5

The sun also rises, and the sun goes down, and hurries to its place where it rises. 2. Ecclesiastes 2: 17

So I hated life, because the work that is worked under the sun was grievous to me; for all is vanity and a chasing after wind.

3. Ecclesiastes 2: 24

There is nothing better for a man than that he should eat and drink, and make his soul enjoy good in his labor. This also I saw, that it is from the hand of God. 4. Ecclesiastes 3: 1

5. Ecclesiastes 5: 4

When you vow a vow to God, don’t defer to pay it; for he has no pleasure in fools. Pay that which you vow.

6. Ecclesiastes 5: 10

He who loves silver shall not be satisfied with silver; nor he who loves abundance, with increase: this also is vanity.

7. Ecclesiastes 5:12

The sleep of a laboring man is sweet, whether he eats little or much; but the abundance of the rich will not allow him to sleep.

8. Ecclesiastes 6: 7

All the labor of man is for his mouth, and yet the appetite is not filled. 9. Ecclesiastes 7:1

A good name is better than fine perfume; and the day of death better than the day of one’s birth.

10. Ecclesiastes 8: 1

Who is like the wise man? And who knows the interpretation of a thing? A man’s wisdom makes his face shine, and the hardness of his face is changed. 11. Ecclesiastes 9:8

Let your garments be always white, and don’t let your head lack oil. 12. Ecclesiastes 10: 2

13. Ecclesiastes 11: 6

In the morning sow your seed, and in the evening don’t withhold your hand; for you don’t know which will prosper, whether this or that, or whether they both will be equally good.

14. Ecclesiastes 11: 7

Truly the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is for the eyes to see the sun. 15. Ecclesiastes 12: 1

Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth, before the evil days come, and the years draw near, when you will say, “I have no pleasure in them”; 16. Ecclesiastes 12: 2

Before the sun, the light, the moon, and the stars are darkened, and the clouds return after the rain.

17. Ecclesiastes 12: 3

In the day when the keepers of the house shall tremble, and the strong men shall bow themselves, and the grinders cease because they are few, and those who look out of the windows are darkened,

18. Ecclesiastes 12: 11

The words of the wise are like goads; and like nails well fastened are words from the masters of assemblies, which are given from one shepherd.

4.1.2 Simile

1. Ecclesiastes 2: 13

2. Ecclesiastes 3: 18

I said in my heart, “As for the sons of men, God tests them, so that they may see that they themselves are like animals.

3. Ecclesiastes 7:11

Wisdom is as good as an inheritance. Yes, it is more excellent for those who see the sun.

4.1.3 Hyperbole

1. Ecclesiastes 2: 4

I made myself great works. I built myself houses. I planted myself vineyards. 2. Ecclesiastes 2:7

I bought male servants and female servants, and had servants born in my house. I also had great possessions of herds and flocks, above all who were before me in Jerusalem.

3. Ecclesiastes 5: 17

All his days he also eats in darkness, he is frustrated, and has sickness and wrath.

4. Ecclesiastes 7: 19

Wisdom is a strength to the wise man more than ten rulers who are in a city. 5. Ecclesiastes 8:1

Who is like the wise man? And who knows the interpretation of a thing? A man’s wisdom makes his face shine, and the hardness of his face is changed.

6. Ecclesiastes 10: 12

The words of a wise man’s mouth are gracious; but a fool is swallowed by his own lips.

7. Ecclesiastes 12:2

Before the sun, the light, the moon, and the stars are darkened, and the clouds return after the rain;

4.1.4 Personification

1. Ecclesiastes 1: 5

The sun also rises, and the sun goes down, and hurries to its place where it rises. 2. Ecclesiastes 1: 6

The wind goes toward the south, and turns around to the north. It turns around continually as it goes, and the wind returns again to its courses.

3. Ecclesiastes 1: 7

All the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full. To the place where the rivers flow, there they flow again.

4. Ecclesiastes 5: 2

Don’t be rash with your mouth, and don’t let your heart be hasty to utter anything before God; for God is in heaven and you on earth. Therefore let your words be few.

5. Ecclesiastes 10: 17

Happy are you, land, when your king is the son of nobles, and your princes eat in due season, for strength, and not for drunkenness!

