ECM 001C.

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EDUCATING COASTAL MANAGERS

PROCEEDINGS OF THE RHODE ISLAND WORKSHOP

March 4-10, 1995

W. Alton Jon es Cam p u s

Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d

Ed itors

Brian R. Crawfo rd

J. St an ley Co bb

Ch o u Lo ke Min g

Co ast al Reso u rces Man agem en t Pro ject Co ast al Reso u rces Cen t er

Un iversit y o f Rh o d e Islan d

Bu reau fo r Glo bal Pro gram s, Field Su p p o rt an d Research Cen t er fo r t h e En viro n m en t an d Nat u ral Reso u rces

U.S. Agen cy fo r In t ern at io n al Develo p m en t

COASTAL RESOURCES CENTER

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Ma rch 4-10, 1995

W. Alt on Jones Ca m pus

The Universit y of Rhod e Isla nd

Ed it ors

Brian R. Craw fo rd

J. Stan ley Co bb

Ch o u Lo ke Min g

Pu blish ed by th e Co astal Reso u rces Man agem en t Pro ject , Co ast al Reso u rces Cen ter, Th e Un iversit y o f Rh o d e Islan d , an d Bu reau fo r Glo bal Pro gram s, Field Su p p ort an d Research , Cen ter fo r En viro n m en t , U.S. Agen cy for In t ern atio n al Develo p m en t

Fu n d in g fo r th e p rep aratio n an d p rin tin g of th is d o cu m en t was p ro vid ed by t h e Co ast al Reso u rces Man agem en t Pro ject , a Co op erat ive Agreem en t bet ween th e U.S. Agen cy fo r In tern a-tio n al Develo p m en t an d t h e Un iversity o f Rh o d e Islan d . For biblio grap h ic p u rp o ses th is d o cu m en t m ay be cit ed as: Crawfo rd , B.R., Co bb, J.S., Ch o u , L.M. (ed s.). 1995. Ed u cat in g Co ast al Man agers: Pro ceed in gs fro m th e Rh o d e Islan d Wo rksh o p . Co ast al Reso u rces Man agem en t Pro ject, Coast al Reso u rces Cen ter, Th e Un iversity o f Rh o d e Islan d , an d Cen ter for th e En viro n m en t , U.S. Agen cy fo r In tern ation al Develo p -m en t. Narragan set t, RI, USA. 184 p .

An electro n ic versio n o f t h is d o cu m en t is available t h rou gh th e Co ast al Reso u rces Cen ter’s Wo rld Wid e Web Site <h tt p :/ / bro okt ro u t/ gso su n 1.gso .u ri.ed u > o r d irect ly by an on ym o u s FTP at <ftp :/ / bro o kt ro u t .gso.u ri.ed u / p u b>.

ISBN No . 1-885454-02-3 CRC Tech n ical Rep o rt No . 2089

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CONTENTS

Ackn o wled gm en ts v

Fo rewo rd vi

Execu tive Su m m ary vii

Call to Action xii

SECTION 1

TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF ICM PROFESSIONALS: ANALYSIS OF DEMAND Ov erv iew

Th e Skills, Kn owled ge, an d Attitu d es of an Id eal Coastal Man ager

Stephen Olsen 3

Latin Am erica

Th e Statu s of In tegrated Coastal Man agem en t an d Dem an d for Train in g of Coastal Man agem en t Practition ers in Ecu ad or

Segundo Coello 8

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Latin Am erica: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—An alysis of Dem an d 13

Mediterran ean an d th e Black Sea Regio n s

Th e Statu s of In tegrated Coastal an d Marin e Areas Man agem en t an d th e Dem an d for Coastal

Man agem en t Practition ers: Med iterran ean an d Black Sea Region s

Arsen Pavasovic 15

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Med iterran ean an d Black Sea: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als

-An alysis of Dem an d 30

Asia, Pacific, an d East Africa

Th e Statu s of In tegrated Coastal Resou rces Man agem en t (ICRM) an d Dem an d for Coastal Man agem en t Practition ers in th e Govern m en t Sector of th e Ph ilip p in es

Jessica C. Munoz 32

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Asia, Pacific, an d East Africa: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—

An alysis of Dem an d 36

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Un ited States, Can ad a, an d Au stralia: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—

An alysis of Dem an d 38

Plen ary Discussio n

Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM

Profession als—An alysis of Dem an d 41

SECTION 2

COASTAL MANAGEMENT TRAINING AND DEGREE PROGRAMS: STATUS AND TRENDS

Statu s an d Tren d s in Coastal Man agm en t-Related Train in g Cou rses in th e EPOMEX Program , Mexico: Stru ctu re, Projection , Cu rricu la, an d In stitu tion al Arran gem en t

Alejandro Yanez-Arancibia,

Ana Laura Lara-Dom inguez 45

Statu s an d Tren d s in Coastal Man agem en t-Related Train in g an d Degree Program s in Sou th east Asia

L.M. Chou 49

Train in g for In tegrated Coastal Man agem en t: A Review of Tren d s, Issu es, an d Ap p roach es for th e 21st Cen tu ry

Brian Crawford 54

Cap acity Bu ild in g at a Grad u ate Level Ed u cation al Program in Coastal Zon e Man agem en t:

A Case Stu d y of th e Au ton om ou s Un iversity of Baja Californ ia, En sen ad a Cam p u s, Mexico

Jose Luis Ferm an-Alm ada, Lorenzo Gom ez-Morin Fuentes, Ileana Espejel Carbajal, David Fischer 62 In terd iscip lin ary Ed u cation with Con sid eration for Coastal Man agem en t

Elizabeth Fuller 68

Meetin g th e Ch allen ge: Th e Marin e Stu d ies Program m e at th e Un iversity of th e Sou th Pacific

G. Robin South, Joeli Veitayaki 73

Coastal Man agem en t an d Marin e Affairs Ed u cation al Program s

Niels W est 79

Med coast In stitu te: A Train in g Program on Coastal Zon e Man agem en t in th e Med iterran ean an d th e Black Sea

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SECTION 3

EXPERIENCE IN CAPACITY BUILDING: CASE STUDIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

Develop m en t of th e Coastal Resou rces In stitu te (CORIN)

Som sak Borom thanarat 93

Coastal Resou rce Man agem en t: Ed u cation an d Cap acity Bu ild in g in Govern m en t, Com m u n ity, an d th e Un iversity

Kenneth R. Brown 97

Bu ild in g Cap acity for Coastal Man agem en t at Un iversities

J. Stanley Cobb 102

Cap acity Bu ild in g: A Case Stu d y of th e Marin e Scien ce In stitu te, Un iversity of th e Ph ilip p in es

