tongue and so on.”
20
Based on the statements above, error can appear due to the insufficient knowledge or the inappropriate rule about the language being learned;
while mistake happens because of the learner forget about the rule or their carelessness when do the work.
According to understanding above, it can be distinguished between mistakes and errors. Mistakes happen when writing or speaking because of the lack of
attention, fatigue, carelessness, or some other aspects of performance. Mistakes can be self-corrected when attention is called, whereas, error is the use of
linguistic item in a way that a fluent or native speaker of the language regards it as showing faulty or incomplete learning. In other words, it occurs because the
learner does not know what is correct, and thus it cannot be self-corrected. There are two ways to distinguish between an error and a mistake. The first
one is to check the consistency of learner’s performance. If he sometimes uses the correct form and sometimes the wrong one, it is a mistake. However, if he always
uses it incorrectly, it is then an error. The second way is to ask learner to try to correct his own deviant utterance. Where he is unable to, the deviations are errors;
where he is successful, they are mistakes.
21
e. Types of Error
According to Dulay in the book Language two, he classifies error into four types; error based in linguistic category, surface strategy taxonomy, comparative
taxonomy, and communicative effect taxonomy.
22
1 Error based on linguistic category
Linguistic category classifies errors according to either or both the language component and the particular linguistic constituent the error affects. Language
components include phonology pronunciation, syntax and morphology grammar, semantic and lexicon meaning and vocabulary, discourse style.
20
Peter Hubbard, et al., A Training Course for TEFL, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 134.
21
Vecide Erdogan, Contribution of Error Analysis to Foreign Language Teaching, Mersin University, 2005 p. 263
22
HeidyDulayet.al, op.cit., pp.146-189
Constituents include the elements that comprise each language components. For example;
Morphology: a ant Syntax: He no write
While in constituents, it includes the elements that comprise each language components. For example within syntax, one may ask whether the error is the
main or subordinate clause, which constituent is affected.
23
2 Error based on surface strategy taxonomy
This type of error has four subtypes. They are; a
Omission It is an error which happens because a learner does not put the needed
morphemes in hisher sentence. The morphemes which disappear are from the content morpheme and grammatical morpheme. For example in the
sentence; Content morpheme: Rahmat is a teacher
Grammatical morpheme:Rahmat is a teacher b
Addition This type of error is contradictive to the previous one. The character of the
error is known by the presence of an item, which must not appear in a well- formed utterance. This error usually appears in the later stage of L2
acquisition, when the learner has already acquired some target language rule. There are three types of addition errors have been observed in the
speech of both L1 and L2: double markings, regularizations, and simple addition. Here is the example of error in double marking
1 Double marking
Many addition errors are more correctly described as the failure to delete certain items which are required in some linguistic
constructions, but not in others. Example:
He doesn’t knows my name
23
Ibid. pp. 147-148.