6. Ecclesiastes 10: 20

Don’t curse the king, no, not in your thoughts; and don’t curse the rich in your bedroom: for a bird of the sky may carry your voice, that which has wings may tell the matter.

4.1.5 Irony

1. Ecclesiastes 2: 2

I said of laughter, “It is foolishness”; and of mirth, “What does it accomplish?” 2. Ecclesiastes 5: 13

There is a grievous evil which I have seen under the sun: wealth kept by its owner to his harm.

4.1.6 Oxymoron

There is no case of oxymoron found in Ecclesiastes.

4.1.7 Synecdoche

1. Ecclesiastes 1:8

All things are full of weariness beyond uttering. The eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing.

2. Ecclesiastes 1: 13

I applied my heart to seek and to search out by wisdom concerning all that is done under the sky. It is a heavy burden that to be afflicted with.

3. Ecclesiastes 9: 10

Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in

4. Ecclesiastes 12: 5

Yes, they shall be afraid of heights, and terrors will be in the way; and the almond tree shall blossom, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail; because man goes to his everlasting home, and the mourners go about the streets

4.2 The Analysis

The following explanations are the description of the data;

4.2.1. Metaphor 1. Ecclesiastes 1: 5

The sun also rises, and the sun goes down, and hurries to its place where it rises.

From the data above, the word ‘sun’ is a kind of symbol. Literally, sun means

the star that shines in the sky during the day and gives the earth heat and light. It has monotonous cycle of rising, setting and then racing back to the place from which it rises.

Here, Salomon as the author uses the word ‘sun’ as a symbol of generation or people in the world. Figuratively, it describes that you are born into the world, you live your life and then you die. As each generation comes and goes, so also each day comes and goes with a regular and monotonous passing but the earth

keeps right on going. In addition, this expression wants to say that live must going on.

2. Ecclesiastes 2: 17

So I hated life, because the work that is worked under the sun was grievous to me; for all is vanity and a chasing after wind.

In this sentence, there is a kind of metaphor. The phrase ‘chasing after wind’ is a symbol. According to Oxford dictionary chasing means that we run to catch or to hunt something or somebody. And if we interpret literally it means we have ability to catch the wind. As we it is impossible to catch the wind even we use a tool. But figuratively, ‘chasing after wind’ means somethind meaningless or useless in our life. If we read some verse before, Salomon as the author has everything in his life but he relize that it is meaningless if he does not respect ti his God. Everything is hopeless without God.

3. Ecclesiastes 2: 24

There is nothing better for a man than that he should eat and drink, and make his soul enjoy good in his labor. This also I saw, that it is from the hand of God.

In this sentence, we can see the using of metaphor clearly. Literally, the sentence is belong to the metaphor because the sentence is intend to say that God gives us everything direcly from His hand. Of course this literal meaning is not absolutely true because we never meet with our God. Figuratively ‘hand of God’ here is to symbolize the blessing of God in our life.

4. Ecclesiastes 3: 1

For everything there is a season and a time for every purpose under heaven.

In this sentence, the word ‘season’ is a kind of symbol. According to Oxford

dictionary that the meaning of season is a part of the year distinguished by its particular type of weather, for example spring, summer, autumn and winter. Figuratively, this expression means for all things which have done in our life has their each timing and God has arranged them well in our life. Season is symbol of time. In addition, the writer concludes everything has it own timing.

5. Ecclesiastes 5: 4

When you vow a vow to God, don’t defer to pay it; for he has no pleasure in fools. Pay that which you vow.

In this sentence, the word ‘pay’ is a kind of symbol. In literal meaning, pay

means we give somebody money for work, goods, or services. So, literally this sentence means we use or give money for our vow.

But figuratively, pay means we have to fulfill our promise and it will show how responsible you are. Pay is to symbolize the commitment and the duty.

6. Ecclesiastes 5: 10

He who loves silver shall not be satisfied with silver; nor he who loves abundance, with increase: this also is vanity.

In this sentence we can see the using of metaphor clearly. The word ‘silver’ is a

symbol. According to Oxford dictionary, the meaning of silver is a chemical element. Silver is a shiny white precious metal used for ornament, jewellery, coins, etc.

In this sentence, silver is used to symbolize the wealth and prosperity. Figuratively, the author wants to say that many people have never satisfied about wealth, money and prosperity in their life.