Edgardo Gom ez 110

Rappo rteur’s Repo rts

Exp erien ce in Cap acity Bu ild in g: Case Stu d ies

an d Lesson s Learn ed 115

SECTION 4

NETWORK AND PARTNERSHIPS

Th e Network for En viron m en tal Train in g at Tertiary-Level in Asia an d th e Pacific (NETTLAP): An Exp erien ce in En viron m en tal Networkin g

C.M. Maddum a Bandara 119

MEDCOAST In itiative: Con tribu tin g to th e En viron m en tal Man agem en t of Coastal an d Sea Areas of th e Med iterran ean an d th e Black Sea

Erdal Ozhan 123

Th e TRAIN-SEA-COAST Program : A Decen tralized , Coop erative Train in g Network for th e System atic Develop m en t of Hu m an Resou rces

Stella Maris Vallejo 128

Th e In tern ation al Ocean In stitu te Network

Margaret J. W ood 133

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Networks an d Partn ersh ip s 141

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Don or In itiatives for Bu ild in g Hu m an Cap acity

for In tegrated Coastal Man agem en t 143

Coastal Man agers

David Gitlitz 147

Ro un dtable Discussio n

Th e Ch an gin g Natu re of Ed u catin g Coastal Man agers— New Parad igm s, Tech n ology, an d Ap p roach es 150

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Recom m en d ation s for Bu ild in g Un iversity Cap acity in ICM—Program Mod els an d Cu rricu lu m Issu es 152

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Recom m en d ation s for Bu ild in g Un iversity Cap acity in ICM: Hu m an Resou rces Issu es, In stitu tion al Stren gth en in g Issu es, Con su ltative

Arran gem en ts, an d Partn ersh ip s 156

Plen ary Discussio n

Recom m en d ation s for Bu ild in g Un iversity

Cap acity in ICM 158

SECTION 6 APPENDICES

Ap p en d ix A: Worksh op Agen d a 163

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ACKNOW LED GMENTS

Th e Worksh op on Ed u catin g Coastal Man agers was bu ilt on th e great efforts of th e m an y organ ization s an d in d ivid u als th at h ave con tribu ted to th is top ic. Th eir grou n d breakin g work is gratefu lly ackn owled ged .

Man y in d ivid u als con tribu ted to th e organ ization of th e worksh op . Beth Fu ller coord in ated th e logistics, travel, an d ad m in istrative d etails p rior to an d d u rin g th e worksh op . CRC’s ad m in istrative su p p ort staff, Cin d y Moreau an d Wen d y Th iel, also con tribu ted to th ese efforts. Mich elle Mou lton typ ed an d retyp ed d rafts an d rep orts an d with stu d en t assistan t Ch ris Fox h elp ed set u p th e worksh op secretariat office an d h an d led airp ort tran sp ortation . URI’s In tern ation al Stu -d en t Services assiste-d with U.S. visas. Th e staff of th e W. Alton Jon es Con feren ce Cen ter p rovid ed fin e m eals an d an overwh elm in g sh ow of h osp itality, m akin g th e con feren ce a m em orable exp erien ce for all. Th e orga-n iziorga-n g com m ittee iorga-n clu d ed two d istaorga-n t m em bers, Ch ou Loke Min g in Sin gap ore an d Max Agu ero in Ch ile wh o, alon g with URI m em bers Brian Crawford , Stan Cobb, Niels West, an d Robert Miller, h elp ed to d eterm in e worksh op objectives an d th e agen d a an d id en tify p ar-ticip an ts via fax, p h on e, an d th e In tern et. Th e In tern et itself d eserves a m en tion sin ce it h elp ed sp eed an d re-d u ce th e cost of com m u n ication s. Jackleen re-d e La Harp e cop yed ited th e en tire p roceed in gs.

Th e p articip an ts’ h om e in stitu tion s p rovid ed tim e for th em to atten d th e worksh op an d , in several cases, con tribu ted to th e cost of travel. UNEP, th rou gh th e Priority Action Program s Region al Activities Cen tre, con tribu ted travel fin an cin g for several p articip an ts. Th e U.S. Agen cy for In tern ation al Develop m en t, Bu reau for Global Program s, Field Su p p ort an d Research , Cen ter for En viron m en t, p rovid ed th e bu lk of th e fin an cin g m akin g th is worksh op p ossible.

Most im p ortan tly, we th an k all th e p articip an ts wh o worked so h ard an d wh ose efforts resu lted in th e p rep aration of th e backgrou n d p ap ers, rap p orteu r’s rep orts, an d th e Call to Action . Th ey braved th e en d of New En glan d ’s win ter at th e W. Alton Jon es Cam p u s, an d brou gh t a warm th of sp irit th at m elted away th e

last of win ter’s ice from th e p on d s. It is ou r sin cere h op e th at all th e p articip an ts wh o con tribu ted a wealth of id eas an d recom m en d ation s retu rn ed h om e with an in vigorated sen se of d eterm in ation for takin g action . Collectively th ese action s will h elp ad van ce th e goal of en h an ced cap acity for ed u catin g coastal m an agers an d , u ltim ately, an im p roved q u ality of life for all p eop le an d sp ecies in h abitin g coastal region s of th e world .

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FOREW ORD

In March 1995, th e Coastal Resou rces Man agem en t Project, a coop erative effort of th e Un ited States Agen cy for In tern ation al Develop m en t (USAID) an d th e Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d ’s Coastal Resou rces Cen -ter, sp on sored a five-d ay worksh op on ed u catin g coastal m an agers. Particip an ts reviewed existin g ed u ca-tion al p rogram s, d efin ed th e n eed s of th e p rofession , an d su ggested strategies for bu ild in g th e cap acity of u n iversities to con tribu te to n ation al, region al, an d in -tern ation al in itiatives in coastal m an agem en t.

Th e p articip an ts recom m en d ed a strategy organ ized arou n d (1) sh ort-term train in g p rogram s to en h an ce th e skills of tod ay’s active p ractition ers, an d (2) en -h an ced u n iversity cu rricu la to p rod u ce n ew coastal m an agers with greater th eoretical an d p ractical exp er-tise in th eir field . W h ile sh ort-term train in g is avail-able, th e secon d elem en t n eed s greater atten tion , as m ost u n iversities in d evelop in g cou n tries sim p ly d o n ot h ave th e resou rces n eed ed to stren gth en th eir own p eop le an d p rogram s.

Ed u cation al cap acitybu ild in g is a lon g an d exp en -sive p rocess. Cu rren t d evelop m en t p h ilosop h y an d fu n d in g p riorities p reclu d e large-scale u n iversity stren gth en in g efforts. However, variou s ap p roach es to im p rovin g u n iversity p rogram s in coastal m an agem en t were su ggested by worksh op p articip an ts. Am on g th ese were th e d evelop m en t of n etworks of u n iversities in -volved in coastal m an agem en t an d p artn ersh ip s be-tween u n iversities, coastal m an agers, govern m en t agen cies, NGOs, an d th e p rivate sector. In tellectu al n ou rish m en t from real-life exp erien ces of th ese p racti-tion ers will in su re p rogram s th at are d yn am ic an d re-sp on sive to im m ed iate n eed s in th e com m u n ities th ey serve.

