The students debate a topic or do a language task as a class; the tea cher may intervene occasionally, to stimulate participation or to monitor.
h. Teacher talk This may involve some kind of silent response, such as writing from
dictation, but there is no initiative on the part of the students. i. Self-access
Students choose their own learning tasks, and work autonomously. j. Open ended tea cher questioning
There are a number of possible „right answers, so that more students answer each cue.
B. Narrative Text
1. Definition of Narrative Text Before turning into narrative text, someone should know what text is.
People live in a world of words. When these words are put together to communicate a meaning, a piece of text is created. When people speak or
write to communicate a massage, they are constructing a text. When they read, listen to or view a place of text, they are interpreting its meaning.
Creating a text requires to make choices about the words is used and how to put them together. If people make the right choices then they can
communicate with others. Their choice of words will depend on their purpose and their surroundings or the context.
22
One of the most widespread definitions of „text comes from de Beaugrande Dressler. They define a text as a „communicative event that
must satisfy several conditions. According to this definiti on a traffic sign, a newspaper article, an argument and a novel are all text that corresponds to the
differing rules of particular genres of text. All the genres mentioned have
22
Mark Anderson And Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English 2, South Yarra: Macmillan education Australia, 1997, p. 1
particular linguistics features, fulfill particular functions and are bound to specific production and reception situations.
23
According to River, students need to acquire the skill of dra wing information directly from the foreign-language text without the interposition
of their own tongue. His skill is best learned in progress stages, with students practicing regularly with materials that approximate their level of proficiency.
Level of proficiency, however, is not sufficient without the motivational element of material of interest to the students. The problems of fluent reading
are numerous enough, without being exacerbated by linguistically difficult texts containing materials to which the students cannot relate.
24
There are two main categories of texts-literary and factual. Within these are various text types. Each type has a common and usual wa y of using
language. Factual texts include advertisements, Internet web sites, current affairs
shows, debates, recipes, reports and instructions. They present information or ideas and aim to show, tell or persuade the audience. The main text types in
this category are recount, response, explanation, discussion, information report, exposition and procedure.
25
Literary texts include aboriginal dreaming stories, movie scripts, limericks, fairly tales, plays, novels, song lyrics, mimes and soap operas. They
are constructed to appeal to their emotions and imagination. Literary texts can make people laugh or cry, think about their life of consider their beliefs.
Through fairy tales, folktales, and family stories people receive their first orga nized accounts of huma n action. Stories continue to absorb them as they
read novels, biography, and history; they occupy them at the movies, theater, and before the television set. And, possibly because of this intimate and long -
23
Stefan Titscher, et, al, Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis, London: SAGE Publications, 2000, p. 21
24
River, Interactive Language…, p. 10
25
Mark Anderson And Kathy Anderson, Text Types…,volume 2, p. 2
standing acquaintanceship, stories also serve as critical means by which they make their selves intelligible within the social words.
26
There are three main text types in this category: narrative, poetic and dramatic. Media texts such as films, videos, television shows and CDs can
also fall in this category.
27
A narrative is a text that tells a story to entertain the audience. Narrative can be presented as written or spoken texts. Written narratives often take the
form of novels. T he story is usually told by a narrator. If the narrator is one of the characters in the story is said to be told in the first person. If a person
outside the story is the narrator, then the story is being told in the third person.
28
As linguistic devices, narratives ma y be used to indicate future actions, but they are not themselves the cause or determinant basis for such actions. In this
sense, self-narratives function much like oral histories or morality tales within a society. They are cultural resources that serve such social purposes as self
identification, self-justification, self criticism, and social solidification.
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2. Aim of Narrative The aim of a narrative, other than providing entertainment, can be to make
the audience think about an issue, teach them a lesson, or excite their emotions.
30
Its purpose is to present a view of the world that entertains or informs the reader or listener.