7. Ecclesiastes 5:12

The sleep of a laboring man is sweet, whether he eats little or much; but the abundance of the rich will not allow him to sleep.

In this sentence we can see the using of metaphor clearly. The word ‘sweet’ is a

symbol of pleasant. According to Oxford dictionary ‘sweet’ means tasting like sugar or honey, not sour or bitter. And in literal meaning it does not make any sense.

Figuratively, this expression means simple living person feel calmer and he is enjoying its simplicity because it was the result of his efforts alone, although the results slightly but he remains grateful.

8. Ecclesiastes 6: 7

All the labor of man is for his mouth, and yet the appetite is not filled. In this sentence, the author uses the word ‘mouth’ as a symbol. According to

Oxford dictionary, mouth is a part of our body which is used to take in food. Mouth here is a symbol of food. So figuratively this expression means many

people work only to get their food for today, tomorrow and so on.

9. Ecclesiastes 7:1

A good name is better than fine perfume; and the day of death better than the day of one’s birth.

In first clause ‘a good name is better than fine perfume…’ we can see that this expression shows the comparison between ‘good name’ and ‘perfume’.

Literally, perfume means a sweet-smelling liquid which used on the body and many people like it.

If we interpret figuratively, this expression means it is very proud if we have good name in our society because it more value than anything and many people like us and they will remember us with our kindness as long as our life.

10. Ecclesiastes 8: 1

Who is like the wise man? And who knows the interpretation of a thing? A man’s wisdom makes his face shine, and the hardness of his face is changed. In this sentence the author uses the word ‘shine’ as a metaphor. In literal

meaning, shine means to give out or reflect light or to be light. And figuratively the word ‘shine’ in this sentence is a symbol of happiness. So, this expression means if we have wisdom from God, it will bring happiness and joy in our life even it makes our face to be always smile.

11. Ecclesiastes 9:8

Let your garments be always white, and don’t let your head lack oil.

In this sentence we can see on first clause the word ‘garment ‘is a symbol of our

mind. Literally, this expression means we have to keep our garment (clothing) to be clean. So, figuratively from this expression the author suggests us as the reader to be positive thinking in our life.

12. Ecclesiastes 10: 2

A wise man’s heart is at his right hand, but a fool’s heart at his left hand.

In this sentence, we can find the using of metaphor. The words ‘right hand’ and ‘left hand’ is a symbol. Literally, hand is a part of human body including the finger and thumb and human has two hands those are left hand and right hand. If

we interpret this expression literally, it means the heart of a wise person is hold on his right hand while fool’s heart is hold on his left hand. Logically, it is impossible to us for handling our heart.

But figuratively, ‘right hand’ and ‘left hand’ is used as a symbol. In Israel the ‘right hand’ is the place of strength, skill, favor and blessing while the ‘left hand’ is considered the place of weakness. So, the write conclude that this expression means a wise man has strength and blessing in his life while a fool man has many weaknesses in his life.

13. Ecclesiastes 11: 6

In the morning sow your seed, and in the evening don’t withhold your hand; for you don’t know which will prosper, whether this or that, or whether they both will be equally good.

In this sentence the author uses the word ‘seed’ as a metaphor. According to Oxford dictionary seed is part of plant from which a plant can grow. In this sentence seed is a symbol of kindness. In this expression, figuratively the author suggests us to do all kindness as long as our life and never stop to do this to everyone. And we will get kindness too from another.

14. Ecclesiastes 11: 7

Truly the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is for the eyes to see the sun.

In this sentence we find that the word ‘light’ is compared with the word ‘sweet’. Literally, from this sentence the ‘light’ is not darkness or full of glow. And the word ‘sweet’ means tasting like sugar or honey, not sour or bitter. In this sentence literally is said that light is a food that has sweet taste like sugar or honey. But in fact light is not a kind of food and we can eat.

Figuratively, light is a symbol of life. From this expression the author wants to say that our life is pleasant. And it is good to alive. So, enjoy your life as long as you live in the world and use your youth for doing kindness.

15. Ecclesiastes 12: 1

Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth, before the evil days come, and the years draw near, when you will say, “I have no pleasure in them”;

The word ‘creator’ is a metaphor in this sentence. In literal meaning ‘creator’ means a person who creates something.

So, figuratively the word ‘creator’ means God. From this expression, the author suggests us to remember our God. But remember here does not mean to jog one’s memory. It involves a wholehearted commitment to love, serve and fear God start from your youth.