Th ese Proceed in gs are d irected at in d ivid u als d esign -in g or en gaged -in ed u cation an d p rofession al tra-in -in g for in tegrated coastal m an agem en t. Th is in clu d es u n i-versity facu lty an d exten sion p erson n el, as well as train ers from NGOs an d tech n ical in stitu tion s. Th e id eas p resen ted sh ou ld also h elp gu id e ad m in istrators an d d ecision m akers in u n iversities, n ation al govern -m en ts, an d th e in tern ation al d evelop -m en t co-m -m u n ity toward p rom otin g cap acity-bu ild in g for in tegrated coastal m an agem en t. Th e d ocu m en t p rovid es a wealth

of id eas an d in form ation to assist ed u cators in th e d e-sign of coastal m an agem en t ed u cation an d train in g p rogram s an d to su p p ort d evelop m en t of in stitu tion al stren gth en in g strategies.

Recip ien ts are en cou raged to write to th e Coastal Re-sou rces Man agem en t Project with views on th ese rec-om m en d ation s an d on h ow th ey are con tribu tin g to th e ed u cation of coastal m an agers.

David Hales, Deputy Assistant Adm inistrator Cen ter for th e En viron m en t

U.S. Agen cy for In tern ation al Develop m en t Wash in gton , DC 20523-1812

Step h en Olsen , Director Coastal Resou rces Cen ter Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Narragan sett, RI 02882

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

In th e p ast d ecad e, th e n eed for coastal m an agem en t h as becom e in creasin gly obviou s. In 57 cou n tries, p lan s for m an agin g coastal areas h ave been d evelop ed . In m an y fewer, th ese p lan s are bein g im p lem en ted . Th e n eed for well-ed u cated p ractition ers wh o can both p lan an d im p lem en t coastal m an agem en t strategies is a critical issu e in m u ch of th e world . As p oin ted ou t in Agen d a 21, Ch ap ter 17 of th e Earth Su m m it, bu ild in g cap acity in in d ivid u als an d in stitu tion s is n ecessary if coastal m an agem en t is to be su stain ed :

“Coastal States should prom ote and facilitate the organiza-tion of educaorganiza-tion and training in integrated coastal and m arine m anagem ent ...”(17.15)

“International organizations ... should support (the capac-ity-building efforts of) coastal States, ... devoting special attention to developing countries”(17.16)

Su ch cap acity bu ild in g m u st em p h asize th e kn owl-ed ge an d skills req u irowl-ed by th e effective p ractice of coastal m an agem en t. In tegrated coastal m an agem en t (ICM) is a n ew field , an d th ere are on ly a few ed u ca-tion al p rogram s, p rim arily in d evelop ed n aca-tion s, th at ad d ress th e top ic. Form al ed u cation al p rogram s an d su stain ed train in g op p ortu n ities in d evelop in g n ation s are ju st startin g to em erge. Th is worksh op focu sed on strategies for in itiatin g or stren gth en in g u n iversity ed u -cation for coastal m an agers.

Th is volu m e con tain s th e backgrou n d p ap ers p re-p ared for th e worksh ore-p , rare-p re-p orteu r’s rere-p orts from th e p len ary session s, as well as su m m aries of th e id eas p ro-d u cero-d in workin g session s. Th e p roceero-d in gs are ro-d i-rected at in d ivid u als with an in terest in u n iversity level ed u cation an d p rofession al train in g in th e field of coastal m an agem en t. Th is in clu d es u n iversity facu lty an d exten sion p erson n el, as well as train ers from NGOs an d train in g in stitu tes. Th e d ocu m en t p rovid es a wealth of id eas an d in form ation to assist ed u cators in th e d esign of ICM ed u cation an d train in g p rogram s as well as th e form u lation of in stitu tion al stren gth en in g st rat egies.

PURPOSE OF THE WORKSHOP

Th e p u rp ose of th e worksh op was to brin g togeth er acad em ics an d exp erien ced coastal m an agem en t p ro-fession als to d efin e th e n eed s of th e p roro-fession , review existin g p rogram s, an d su ggest ways in wh ich u n iversi-ties can m eet th e growin g d em an d for coastal m an age-m en t p rofession als. Worksh op p articip an ts exaage-m in ed th e kn owled ge, skills, an d attitu d es req u ired of coastal m an agers in variou s geograp h ic region s of th e world an d con sid ered ap p roach es to in corp orate th ese re-q u irem en ts in cu rricu la.

Th e followin g q u estion s were d ebated by th e p articip an ts:

• W h at are th e train in g an d ed u cation al n eed s of CRM p rofession als?

• W h at are th e cu rren t p rogram s, cu rricu la, an d ap p roach es d evelop ed for th e ed u cation of coastal m an agers?

• How can u n iversities d evelop th e cap acity to p re-p are in d ivid u als for careers in coastal m an agem en t? • W h at are th e op p ortu n ities to fu n d cap acitybu ild

-in g -in itiatives for ed u cation -in coastal m an agem en t at u n iversities?

WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

Th e worksh op organ izers strove for a geograp h ic rep resen tation am on g region s, a balan ce am on g aca-d em ics an aca-d p ractition ers, an aca-d a m ix of rep resen tatives from a broad sp ectru m of d evelop ed an d d evelop in g cou n tries. Th e 35 worksh op p articip an ts in clu d ed ed u -cators an d CRM p ractition ers from Latin Am erica, trop ical Asia, th e Un ited States, Au stralia, Can ad a, East Africa, th e Pacific, an d th e Med iterran ean , as well as m em bers of th e UN an d d on or com m u n ity with p ro-gram in terests in th is area. A list of p articip an ts an d th eir ad d resses is p rovid ed in Ap p en d ix B. Acad em ic rep resen tatives were sen ior facu lty an d ad m in istrators from ed u cation al in stitu tion s alread y en gaged an d com m itted to coastal m an agem en t or from in stitu tion s

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im p lem en tatio n .

