Prin ciples o f Reso urce Man agem en t Reso urce Evaluatio n Co astal Man agem en t Legal an d Eco n o m ic Prin ciples Po licies an d Plan n in g Advan ced Multidisciplin ary Pro ject

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 98 PROCEEDIN GS OF T HE RHODE ISLAN D W ORKSHOP ON EDUCAT IN G COASTAL MAN AGERS COURSE OFFERINGS Th e p rogram h as a p rofession al p ostgrad u ate q u alifi- cation offered by th e m u ltid iscip lin ary In stitu te for Coastal Resou rce Man agem en t. Ap art from th e m aster’s d egree, grad u ate d ip lom as, grad u ate certificates, an d d octoral d egrees, con tin u in g p rofession al ed u cation p rogram s are offered . Th e cou rses by sem ester grou p in gs:

1. Prin ciples o f Reso urce Man agem en t

Coastal Resou rce Policy Bio syst em s Coastal En viron m en tal Ch em istry Coastal Geology Estu arin e an d Coastal Hyd rau lics

2. Reso urce Evaluatio n

Coastal Biological Resou rces Geological Resou rces an d Develop m en t Resou rce Measu rem en t an d Assessm en t

3. Co astal Man agem en t

Coastal Man agem en t an d Ad m in istration Recreation , Tou rism an d Natu ral System Man agem en t In tegrated En viron m en tal Assessm en t an d Man agem en t

4. Legal an d Eco n o m ic Prin ciples

Law an d Coastal Resou rces Exp erim en tal Design an d Resou rce Man agem en t En viron m en tal Econ om ics an d Ecologically Su stain able Develop m en t

5. Po licies an d Plan n in g

Coastal Resou rce Man agem en t Coastal Plan n in g an d Develop m en t Pollu tion Assessm en t an d Mon itorin g Leisu re an d Tou rism Plan n in g