16. Ecclesiastes 12: 2

Before the sun, the light, the moon, and the stars are darkened, and the clouds return after the rain.

The word ‘darkened’ is a symbol. According to Oxford dictionary ‘darkened’ means the situation with no or very little light.

In this expression, the word ‘darkened’ is symbolize the sorrow of life, a situation when our life without hope anymore, sadness or depressing of life.

17. Ecclesiastes 12: 3

In the day when the keepers of the house shall tremble, and the strong men shall bow themselves, and the grinders cease because they are few, and those who look out of the windows are darkened.

In this sentence the words ‘keepers’, ‘strong men’ and ‘grinders’ are symbol. According to Oxford dictionary keeper means a person who cares for something. Strong man means a person who has a power for doing everything. And grinder means a person or thing that grinds.

Figuratively, keeper is a symbol of the hand and arm, strong man is a symbol of leg and the grinder is a symbol of teeth. Whole of them in this expression describe the situation of our body in old age. All of them become weak and useless. In addition, this expression means every people hoped to be responding to God early since their youth before everything is going to be useless.

18. Ecclesiastes 12: 11

The words of the wise are like goads; and like nails well fastened are words from the masters of assemblies, which are given from one shepherd.

In last clause we find the word ‘shepherd’ is a kind of symbol. Literally,

shepherd means a person who looks after sheep. But when we interpret figuratively, the meaning is belonging to symbolize God who is always blessing, love, and lead our life.

4.2.2 Simile

1. Ecclesiastes 2: 13

Then I saw that wisdom excels folly, as far as light excels darkness.

In this sentence above, the author gives a sign to many people who have wisdom

in themselves. There are two things are compared, each of the things is unlike to each other. The first is ‘wisdom’ means the ability to make good and serious judgment or quality of being wise. The other is the word ‘light’ means a source

of light. If we interpret literally, the meaning will not make any sense when the wisdom as a light.

But when we interpret it figuratively, it means that a wise man has certain advantages in his life. A wise man will be thinking carefully about what will he do for his life and he will prepare many good plans for his future. So that he will have a good future.

2. Ecclesiastes 3: 18

I said in my heart, “As for the sons of men, God tests them, so that they may see that they themselves are like animals.

In this sentence there is a kind of simile. There are two things are compared,

they are men and animals. This verse explains that men are same with animals. As we know, men and animals are different even though both of them are God’s creatures. Animal here literally has low level than man. They have not ability to think like man.

But if we interpret figuratively, this expression wants to show us, that all creatures (man, animal and plant) will be die. Even though you are a rich man and has everything in your life but it can not help you to save you from the death just like an animal which has nothing will be die too.

3. Ecclesiastes 7:11

Wisdom is as good as an inheritance. Yes, it is more excellent for those who see the sun.

In this sentence there is a kind of simile. There is a comparison between ‘wisdom’ and inheritance. According to Oxford dictionary ‘inheritance’ means

something that we get or receive from somebody such as money or prosperity as a legacy.

So, this expression above figuratively means the wisdom that we have in our life is a precious thing or has a high value in our life. And it will be an advantage for us.

4.1.3 Hyperbole 1. Ecclesiastes 2: 4

I made myself great works. I built myself houses. I planted myself vineyards.

There is a sense of exaggeration in the sentence ‘I built myself houses. I planted

myself vineyard’ where a subject ‘I’ can make many things for himself. So, figuratively this exaggeration is used to emphasize the arrogant of the subject ‘I’ and describes how powerful he is.

2. Ecclesiastes 2:7

I bought male servants and female servants, and had servants born in my house. I also had great possessions of herds and flocks, above all who were before me in Jerusalem.

In this sentence we can see a sense of exaggeration clearly even until the next verse. In the data, the clause ‘I bought male servant and female servant and…..’ gives a sense of exaggeration. The literal meaning of this expression is Salomon as the author can buy many servants and get everything that he wants even he gathered silver, gold, and treasure of many kings.

Figuratively, this expression emphasizes the Salomon’s arrogant and describes how powerful he is. In addition this expression shows that Salomon has a power to get everything.

3. Ecclesiastes 5: 17

All his days he also eats in darkness, he is frustrated, and has sickness and wrath.