STRUCTURE OF THE WORKSHOP

A n u m ber of in vited p ap ers on th em e areas, p ro-gram m od els, an d case stu d ies were p rep ared by th e p articip an ts p rior to th e worksh op . Th e m ajor em p h a-sis was in assessin g n eed s an d exam in in g h ow u n iversi-ties d evelop cap acity to ed u cate coastal m an agers. Th is p roceed in gs in clu d es p ap ers of a com p arative an d con cep tu al n atu re as well as case stu d ies of selected in stitu -tion s an d n a-tion s rep resen tin g a ran ge of p oten tial al-tern ative m od els. Th e p ap ers were d istribu ted in ad van ce for all worksh op p articip an ts to read p rior to th e worksh op . Th e worksh op p roceed ed u n d er th e as-su m p tion th at everyon e h ad read th e backgrou n d p a-p ers, an d on ly a brief am ou n t of tim e was a-p rovid ed for su m m ary p resen tation s by au th ors. Th u s th e bu lk of th e tim e was d evoted to d iscu ssion s of p oin ts raised in th e p ap ers, an alysis of issu es, an d form u lation of ou t-p u ts. Each session h ad an assign ed m od erator an d a rap p orteu r. In ad d ition to gen eral large grou p d iscu s-sion s, th e worksh op occas-sion ally h ad stru ctu red activities so th at sm aller grou p s cou ld work on selected top -ics an d p rod u ce ou tp u ts for d iscu ssion an d refin em en t with th e larger grou p .

Previo us Meetin gs an d Wo rksh o ps Co n tributin g to th e Advan cem en t o f Co astal Man agem en t

Educatio n . Several years ago, th e Association of Sou th

-east Asian Nation s (ASEAN)/ USAID Coastal Resou rces Man gem en t Project (CRMP) worksh op on Coastal Area Man agem en t Ed u cation in th e ASEAN Region (Ch u a, 1991) reviewed cu rren t cu rricu lu m offerin gs at a n u m -ber of u n iversities in th e ASEAN region an d p rop osed a m od el cu rricu lu m for a d egree p rogram in coastal m an -agem en t. Th e recen t UN sp on sored Con su ltative Meet-in g on TraMeet-in Meet-in g Meet-in In tegrated Man agem en t of Coastal an d Marin e Areas for Su stain able Develop m en t h igh -ligh ted th e cu rren t statu s of train in g in itiatives in UN an d in tern ation al organ ization s an d m ad e recom m en -d ation s for su bseq u en t action s (UNDP/ UNDOALOS, 1993). Th is led to th e d evelop m en t of an Action Plan for Hu m an Resou rces Develop m en t an d Cap acity Bu ild in g for th e Plan n in g an d Man agem en t of Coastal an d Marin e Areas an d th e establish m en t of th e UN sp on sored TRAIN-SEA-COAST Network (see p ap er by S. Vallejo). A recen t worksh op in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Can ad a, also looked at com p on en ts of a core cu rricu -lu m , an d th e stan d ard s th at wou ld h elp m ake coastal m an agem en t a recogn ized d iscip lin e, an d th e costs associated with establish in g p rogram s (CZ Can ad a

lu m m aterials to u se in CRM-related cou rses at u n iver-sities. Several worksh op s h ave been h eld on th e su bject of ICM train in g an d ed u cation (see p ap er by M. Ban d ara). In ad d ition , USAID/ URI CRMP h as gain ed su bstan tial exp erien ce in ad d ressin g cou n try-sp ecific train in g n eed s—in th e im p lem en tation of region al an d in tern ation al cou rses with p artn er in stitu tion s—an d in cap acity bu ild in g at local u n iversities in Th ailan d an d Ecu ad or (see p roceed in gs p ap ers by S. Cobb an d B. Crawfo rd ).

Wo rksh o p Co n tributio n s to Advan cin g Co astal Man agem en t Educatio n . Th e goals an d resu lts of th is

worksh op were q u ite d ifferen t from th e earlier work-sh op s. First, th e n eed s of th e p rofession were d efin ed in a u n iq u e con su ltation between p ractition ers an d ed u cators. Secon d , th e cap acity bu ild in g exp erien ce of several p ion eerin g u n iversities wh ich are attem p tin g to m eet th ose n eed s were carefu lly exam in ed . Th e p artici-p an ts d iscu ssed h ow ICM h u m an resou rce n eed s can be m et, an d th ey recom m en d ed strategies by wh ich u n i-versities m igh t d evelop n ew, or stren gth en existin g, ed u cation al p rogram s in coastal m an agem en t. Th e “Call for Action ” su m m arizes th e h igh ligh ts of th ese d iscu ssion s. Th e worksh op was tim ely in th at ICM ed u cation al p rogram s in d evelop in g cou n tries are ex-p ected to in crease d ram atically over th e n ext d ecad e. W h ile th e em p h asis of th e d iscu ssion s was on bu ild in g u n iversity cap acity in d evelop in g cou n tries, th ey offered an op p ortu n ity for acad em ics in d evelop ed cou n -tries to review th eir own ed u cation al p rogram s an d con tem p late th eir fu tu re d irection s.

RESULTS OF THE WORKSHOP

Train in g an d Educatio n al Needs o f ICM Pro fessio n -als. Th e worksh op called atten tion to th e n eed for

ed u catin g a cad re of p eop le wh o will be cap able of u n d ertakin g th e com p lex an d in tegrative task of m an -agin g coastal ecosystem s arou n d th e world . With th e rap id growth of coastal m an agem en t in itiatives in resp on se to Agen d a 21, p articip an ts felt th ere is a great n eed for coastal m an agers, a n eed th at will in crease in th e fu tu re. However, with in each region , th ere are sign ifican t variation s related to th e stage of d evelop -m en t of ICM p rogra-m s an d th e level of n ation al d evelop m en t. Particip an ts were u n able, h owever, to q u an -tify th e d em an d at th e region al level.

In th e Med iterran ean an d Black Sea region s, th ere are n o n ation al coastal m an agem en t p rogram s. How-ever, m an y Med iterran ean n ation s are m ovin g q u ickly to establish th em . Th e Black Sea lags fu rth er beh in d .

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Th ere was con cern th at with ou t ICM p rogram s, th ere m ay n ot be a d em an d for u n iversity grad u ates with exp licit d egrees in coastal m an agem en t. However, th ere is d em an d for in d ivid u als with ICM skills workin g in m ore trad ition al p osition s.

Particip an ts p red icted th at in th e Un ited States, th e d em an d for coastal m an agers at th e fed eral level will n ot in crease, bu t th at th e in creases will occu r at th e state an d local levels an d in in stitu tion s ou tsid e of govern m en t. It was also felt th at th ere is a d em an d for in d ivid u als with a d ifferen t set of skills th at em p h asize n on regu latory an d volu n tary ap p roach es to m an age-m en t. W h ile Can ad a an d Au stralia d o n ot h ave as lon g a h istory of ICM p rogram s as th e Un ited States, th eir n eed s are sim ilar an d p articu larly stron g at th e local level wh ere m ost ICM activity is occu rrin g.