6. Advan ced Multidisciplin ary Pro ject

In d ivid u al research p roject in CRM No te: Du rin g several sem esters, stu d en ts work in team s, u n d ertakin g p rojects d esign ed to exten d th em - selves in coastal p roblem solvin g. Du rin g on e sem ester, team s of th ree or fou r work with local com m u n ity grou p s, an d in an oth er sem ester, team s work with a govern m en t d ep artm en ts. Mu ltid iscip lin ary p rojects are an essen tial com p o- n en t of th e p rogram . Th e p roject is seen as a test of a stu d en t’s ability to tackle a p roject in a m u ltid isci- p lin ary fash ion , in volvin g m u ltip le stakeh old ers an d d rawin g on local com m u n ity su p p ort an d govern m en t su p p ort. In 1994, eigh t stu d en ts com p leted th e p roject with th e su p p ort of local govern m en t five stu d en ts, state govern m en t two stu d en ts, an d Com m on wealth on e stu d en t. BACKGROUND Followin g th e McKin n on rep ort “Ocean s of Wealth ” in 1989, a UTS task force see Fig. 1 received a sp ecial Dep artm en t of Em p loym en t, Ed u cation an d Train in g DEET Nation al Priority Reserve gran t to in vestigate th e n eed an d d esirability of establish in g a Coastal Re- sou rce Man agem en t CRM cou rse in Au stralia. Th is gran t also p rovid ed basic su p p ort for cu rricu lu m d esign . Th e m u ltid iscip lin ary m aster’s d egree in Scien ce CRM is a u n iq u e d egree in Au stralia an d rep resen ts an ou tstan d in g collaboration across th e five facu lties in volved . Commonwealth National Government to research needsdemands Funded Student Places State Developmental Funds for Course Development Programme in CRM at UTS Figure 1. Th e d evelop m en tal p rocess in establish in g th e coastal resou rce m an agem en t cou rse an d In stitu te at th e Un iversity of Tech n ology Syd n ey. Th e n eed for exten sive collaboration with govern - m en t agen cies, in d u stry, an d com m u n ity grou p s was ju d ged to be an in tegral com p on en t of th e cou rse an d In stitu te in : • Con ceivin g th e cou rse to m eet id en tifiable n eed s of th e stakeh old ers • Design in g th e cou rse, settin g objectives, cu rricu lu m d evelop m en t • Teach in g th e cou rse, p rovision for visitin g lectu rers from govern m en t an d in d u stry • Mon itorin g an d revisin g th e cou rse an d stu d en t as- sessm en ts • Fu n d in g arran gem en ts, en d owm en ts of a ch air or visitin g ch airs, eq u ip m en t, gifts • Sh arin g oth er resou rces e.g., libraries, laboratories, field station s ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ CAPACIT Y BUILDIN G EX PERIEN CES 99 all p ossible stakeh old ers. Th e con stitu en ts in clu d ed rep resen tatives of govern m en t d ep artm en ts like fish er- ies, p lan n in g, n ation al p arks an d lan d s. Govern m en t agen cies in clu d ed th e Water Board , EPA, an d th e Mari- tim e Services Board . Fin ally, oth er grou p s in clu d ed com m u n ity organ ization s su ch as con servation grou p s an d NGOs like tou rism an d th e Syd n ey Coastal Cou n - cils. Cu rricu lu m d evelop m en t was u n d ertaken in fu ll collaboration with th ese con stitu en ts. Degree. Th e in itial con cep t both broad en ed th e grad u - ate level m aterial by th e m u ltid iscip lin ary ap p roach an d in creased th e d ep th of stu d ies. In itially th e m od e of stu d y was p art-tim e, req u irin g em p loyees to be re- leased for at least on e aftern oon p er week. Th e p rogram as in itially establish ed was p art-tim e for th ree years, alth ou gh it h as becom e a two-year p rogram . A sh ort d issertation is req u ired in th e fin al sem ester of th e m aster’s d egree. Funding. Th is cou rse is fu lly su bsid ized , alth ou gh it is in ten d ed th at fu ll-fee p ayin g overseas an d Au stralian stu d en ts will be in vited to p articip ate. Further Developm ents. Th e cou rse was establish ed with th e in ten t to take stu d en ts from a wid e variety of gov- ern m en t d ep artm en ts, agen cies, in d u stries, an d com - m u n ity grou p s. Th is h as been ach ieved , an d to fu rth er in crease its d iversity, a grad u ate d ip lom a th e m aster’s p rogram bu t with ou t th e research p roject an d grad u - ate certificates were in trod u ced in 1994. Th ese p ro- gram s are n ot su bsid ized an d req u ire th at fees be p aid . Th is is attractive to local govern m en t. Th ree stu d en ts took ad van tage of th is p rogram in 1995. RUNNING THE COURSE W h en th e cou rse began in 1992 with th e p lan n ed coh ort of 15 EFTSUs, 24 p art-tim e stu d en ts en rolled . Th ere h as been a reten tion rate of 92 p ercen t. Th is grou p will grad u ate in early 1995. Subsequent Cohorts. In 1993, 12 fu ll-tim e stu d en ts an d 10 p art-tim e stu d en ts en rolled . Followin g a slu m p in en rollm en t in 1994 six n ew stu d en ts—typ ical of th e econ om ic slu m p th rou gh ou t Au stralia, 17 n ew stu - d en ts en rolled in 1995. Th eir backgrou n d s are varied ran