In this sentence we can find the using of figurative expression clearly, that is

hyperbole. The words darkness, frustrated, sickness, wrath are used to emphasize the suffering of life.

So, from this expression the reader will get an exaggeration meaning about the suffering of life if we do not fear God.

4. Ecclesiastes 7: 19

Wisdom is a strength to the wise man more than ten rulers who are in a city.

In this sentence we can find a sense of exaggeration, where ‘wisdom’ is

described has s strength more than ten rules in the city. Wisdom is an abstract thing which is described has a power. This exaggeration is used to emphasize the power of wisdom that we get from God as a blessing. This expression wants to describe how powerful it is. A person who has wisdom, faith, and believes in God is able in doing everything. In conclusion, this is an exaggeration of the power of god. And there is no greater blessing than wisdom.

5. Ecclesiastes 8:1

Who is like the wise man? And who knows the interpretation of a thing? A man’s wisdom makes his face shine, and the hardness of his face is changed.

In this sentence we can also find a sense of exaggeration. In the expression above, the phrase ‘face shine’ indicates a hyperbole since no face in this world has ability to shine. Shines here means have a pleasant in your face when you have wisdom from God and it is also exaggerated the power of God in your life.

6. Ecclesiastes 10: 12

The words of a wise man’s mouth are gracious; but a fool is swallowed by his own lips.

In this sentence there is a kind of figurative expression that is hyperbole. In the expression above, the clause ‘fool is swallowed by his own lips’ indicates a exaggeration since how can we imagine we are swallowed by own lips? It is impossible thing.

So, figuratively this expression wants to exaggerate the beyond literal meaning. This expression means we have to control our words, we have to be a wise person when we were talking with another. It exaggerates our wisdom and do not be a foolish man.

7. Ecclesiastes 12:2

Before the sun, the light, the moon, and the stars are darkened, and the clouds return after the rain.

In this verse the clause ‘before the sun, the light, the moon, and the stars are

light, moon, star (a part of the earth which is give us alive) described do not shine anymore. It means our world become dark.

Figuratively, this exaggeration is used to emphasize our weaknesses. It describes the situation when we are weak and can not do our activity. God remember us to work since our youth when we have a powerful to do all works.

4.1.4 Personification 1. Ecclesiastes 1: 5

The sun also rises, and the sun goes down, and hurries to its place where it rises.

In the expression above, the word ‘sun’ indicates a personification since the

word ‘sun’ is considered as the living thing that has ability to goes down. We can define ‘sun’ from dictionary as the star that shines in the sky during the day and gives the earth heat and light and it does not has feet to go down. Figuratively, the expression above means the sun sets and does not shine brightly as if it goes down.

2. Ecclesiastes 1: 6

The wind goes toward the south, and turns around to the north. It turns around continually as it goes, and the wind returns again to its courses.

The expression above is regarded as personification since the word ‘wind’ is considered as the living thing. In this case, the ‘wind’ is acted like a human or animal that can go everywhere by using feet. But as we know it does not has feet. Literally, wind is air moving as a result of natural forces.

3. Ecclesiastes 1: 7

All the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full. To the place where the rivers flow, there they flow again.

In this sentence, the word ‘river’ is acted as if it were a living thing. The ‘river’

is assigned with the ability of the animate thing that is running. Lexically, river is a large number natural stream of water and it does not have feet to run. So, the expression above means the rivers are flowing from one sea to another.

4. Ecclesiastes 5: 2

Don’t be rash with your mouth, and don’t let your heart be hasty to utter anything before God; for God is in heaven and you on earth. Therefore let your words be few.

In the expression above the word ‘mouth’ indicates a personification since the word ‘mouth’ is regarded as the living thing and has ability to walk fast. Mouth is a part of our body which is used to speak and take in food. Figuratively, from this expression the author suggest us to be a careful man in our speaking and thinking. We have to think about what will we do in our life so that there will be no regret in our life.

5. Ecclesiastes 10: 17

Happy are you, land, when your king is the son of nobles, and your princes eat in due season, for strength, and not for drunkenness!

In this sentence, the word ‘land’ indicates a personification since it is regarded

as the living thing that has ability to feel happy. Literally, land is an area of ground of the earth and the land has no feeling to feel happy.

Figuratively, the expression above means every people have to be happy when they are lead by a wise leader.