In East Africa, Asia, an d th e Pacific region s, th e d em an d is exp lod in g for coastal m an agers. Th e sm all grou p assign ed to th is region id en tified p riority n eed s for ed u cation in th e areas of m an agem en t an d grou p d yn am ics, an op en n ess to com m u n ity n eed s, an d an in terd iscip lin ary ap p roach . As with oth er region s, th e n eed s vary from n ation to n ation as th e m atu rity of ICM p rogram d evelop m en t vary con sid erably. Nation s in th e early stages of p rogram d evelop m en t h ave p riority n eed s for tech n ical skills an d p lan n in g m eth od ology. In n ation s th at alread y h ave on -goin g ICM p rogram s, im p lem en tation skills an d m an agem en t skills are con sid ered m ore im p ortan t.

Need s also vary with in th e Latin Am erican region d ep en d in g on th e stage of ICM p rogram d evelop m en t. Particip an ts felt th at th ere is a n eed for ed u catin g in d ivid u als at m u ltip le levels: (1) h igh level cen tral govern -m en t officials, (2) -m id -level -m an agers, con su ltan ts, NGOs, an d sp ecialized u n iversity u n its, an d (3) local-level officials, bu sin esses, an d resou rce-u ser grou p s. Th is grou p felt th at, in m an y cases, su ch ed u cation is n eed ed at a bach elor’s level rath er th an at th e m aster’s level. Th ey id en tified th e n eed to ed u cate n ot on ly th e coastal m an ager, bu t a wh ole ran ge of tech n ical an d sectoral sp ecialists wh o con tribu te to su ch p rogram s. Th e latter d o n ot req u ire as m u ch d ep th in ICM as th e coastal m an ager, bu t th ey d o n eed to h ave an u n d er-stan d in g of a com m on core th at in clu d es th eory, p h ilosop h y, ap p roach , an d m eth od .

All region al grou p s felt th at n eed s vary from p lace to p lace an d th at ed u cation al p rogram s n eed to take su ch variation s in to accou n t. However, all grou p s felt an ex-p an d in g n eed for ex-p rofession als with an u n d erstan d in g of th e u n d erlyin g th eory an d m eth od s wh ich can be ap p lied regard less of p lace, an d th e ability of coastal m an agers to take a broad an d in tegrative look at issu es an d th eir solu tion s.

Status an d Tren ds in Un iversity ICM Pro gram s. More

th an a d ozen coastal m an agem en t p rogram s h ave been

establish ed at u n iversities in d evelop ed in d u strialized n ation s, an d sim ilar d egree p rogram s are begin n in g to be establish ed in low- an d m id d le-in com e n ation s wh ere th e n eed an d d em an d is th e greatest. In ad d i-tion , wh ile th ere are n u m erou s exam p les of u n iversity con tribu tion s to coastal m an agem en t in term s of th e in tegration of research , p u blic service, an d ed u cation in d evelop ed cou n tries, th ere are few exam p les of d evelop in g cou n try u n iversities m akin g sim ilar con tribu -tion s at th e scale seen in som e d evelop ed n a-tion s. To a large exten t, th is is becau se coastal m an agem en t was a n ew field th at was started in th e Un ited States two d ecad es ago, an d on ly n ow is begin n in g to be ad op ted elsewh ere. An in creasin g n u m ber of u n iversities in d evelop in g cou n tries are likely to start to establish d egree an d service-orien ted p rogram s to m eet th e d em an d s of n ew coastal m an agem en t p rogram s, as occu rred in d evelop ed n ation s.

A review of cu rren t ICM ed u cation al p rogram s d em -on strates th at th ere is a d iversity of ICM ed u cati-on al p rogram m od els. Su ch d iversity is a p rod u ct of varia-tion s in th e exp ression s of a n avaria-tion ’s ap p roach to ICM an d th e stru ctu re an d trad ition s of u n iversities in each n ation . Need s assessm en ts h ave been im p ortan t to for-m u latin g sofor-m e of th e for-m ore recen t cu rricu la. Th e work-sh op p articip an ts felt th at th ere is n o sin gle best m od el, an d th at a m u ltitu d e of ap p roach es h ave an d will be effective. It was also felt th at ed u cation al p rogram s sh ou ld seek to ach ieve a balan ce between a tech n ical orien tation an d an em p h asis on p olicy an d m an -agem en t. In tern sh ip s an d p racticu m s are becom in g an in creasin gly im p ortan t com p on en t of ICM ed u cation al p rogram s.

Buildin g Un iversity Capacity. Th e p articip an ts

recog-n ized th at th ere are at least two com p lem erecog-n tary arecog-n d con tem p oran eou s ap p roach es to m eet th e d em an d for coastal m an agers:

• Sh ort-term train in g wh ich p rovid es an orien tation to th e ICM field an d d evelop s sp ecific skills of in d i-vid u als alread y in volved in coastal m an agem en t p rogram s or p rovid es skills to som eon e wh o is con tem p latin g en terin g th e field

• Lon ger ed u cation p rogram s th at p rovid e m ore d ep th an d exp erien ce

ICM train in g m ay or m ay n ot be carried ou t at u n i-versities. Man y train in g p rogram s an d n etworks n ow exist at th e in tern ation al, region al, an d n ation al level. Som e are based with in u n iversities. ICM d egree ed u ca-tion , wh ich is clearly a u n iversity fu n cca-tion , is in n eed of greater atten tion , p articu larly in d evelop in g cou n -tries. Worksh op p articip an ts recom m en d ed th at th e followin g typ es of u n iversity-based p rogram s be d evelop ed or stren gth en ed :

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• Master’s d egrees in coastal m an agem en t

Train in g, ed u cation , research , an d exten sion services will be n eed ed in th e years ah ead to stren gth en an d su p p ort govern m en t, NGO, an d p rivate sector in itia-tives in ICM. Stren gth en in g u n iversity ICM p rogram s, in clu d in g th e facu lty, is p articu larly im p ortan t in d e-velop in g cou n tries. At th e m om en t, th ere is n o clear con sen su s on th e core th eory an d p arad igm for ICM. However, th is n eed s to be a cen tral featu re of an y cu r-ricu lu m . Un iversities sh ou ld take a lead by im p rovin g an d d evelop in g th eoretical con cep ts an d tools for effec-tive in tegrated coastal m an agem en t. Particip an ts felt th at, as with oth er establish ed d iscip lin es, th ere n eed s to be a core of th eory, kn owled ge, tools, an d m eth od s th at d efin es th e ICM field , regard less of geograp h ic re-gion or n ation al con text.