gin g from bu sin ess in clu d in g ban kin g, law, sci- en ce biology, geology, an d resou rce m an agem en t. Th e m ajority of th e n ew stu d en ts are from ou tsid e UTS. Th ere are n o restriction s on age or gen d er. Stu d en ts m u st m eet th e acad em ic en try req u irem en ts an d h ave m an agem en t p oten tial. Refinem ent. Th e cou rse is u n d er con tin u al review an d h as been ch an ged wh en n ecessary to keep it in th e forefron t of th e stakeh old er’s n eed s an d req u irem en ts. • Provision of stu d en ts for th e cou rse an d su bseq u en t em p loym en t of grad u ates. In recogn ition of ou r in volvem en t with in d u stry, th e In stitu te was given two gran ts 254,000 from th e NSW Ed u cation an d Train in g to establish sh ort cou rses an d train in g m od u les lead in g to grad u ate certificates or d ip lom as in association with in d u stry an d oth er grou p s. In 1993, th e research com p on en t h ad been given a fu n d am en tal boost with an ARC Mech an ism B In fra- stru ctu re gran t of 240,000. Th is was seen as fu rth er su p p ort from th e Com m on wealth Govern m en t an d th e Un iversity for th e p rogram . Th e Un iversity ran ks all n om in ated p rojects an d th e Com m on wealth gran tin g bod y eith er ap p roves of th ose ran kin gs or m akes its own . Th e CRM p rop osal was p rim arily ran ked by both . Commonwealth Government approx. 60 State Governments Local Governments University Funding Figure 2. Un iversity fu n d in g arran gem en ts in Au stralia DEVELOPING THE COURSE Participants. In Au stralia, u n iversity fu n d in g is largely d erived from th e n ation al or Com m on wealth govern - m en t. Ad d ition al fu n d s m ay be d erived from state govern m en ts. Th e Un iversity fu n d in g from th e Com - m on wealth govern m en t see Fig. 2 is based on ap - p roved cou rses an d stu d en t en try. As a m etrop olitan u n iversity an d th ird largest in Syd n ey, on ly lim ited p rosp ects for growth an d exp an sion are p erm itted by th e Com m on wealth . Desp ite th is, an d in lin e with th e p rop osal, UTS h ad set asid e 15 effective fu ll-tim e stu - d en t u n its EFTSU—five from each of th e Facu lties of Scien ce, Bu sin ess, an d En gin eerin g—p er year from its lim ited growth p rofile in 1992 for th e CRM p rogram . Th is wou ld allow for a total en rollm en t of 45 stu d en ts over a th ree-year p eriod . Th e stu d en ts wou ld reflect a m ix of en viron m en tal scien ce, tou rism an d recreation , legal, p lan n in g an d bu sin ess fin an ce an d econ om ics backgro u n d s. Curriculum Developm ent. From th e ou tset, th e p rogram was th ou gh t of as a join t ven tu re between five facu lties an d govern m en t in d u stry. Accord in gly, an Ad visory Board was bein g establish ed , with rep resen tatives from ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 100 PROCEEDIN GS OF T HE RHODE ISLAN D W ORKSHOP ON EDUCAT IN G COASTAL MAN AGERS Governm entIndustrialCom m unity Support. Su p p ort takes th e followin g form s: • Rep resen tatives sit on th e Ad visory Board • In d u stry p rovid es facilities for laboratory or field work • Stu d en ts are released to atten d classes • Fee p aym en ts • Provision of som e visitin g lectu rers • Selection of d issertation top ics an d assessm en t in con ju n ction with acad em ic staff • Th e p roject in th e fin al year is p aid for by in d u stry, or con d u cted with in in d u stry, th ereby en su rin g a d irect-u ser ben efit • Access to staff an d stu d en ts for research an d p roject work. RESEARCH Th e collaboration between in d u stry, govern m en t, an d agen cies h as p rod u ced a ran ge of research p rojects in clu d in g estu ary m an agem en t Port Step h en s Local Govern m en t, 17,000, Gore Cove Ben th ic Fau n a Sh ell Refin ery Au stralia Pty. Ltd ., 85,000, Pacific oys- ters NSW Min ister for Fish eries 10,000, an d th e Hawkesbu ry Ecotoxicology p roject Syd n ey Water Board 495,000. Recen tly, govern m en t fu n d s com - m on wealth state local h ave been received to d evelop m aricu ltu re p rop osals in th e Wallis Lake an d Sh oalh aven areas. Th ese, togeth er with th e review of oyster m an agem en t in th e state m aricu ltu re tech n ol- ogy p arks, h ave totalled in excess of 150,000 d u rin g 1993 94. From 1991-1993, th e acad em ic staff of th e In stitu te h ave attracted research fu n d s in excess of 2 m illion . W h ile collaboration across facu lties h as been slow to d evelop , ben efits h ave started to em erge in th e form of im p rovin g th e op p ortu n ities for p rom otion an d su ccessfu l ap p lication s for gran t fu n d s. With in tern ation alization , oth er ben efits h ave accru ed su ch as acad em ic an d stu d en t exch an ges. Op p ortu n ities are n ow bein g, or h ave been , p u rsu ed at th e Un iversities of Rh od e Islan d , Massach u setts Boston , Delaware, Miam i Florid a, an d Sim on Fraser Van cou ver, B.C. to ascertain th e feasibility of th ese