31
3. Types of Narrative There are many different types of narratives including:
26
Kenneth Gergen, “Self-Narration in Social Life”, in Margaret Wetherell, et. al, Ed., Discourse Theory and Practice
, London: Sage Publications, 2001, p. 247
27
Mark Anderson And Kathy Anderson, Text Typess…,volume 2 p. 1
28
Mark Anderson And Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English 3, South Yarra: Macmillan, 1997, p. 3
29
Gergen, Self-Narration…, p. 249
30
Mark Anderson And Kathy Anderson, Text Types…,volume 3, p. 3
31
Mark Anderson And Kathy Anderson, Text Types…,volume 3, p. 6
a. Humor A humorous narrative is one that aims to make the audience laugh as
part of telling a story. Her e is a typical structure: 1 Orientation unusual setting; funny character names
2 Complication something „crazy happens 3 Sequence of events making
fun of serious situations; exaggeration; comedy of errors; funny things said by chara cters;
ima ginative ideas; extraordinary things happening to ordinary people 4 Resolution „all s well that ends well
b. Romance The romance narrative typically tells of two lovers who overcome
difficulties to end up together. Here are the usual features: 1 Orientation exotic
setting: sunsets,
beaches, moonlight;
„hunk male and female who is looking for love; characters introduced 2 Complication „boy meets girl
3 Sequence of events love; hurt and pain; warmth and sharing; jealousy; development of relationship; overcoming of proble ms
4 Resolution boy gets girl; marry and live happily even after c. Historical fiction
1 Orientation a setting in the past; description of a period in history 2 Complication good meet evils
3 Sequence of events action related to a period in history; description of life at that time
4 Resolution characters survive the chaos of the time d. Fantasy
1 Orientation here who may have ma gical power: setting may be in another dimension with gods, witches, wizard, and so on .
2 Complication evil forces effect the godless 3 Sequence of events a quest; struggle between good and evil
4 Resolution good defeats evil forces e. Science fiction
1 Orientation a future setting; a world with technology 2 Complication an evil force threatens the world
3 Sequence of events imaginative description; struggle between good and evil
4 Resolution good defeats evil 5 Coda take care that science is used for good, not evil
There can be a combination of narratives within each of these different types. A crime novel could also include roma nce and mystery. Similarly,
an adventure narrative could include humor and romance. Sometimes, the term genre is used for the type of narrative.
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4. Narrative Features a. Orientation
In this paragraph the narrator tells the audience who is in the story, when
it is happening, where it is happening and what is going on. b. Complication
This is the part of the story where the narrator tells about something that will begin in a chain of events. These events will affect
one or more of the characters. The complication is the trigger. c. Sequence of event
This is where the narrator tells how the characters react to the complication. It includes their feelings and what they do. The events
can be told in chronological order the order in which they happen or with flashback. The audience is given the narrator s point of view.
At the heart of any story are, minimally, two events, represented in two narrative clauses which are linked temporally and sequentially.
The story depends on the relationship between the two clauses.
33
32
Mark Anderson And Kathy Anderson, Text Types…,volume 2, p. 16-27
33
Joanna Thornborrow and Jennifer Coates, The Sociolinguistics of Narrative, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005, p. 3
23
d. Resolution In this part of the narrative the complication is sorted out or
problem is solved. e. Coda
The narrator includes a coda if there is a moral or message to be learned from the story.
34
It is a final comment that comes after the resolution of the story.
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5. Grammatical Features Of Narrative Text Narrative usually includes the following gra mmatical features:
a. Nouns that identify the specific characters and pla ces in the story b. Adjectives that provides accurate description of the characters and
setting. c. Verbs that show the actions that occur in the story
d. Time words that connect events, telling when they occurred.
36
According Aristotle s definition, there have been many attempts to establish criteria which would define the well-formed story. Among the many suggested,
two seem to be widely accepted. The first is that, to count as a narrative, there has to be a sequence of narrative clauses clauses containing a verb in the simple past
tense or, sometimes, the historic present tense whose order match es the real time order of the events described in those clauses. These clauses constitute the hearth
of the story, or narrative „core . The second is that a story has to have a beginning, middle and an end.
37
From the explanation above it can be concluded that narrative text is the text that tell a story and when the story only contains the beginning or just the middle
or just in the end, it can not be a good story because there must be the beginning, the middle, and the end of the story. It is to make the story is good and easy to be
understood.
34
Mark Anderson And Kathy Anderson, Text Types…, volume 3, p. 4
35
Thornborrow and Coates, The Sociolinguistics of Narrative…, p. 4
36
Mark Anderson And Kathy Anderson, Text Types…, volume 3, p. 3
37
Thornborrow and Coates, The Sociolinguistics of Narrative…, p. 3
CHAPTER III PROFILE OF SMA MUHAMADIYAH 8 CIPUTAT