Th e greatest n eed , at p resen t, is th e d evelop m en t of u n iversity d egree p rogram s, p rim arily at th e m aster’s level, alth ou gh in som e n ation s a bach elor’s d egree p rogram m ay be m ore ap p rop riate. Particip an ts saw two basic strategies for d egree p rogram d evelop m en t. Th e first is to in tegrate ICM cou rsework in to existin g cu rricu lu m with in su ch establish ed d egree p rogram s, su ch as Marin e Affairs or en viron m en tal m an agem en t, as an op tion al sp ecialization . Th is strategy will better p rep are p rofession al to work in in terd iscip lin ary an d m u ltisectoral team s with oth er sp ecialists to form u late an d im p lem en t ICM p rogram s. Th e secon d strategy is to d evelop sp ecific d egree p rogram s in coastal m an age-m en t for p eop le in ten d in g to d esign , lead , or age-m an age coastal m an agem en t p rogram s. In th is case, em p loy-m en t op p ortu n ities loy-m ay n ot sp ecifically req u ire a coastal m an ager bu t fu n ction ally, th is is th e role th e job req u ires. Need s assessm en ts—q u an titative (n u m -bers of p eop le in variou s p osition s an d in stitu tion s) an d q u alitative (cu rricu lu m em p h asis)—m u st be con d u cted with govern m en t agen cies an d oth er in stitu tion s (wh ich m igh t h ire grad u ates) wh en startin g th e d evelop m en t of a d egree p rogram an d bu ild in g su p p ort for it.

Th ese two strategies cou ld p roceed sim u ltan eou sly or seq u en tially. Poten tial in stitu tion al m od els in clu d e an in terd ep artm en tal p rogram , a p rogram im bed d ed with in an existin g or sep arate d ep artm en t, an d re-gion al or n etworked d egree p rogram s.

Th e fram ework cu rricu lu m for an y d egree p rogram in coastal m an agem en t sh ou ld in clu d e cu rricu lu m in th e followin g key areas:

• Th eory an d kn owled ge in in tegrated coastal m an agem en t

• Practical field exp erien ce in th e ap p lication of con -cep ts an d tools an d to h on e skills

• Eth ics of p u blic service an d resou rce allocation , an d • Cu ltu ral literacy

Stren gth en in g u n iversities is a lon g an d exp en sive p rocess becau se it u su ally req u ires th at facu lty be al-lowed to stu d y for ad van ced d egrees in relevan t field s, as well as th e d evelop m en t of in frastru ctu re to su p p ort th e n ew resp on sibilities of th e in stitu tion . An excellen t exam p le of th is is th e n early twod ecad es lon g d evelop -m en t of th e Marin e Scien ce In stitu te of th e Un iversity of th e Ph ilip p in es (see p ap er by E. Gom ez). Cu rren t d e-velop m en t p h ilosop h y an d fu n d in g p riorities cu rren tly p reclu d e large-scale m u lti-u n iversity stren gth en in g p rojects. However, variou s ap p roach es to stren gth en in g u n iversity p rogram s in coastal m an agem en t were su g-gested by worksh op p articip an ts. Am on g th ese was th e d evelop m en t of n etworks or p artn ersh ip s of u n iversi-ties in volved in coastal m an agem en t. Th e worksh op p articip an ts su ggested :

• Bu ild in g p artn ersh ip s with ICM p ractition ers, govern m en t agen cies, NGOs, an d th e p rivate sector so th at research an d teach in g are en rich ed by real-life exp erien ce an d on -goin g ICM in itiatives are n ou rish ed by n ew kn owled ge. Th is in clu d es en cou r-agin g u n iversity facu lty to p articip ate in in cip ien t an d on goin g coastal m an agem en t in itiatives. • Bu ild in g, join in g, or stren gth en in g n etworks an d

p artn ersh ip s am on g u n iversities an d between u n i-versities an d oth er in stitu tion s with sh ared in terests in th e fu rth eran ce of ICM as a d iscip lin e an d th e ed u cation of coastal m an agers. Th rou gh su ch a co-op erative ap p roach , th e ben efits of an in terd iscip li-n ary ICM p rogram are m axim ized .

Particip an ts su ggested th at govern m en ts sh ou ld be en cou raged to su p p ort u n iversity stren gth en in g efforts in ICM an d facilitate coop erative p artn ersh ip s between u n iversities an d govern m en t. Th ey also su ggested th at d evelop m en t organ ization s n eed to in corp orate cap ac-ity bu ild in g as a p art of all d evelop m en t p rojects th at affect coastal region s. Th ey ackn owled ged th e su p p ort of d evelop m en t organ ization s for sh ort-term train in g in itiatives an d n etworks, bu t th ey felt th at m ore atten -tion n eed ed to be p aid to lon g-term efforts, in clu d in g su p p ort for con tin u in g ed u cation acad em ic p rogram s an d u n iversity d egree p rogram s. Lastly, p articip an ts felt th at p eriod ic m eetin gs su ch as th is worksh op sh ou ld con tin u e to review p rogress an d revise action s n eed ed

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to bu ild u n iversity cap acity in coastal m an agem en t. It was recom m en d ed th at a follow-u p m eetin g be h eld in 1996 at Dalh ou sie Un iversity.

Reco m m en datio n s. Th e m ore form al recom m en d

a-tion s of th e worksh op are fou n d in th e “Call to Aca-tion ” (see p ages xii-xiv). Th is d ocu m en t was p rep ared by th e p articip an ts an d is also bein g p u blish ed an d d istribu ted sep arately. Th e recom m en d ation s in th e Call to Action are in ten d ed to raise awaren ess an d p rovid e gu id an ce to sen ior level ad m in istrators an d d ecision m akers in u n iversities, n ation al govern m en ts, an d th e in tern a-tion al d evelop m en t com m u n ity of th e step s th at n eed to be taken to p rom ote an d su p p ort in tegrated coastal m an agem en t cap acity bu ild in g in itiatives. Fu rth er d e-tails abou t th e recom m en d ation s of th e worksh op can be fou n d in Section 5, Strategies for Bu ild in g Un iver-sity Cap acity.

REFERENCES

Ch u a, T.E. (ED.). 1991. Coastal Area Man agem en t Ed u cation in th e ASEAN Region . ICLARM Con fer-en ce Proceed in gs 29. In tern ation al Cfer-en ter for Livin g Aq u atic Resou rces Man agem en t, Man ila, Ph ilip -p in es.

UNDP/ UNDOALOS. 1993. Rep ort on th e Con su ltative Meetin g on Train in g in In tegrated Man agem en t of Coastal an d Marin e Areas for Su stain able Develop -m en t. Sassari, Sard in ia, Italy, 21 - 23 Ju n e, 1993. Organ ized by Division for Global an d In terregion al Program m es, Un ited Nation s Develop m en t

Program m e an d , Division for Ocean Affairs an d th e Law of th e Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, Un ited Nation s, New York.