exch an ges as well as lin kages to Asian in stitu tion s in - clu d in g Tottori Un iversity Jap an . CORIN Coastal Re- sou rces Cen tre at Prin ce Son gkla Un iversity Th ailan d , h as alread y exp ressed a d esire to establish a bilateral re- search p roject wh ich wou ld be su p p orted from Au stra- lia by AIDAB. Th e first Mem oran d u m of Un d erstan d in g h as been sign ed between th e Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d an d UTS. Doctoral, m aster’s by research , an d h on ors stu d en ts n ow 1994 95 h ave research p rogram s in CRM. WHAT BENEFITS ARE EXPECTED? Th e exp ectation s an d ben efits from collaboratin g with in d u stry or govern m en t are m an y an d varied . W h ile each sid e of a p artn ersh ip m ay d iffer, th ey m ay be su m m arized th u s: Th e UTS In stitu te for Coastal Resou rce Man agem en t will: • Grow • Im p rove its rep u tation an d , by exten sion , th at of th e Un iversity • Develop its research activity • Poten tial to u se th e m asters’ cou rse m aterial to set u p sh ort cou rses an d d istan ce learn in g p ackages • Im p rove kn owled ge of in d u strial, govern m en tal, an d agen cy p roced u res an d op eration s • In crease ed u cation al op p ortu n ities • In crease access to com p an y m aterial an d real case stu d ies • Con tribu te acad em ic kn owled ge to in d u stry an d govern m en t W h ereas in d u stry an d govern m en t wou ld exp ect th e followin g ben efits: • Op p ortu n ities to in flu en ce cu rricu la d evelop m en t an d in stitu tion al th in kin g • Recru itm en t an d reten tion of h igh -q u ality grad u ates • Op p ortu n ities to collaborate on research • Pu blic relation s sp in -offs • A m ean s by wh ich in d u stry govern m en t an d th eir cu stom ers cou ld sp eak th e sam e lan gu age • Staff d evelop m en t op p ortu n ities lead in g to m ore com m itted staff • Relatin g acad em ic work to p rofession al exp erien ce • Access to id eas, p ractice, an d h igh er ed u cation resou rces GOVERNANCE In Au stralia, th e in tern al stru ctu re of u n iversities h as been left largely to th e u n iversities an d th e state gov- ern m en ts. Basically, Au stralian u n iversities con sist of a n u m ber of facu lties, sch ools an d or d ep artm en ts see Fig. 3. Th ere is a tren d to red u ce th is govern an ce to two tiers. Th e Cen tres an d In stitu tes are seen as bod ies created for sp ecific p u rp oses, an d th ey are n ot resp on - sible for acad em ic p rogram s. Rath er, th ey m ay com p le- m en t an d p rovid e a focu s for th ose p rogram s wh ich lie with in th e con ven tion al acad em ic u n it. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ CAPACIT Y BUILDIN G EX PERIEN CES 101 U n i v e r s i t y Faculties 9 Schools Departments Institutes and Centres Academic Programmes Figure 3. Th e in tern al govern an ce of th e Un iversity of Tech n ology Syd n ey is based on th e n in e facu lties, each of wh ich is d ivid ed in to a n u m ber of sch ools or d ep art- m en ts. Cen tres an d In stitu tes lin k th e facu lties or are in t ern al. Advisory Board Industry, Government, Community Academic Board University Academic Governance Director and Academic Coordinator Deans Management Committee Interfaculty Committee Course Figure 4. Th e in tern al govern an ce stru ctu re of th e In stitu te for Coastal Resou rce Man agem en t an d its lin kages across th e u n iversity. An ad visory board con sistin g of rep resen tatives from in terested stakeh old ers in coastal m an agem en t in - clu d es fish eries, th e water board , n ation al p arks, CALM, m aritim e services, an d com m u n ity grou p s, su ch as Lan d care, Catch m en t Com m ittees, tou rism an d rec- reation al activities, m eets at least twice a year to ad vise th e Man agem en t Com m ittee an d Director see Fig. 4. Th e Director an d Bu sin ess Man ager are in volved in an in ten sive liaison with govern m en t an d in d u stry in Au stralia an d overseas. Both were in volved with th e RAC Coastal Zon e En q u iry an d its variou s afterm ath s, as well as state in q u iries. LIMITATIONS Th e m ain lim itation s are th e lack of d ed icated staff to th e p rogram an d a location or “h om e.” Acad em ic staff are d rawn from five facu lties an ad van tage an d govern m en t. Both th e d irector an d acad em ic coord in a- tor h ave oth er m ajor resp on sibilities in th e u n iversity ad m in istration su ch as teach in g p rogram s. So th e tim e an d en ergy d evoted to th e In stitu te m u st be d on e in ad d ition to th ese oth er resp on sibilities. Neverth eless, th is m ay be an ad van tage as it p rovid es an acad em ic “h om e” an d en cou rages th e cross-d iscip lin ary fertiliza- tion wh ich is th e stren gth of th e cou rse. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 102 PROCEEDIN GS OF T HE RHODE ISLAN D W ORKSHOP ON EDUCAT IN G COASTAL MAN AGERS BUILD ING CAPACITY FOR COASTAL MANAGEMENT AT UNIVERSITIES

J. Stan ley Co bb Dep artm en t of Zoology