6. Ecclesiastes 10: 20

Don’t curse the king, no, not in your thoughts; and don’t curse the rich in your bedroom: for a bird of the sky may carry your voice, that which has wings may tell the matter.

In this sentence we can find a personification that is a bird is described has ability to speak like a man. Logically, it is impossible because bird is an animal and can not speak.

Figuratively, this expression means to suggest us to be careful for what would you say and never gossip about another because anyone can convey what we are talking to other people. In addition, Salomon as the author suggests us to be a wise person since a wise person does not say something in private about someone to another.

4.1.5 Irony

1. Ecclesiastes 2: 2

I said of laughter, “It is foolishness”; and of mirth, “What does it accomplish?”

As in irony definition said that it is a kind of saying something and opposite to their literal meaning and usually used for insulting or mocking. In this sentence, Salomon as the author wants to mock some people by using ‘laughter’ as ‘madness’ (foolishness). Literally, we know that ‘laughter’ describes a happy situation. But if we interpret figuratively, the author wants to criticize that it is not usually that people can be satisfy in pleasure. Many people do not know the

reason why they laugh. It seems like a great escape of their problem and they can not be satisfied.

2. Ecclesiastes 5: 13

There is a grievous evil which I have seen under the sun: wealth kept by its owner to his harm.

In this sentence has an opposite meaning with its literal meaning. We can find figurative expression here, which is irony. Solomon as the author wanted to say that wealth does not always bring pleasure. Because during the many people assume that life will be full of exaggerated excitement and with a fortune we could get what we want. In fact, the wealth also brought us the trouble and worries in life. Therefore, this expression means do not be too smug if we already have a lot of things.

4.1.6 Oxymoron

There is no case of oxymoron found in Ecclesiastes.

4.1.7 Synecdoche 1. Ecclesiastes 1:8

All things are full of weariness beyond uttering. The eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing.

In the expression above, the word ‘eye and ear’ indicate a synecdoche that is

part refers to whole. Eye and ear are part of our body. Literally, in the sentence is described that only the eye and ear never satisfy for seeing and hearing. But figuratively, this sentence has deeper meaning. The words ‘eye and ear’

represent the whole part of human body not only the eye and ear, even include their mind and soul. In addition, this expression wants to show that many people are never satisfied, never feel enough for everything in their life and they want more and more.

2. Ecclesiastes 1: 13

I applied my heart to seek and to search out by wisdom concerning all that

is done under the sky. It is a heavy burden that

men to be afflicted with.

In this sentence, the word ‘my heart’ is a kind if symbol. The word ‘my heart’

indicates a synecdoche that is a part refers to whole. It is impossible if heart has ability like human to seek something. Literally, the meaning will not make any sense. Figuratively, the meaning is that people which symbolized with ‘my heart’ asked by God to be a wise person, they have to know about what is the right and wrong in their life.

3. Ecclesiastes 9: 10

Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might; for there is no

work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in

going.

In this sentence, the word ‘hand’ indicates as a synecdoche that is a part refers to

whole. Hand is the part at the end of the human arm below the wrist, including the fingers and thumb. It is a part or the human body. Literally, this sentence means to make your hand to be stronger in your works. Figuratively, this sentence has deeper meaning. It is intended to make human be stronger and serious in all works.

4. Ecclesiastes 12: 5

Yes, they shall be afraid of heights, and terrors will be in the way; and the almond tree shall blossom, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail; because man goes to his everlasting home, and the mourners go about the streets

In this sentence, the word ‘man’ indicates as a synecdoche that is a part refers to

whole. If we interpret literally, the word ‘man’ means a person. Figuratively, the expression above means all people in the world will die without exception.

4.3 The frequency

There are 40 figurative expression in Ecclesiastes. Below is the number and the percentage of each type of figutarive expressions that exist in Ecclesiastes

No Types of Figurative Expressions Number of Cases Percentage

1. Metaphor 18 45%

2. Simile 3 7.5%

3. Hyperbole 7 17.5%

4. Personification 6 15%

5. Irony 2 5%

6. Oxymoron - -

7. Synecdoche 4 10%

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

After determining, identifying, clasifying and analyzing all the data, it is concluded that:

1. There are 40 cases of figurative expression in Ecclesiastes. They are 18 cases of metaphor, 3 cases of simile, 7 cases of hyperbole, 6 cases of personification, 2 cases of irony, and 4 cases of synecdoche. While, oxymoron is not found.