CZ Can ad a Association 1994. Train in g an d Cap acity Bu ild in g in In tegrated Coastal Man agem en t. Coastal Zon e Can ad a Pre-Con feren ce Worksh op . Bed ford In stitu te of Ocean ograp h y, Sep t. 19 & 20, 1994. Organ ized by Th e Coastal Zon e Can ad a Association , Halifax, Nova Scotia. 13 p p .

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CALL TO ACTION

WHEREAS

Im po rtan t co astal regio n s are sufferin g fro m degradatio n an d n eed effective m an agem en t.

Coastal region s are th e p rim ary h abitat for p eop le an d con tain a large sh are of th e world ’s in d u stry, food p rod u ction , wealth , p ollu tion , tou rism , recreation , an d biod iversity. Ch an ges in coastal ecosystem s are red u c-in g th e lon g-term cap acity of th ese system s to p rovid e p eop le with an ad eq u ate q u ality of life an d livelih ood . Yet tod ay’s p roblem s are m ild wh en we recogn ize th at th e n u m ber of p eop le in h abitin g coastal region s is ex-p ected to d ou ble by 2050. Poex-p u lation growth an d n on su stain able-u se p attern s are p recip itatin g exp res-sion s of global ch an ge, in clu d in g clim ate ch an ge, th at will greatly com p licate th e ch allen ges we face tod ay. Th e p rim ary objectives of In tegrated Coastal Man age-m en t (ICM) are to iage-m p rove an d age-m ain tain th e q u ality of coastal region s to en su re a su stain ed flow of ben efits to h u m an societies an d to im p rove th e govern an ce of coastal ecosystem s.

Th ere is a direct lin k betw een capacity buildin g an d effective ICM.

It h as lon g been recogn ized th at lon g-term resp on ses to th ese th reats m u st em p h asize th e d evelop -m en t of local an d n ation al cap acity for ICM as a fu n d a-m en tal p art of su stain able d evelop a-m en t. Th is view was em p h asized in Ch ap ter 17 (Ocean s an d Coasts) of Agen d a 21, th e action p lan of th e 1992 UN Con feren ce on En viron m en t an d Develop m en t.

Th e dem an d fo r w ell-educated in dividuals an d pro ven co n cepts in ICM is ex pan din g.

W h ile ICM h as been on goin g in several n ation s sin ce th e 1970s, th e n u m ber of ICM in itiatives—esp e-cially UN-sp on sored an d d on or-fu n d ed p rojects in d evelop in g an d n ewly in d ep en d en t cou n tries—h as exp an d ed rap id ly sin ce 1992. Th is is creatin g an u rgen t n eed for refin ed con cep ts an d tools an d for exp an d ed in d igen ou s cap acity in ICM.

Several sets o f reco m m en datio n s fo r ICM educatio n an d train in g h ave been issued, an d th e n um ber o f ICM capacity-buildin g activities is in creasin g.

ICM ed u cation an d train in g activities are evolvin g. Th is statem en t bu ild s on p reviou s recom m en d ation s d evelop ed at th e 1990 Worksh op on Coastal Area Man -agem en t Ed u cation in th e ASEAN (Association of Sou th east Asian Nation s) Region h eld in Sin gap ore, th e 1993 UN Action Plan for Hu m an Resou rces Develop m en t an d Cap acity Bu ild in g for th e Plan n in g an d Man -agem en t of Coastal an d Marin e Areas, an d th e Coastal Zon e Can ad a ’94 p recon feren ce worksh op , Train in g an d Cap acity Bu ild in g in In tegrated Coastal Man age-m en t. Th e Call to Action also recogn izes th e rap id ex-p an sion of sh ort-term train in g ex-p rogram s an d th e global an d region al n etworks th at su p p ort ICM cap acity-bu ild in g in itiatives. Degree p rogram s th at em p h asize ICM, wh ich h ave existed in d evelop ed cou n tries for two d ecad es, are ju st begin n in g to em erge in d evelop -in g cou n tries.

ICM is a relatively n ew disciplin e, an d an accepted bo dy o f th eo ry an d m eth o ds is still em ergin g.

Th ere are too few in d ivid u als skilled in coastal m an -agem en t to su p p ort th e rap id exp an sion of in itiatives in m an y location s. In ad d ition , greater kn owled ge an d m ore system atic m eth od ologies are n eed ed to ad d ress th e critical p olicy issu es in h eren t in ICM. Un iversities can an d sh ou ld p lay a sign ifican t role in ad d ressin g th e cu rren t ch allen ges of coastal m an agem en t th rou gh ed u cation , research , an d train in g. However, u n iversi-ties in m an y cou n tries freq u en tly d o n ot h ave th e ca-p acity to realize th eir ca-p oten tial to fill th is role.

THEREFORE

A strategy is n eeded th at em ph asizes lo n g-term capacity-buildin g effo rts an d th e ro le o f th e un iver-sity to co m plem en t an d en h an ce ex istin g in itiatives an d activities. Th e strategy sh o uld in clude th e fo l-lo w in g elem en ts:

• Ed u cation of p olicym akers, so th at th ey will p rovid e wise, su bstan tial, an d con sisten t su p p ort to coastal m an agem en t in itiatives

• Ed u cation of both cu rren t an d fu tu re p rofession al p articip an ts in th e coastal m an agem en t p rocess to p rod u ce secto ral specialists wh o ap p reciate coastal

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m an agem en t an d can con tribu te to th e solu tion of coastal p roblem s, an d co astal m an agem en t pro

fes-sio n als cap able of d esign in g an d lead in g in

ter-sectoral coastal m an agem en t in itiatives.

• Ad van cin g th e req u ired research to form u late an d test h yp oth eses related to coastal m an agem en t. Th is is a n ecessary p rereq u isite for th e d evelop m en t of effective ICM m eth od s.

• Dissem in atin g kn owled ge on tren d s in th e con d i-tion , u se, an d govern an ce of coastal region s an d th e im p lication s of th ese tren d s for society an d sh arin g em ergin g con cep ts an d tools for effective m an age-m en t of th ese region s. Th is n ew bod y of kn owled ge sh ou ld evolve in fu ll p artn ersh ip with com m u n ities of th e world ’s coasts th rou gh ad ap tive/ p articip atory research .