2. The most dominant type of figurative expressions in ecclesiastes is metaphor which represents 45 % of whole cases, followed by hyperbole (17.5 %), personification (15 %), synecdoche (10 %), simile (7.5 %), irony (5 %) and oxymoron (0 %).

Based on the result above, metaphor turns out to be the most dominat type of figurative expression in Ecclesiastes. Metaphor turns out to be the most dominat type of figurative expression because Ecclesiastes is written with some words that are arranged literally to make the language here is more beautiful and also to stimulate the reader’s mind to think more in interpreting the sentences to get the real meaning in order to know what God wants. Moreover, the numerous number of metaphor found in Ecclesiastes shows that Salomon as the author of this book wants to convey his idea about the words of God trough daily words that is used by people in that time. Metaphor is the most appropriate figurative expression that can symbolize the meaning of God’s word.

represent the whole part of human body not only the eye and ear, even include their mind and soul. In addition, this expression wants to show that many people are never satisfied, never feel enough for everything in their life and they want more and more.

2. Ecclesiastes 1: 13

I applied my heart to seek and to search out by wisdom concerning all that is done under the sky. It is a heavy burden that men to be afflicted with.

In this sentence, the word ‘my heart’ is a kind if symbol. The word ‘my heart’ indicates a synecdoche that is a part refers to whole. It is impossible if heart has ability like human to seek something. Literally, the meaning will not make any sense. Figuratively, the meaning is that people which symbolized with ‘my heart’ asked by God to be a wise person, they have to know about what is the right and wrong in their life.

3. Ecclesiastes 9: 10

Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in going.

In this sentence, the word ‘hand’ indicates as a synecdoche that is a part refers to whole. Hand is the part at the end of the human arm below the wrist, including the fingers and thumb. It is a part or the human body. Literally, this sentence

4. Ecclesiastes 12: 5

Yes, they shall be afraid of heights, and terrors will be in the way; and the almond tree shall blossom, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail; because man goes to his everlasting home, and the mourners go about the streets

In this sentence, the word ‘man’ indicates as a synecdoche that is a part refers to whole. If we interpret literally, the word ‘man’ means a person. Figuratively, the expression above means all people in the world will die without exception.

4.3 The frequency

There are 40 figurative expression in Ecclesiastes. Below is the number and the percentage of each type of figutarive expressions that exist in Ecclesiastes No Types of Figurative Expressions Number of Cases Percentage

1. Metaphor 18 45%

2. Simile 3 7.5%

3. Hyperbole 7 17.5%

4. Personification 6 15%

5. Irony 2 5%

6. Oxymoron - -

7. Synecdoche 4 10%

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

After determining, identifying, clasifying and analyzing all the data, it is concluded that:

1. There are 40 cases of figurative expression in Ecclesiastes. They are 18 cases of metaphor, 3 cases of simile, 7 cases of hyperbole, 6 cases of personification, 2 cases of irony, and 4 cases of synecdoche. While, oxymoron is not found.

2. The most dominant type of figurative expressions in ecclesiastes is metaphor which represents 45 % of whole cases, followed by hyperbole (17.5 %), personification (15 %), synecdoche (10 %), simile (7.5 %), irony (5 %) and oxymoron (0 %).

Based on the result above, metaphor turns out to be the most dominat type of figurative expression in Ecclesiastes. Metaphor turns out to be the most dominat type of figurative expression because Ecclesiastes is written with some words that are arranged literally to make the language here is more beautiful and also to stimulate the reader’s mind to think more in interpreting the sentences to get the real meaning in order to know what God wants. Moreover, the numerous number of metaphor found in Ecclesiastes shows that Salomon as the author of this book wants to convey his idea about the words of God trough daily words that is used

5.2 Suggestion

Figurative expression is interesting to discuss and analyze since figurative expression has been part of daily conversation to help convey the message. So, I would like to suggest to the students of English Literature to analyze the uses of figurative expression in other book or other literary genre. However, the writer realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect, so it is quite possible to some mistakes in the analysis. It is quite possible to find some artificial explanation because her knowledge is quite limited to givw a very detail analysis. So, any constructive criticism and suggestions are humbly welcome.

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