• Nu rtu rin g th e system s th at su p p ort th e sh arin g of exp erien ce req u ired to en rich kn owled ge an d gover-n agover-n ce at all levels.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Un iversities an d research in stitutio n s sh o uld:

Resp on d to th is d em an d by d evelop in g an d stren gth en in g p rogram s in research , ed u cation , train -in g, exten sion services, an d tech n ical assistan ce th at will con tribu te to su stain able ICM p rogram s. More sp e-cifically, th ey sh ou ld take th e followin g action s:

Educatio n an d Train in g

Develop an d / or stren gth en in terd iscip lin ary ed u ca-tion al p rogram s th at will con tribu te to ICM. All p ro-gram s sh ou ld com bin e th eory an d p ractice an d sh ou ld em p h asize th e ap p lication of research to ad d ress im -p ortan t coastal m an agem en t issu es. Ed u cation al op p ortu n ities sh ou ld in clu d e:

Sh o rt-term train in g. Train in g in stitu tion s in

collaboration with u n iversities sh ou ld be en cou raged to offer p rogram s th at satisfy th e im m ed iate n eed s of p ract itio n ers.

Part-tim e academ ic pro gram s. Th ese p rogram s

wou ld allow p rofession als to obtain d ip lom as an d / or d egrees in coastal m an agem en t.

En h an cin g traditio n al disciplin es. “En h an cem en t”

wou ld be accom p lish ed th rou gh cou rses, sem in ars, or p ractica for p rofession als in p rogram s ran gin g from jou rn alism an d ed u cation to law an d across th e scien ces. Th e cou rses sh ou ld be offered at both th e u n d ergrad u ate an d grad u ate levels to in trod u ce th e con -cep ts an d p rin cip les of ICM to th e exp an d in g d iversity of p rofession als wh o are in th e coastal m an agem en t p ro cess.

Master’s degrees in co astal m an agem en t. Th ese

d egrees wou ld p rovid e th e in tellectu al core cu rricu lu m for p rofession al m an agers wh o are resp on sible for th e

d esign an d lead ersh ip of coastal m an agem en t p ro-gram s. Th is cu rricu lu m sh ou ld in clu d e th e th eory an d tools of coastal m an agem en t an d field p ractice.

Research

Im p rove th eoretical con cep ts an d research m eth od -ologies for effective in terd iscip lin ary coastal m an age-m en t. Th ese efforts sh ou ld lead to th e d evelop age-m en t an d im p rovem en t of th e best p ractices an d tools, in cor-p oratin g th e variou s factors d eterm in in g th e social, econ om ic, an d en viron m en tal p erform an ce of coastal resou rces in an in tegrated ap p roach .

Partn ersh ips an d Netw o rks

Stren gth en an d create n etworks an d lin kages am on g u n iversities. Th is in clu d es en cou ragin g u n iversity fac-u lty to p articip ate in in cip ien t an d on goin g coastal m an agem en t in itiatives.

Bu ild , join , an d stren gth en n etworks an d p artn er-sh ip s am on g u n iversities, n on govern m en tal organ iza-tion s, UN organ izaiza-tion s, an d th e p u blic an d p rivate sectors to com p lem en t existin g efforts an d avoid d u p li-cation . Th rou gh a coop erative ap p roach , th e ben efits of an in terd iscip lin ary ICM p rogram are m axim ized .

Go vern m en ts sh o uld:

• Work to fu lfill th e exp ectation s of Agen d a 21 an d p rovid e lead ersh ip in articu latin g firm an d su stain ed ICM p olicy objectives th at can form th e basis for bu ild in g cap acity of cu rren t an d fu tu re coastal m an agers

• Facilitate p artn ersh ip s with u n iversities in d evelop -in g coastal m an agem en t -in itiatives, sh are available in form ation an d facilities, an d p rovid e h u m an re-sou rces for coastal m an agem en t in itiatives • Su p p ort in stitu tion al arran gem en ts with th e

stren gth an d flexibility to p rom ote th e in terd iscip li-n ary/ ili-n terageli-n cy team s li-n ecessary for both ICM cap acity-bu ild in g an d ICM itself

• In corp orate in tegrated coastal p lan n in g an d m an age-m en t in to th eir d evelop age-m en t p lan n in g p rocesses, an d • Su p p ort u n iversity stren gth en in g efforts in ICM

th rou gh n ation al bu d gets, gran ts, an d oth er m ean s

Develo pm en t o rgan izatio n s sh o uld, co n sisten t w ith th eir m an dates:

• Coord in ate fu n d in g an d oth er resou rces (su ch as in frastru ctu re an d p erson n el) n ation ally an d region -ally to m axim ize available resou rces

• Bu ild on an d exp an d su ccessfu l in d igen ou s efforts to in crease cap acity

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m an agem en t an d con servation of biod iversity • Provid e for ICM ed u cation an d train in g in d evelop

-m en t p rojects th at i-m p act coastal resou rces • Su p p ort th e d evelop m en t of form al u n iversity an d

p arttim e acad em ic p rogram s in d evelop in g cou n -tries to com p lem en t an d bu ild on existin g an d fu tu re sh ort-term train in g p rogram s

• Con tin u e sh ort-term train in g p rogram s for existin g m id -level resou rce m an agers with coastal m an age-m en t resp on sibilities. In ad d ition , su p p ort p art-tiage-m e acad em ic p rogram s so th at th ese in d ivid u als h ave th e op p ortu n ity to obtain d ip lom as an d / or d egrees • Catalyze an d su p p ort region al an d global n etworks focu sed on th e d evelop m en t of cap acity bu ild in g in coastal m an agem en t, an d

• Recogn ize th at cap acity bu ild in g is a lon g-term effort an d p rovid e su stain ed com m itm en ts to p rogram s with th is objective

Th is Call to Actio n sh o uld be review ed an d re-vised perio dically w ith th e in tern atio n al co m m u-n ity o f ICM practitio u-n ers, educato rs, au-n d traiu-n ers, in keepin g w ith develo pm en ts in th e field an d th e im plem en tatio n o f reco m m en datio n s.

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SECTION 1

TRAINING AND

ED UCATIONAL NEED S

OF ICM P ROFESSIONALS:

ANALYSIS OF D EMAND

Ov erv iew

Th e Skills, Kn owled ge, an d Attitu d es of an Id eal Coastal Man ager

Stephen Olsen 3

Latin Am erica

Th e Statu s of In tegrated Coastal Man agem en t an d Dem an d for Train in g of Coastal Man agem en t Practition ers in Ecu ad or

Segundo Coello 8

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Latin Am erica: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—An alysis of Dem an d 13

Mediterran ean an d th e Black Sea Regio n s

Th e Statu s of In tegrated Coastal an d Marin e Areas Man agem en t an d th e Dem an d for Coastal Man agem en t Practition ers: Med iterran ean an d Black Sea Region s

Arsen Pavasovic 15

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Med iterran ean an d Black Sea: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—

An alysis of Dem an d 30

Asia, Pacific, an d East Africa

Th e Statu s of In tegrated Coastal Resou rces Man agem en t (ICRM) an d Dem an d for Coastal Man agem en t Practition ers in th e Govern m en t Sector of th e Ph ilip p in es

Jessica C. Munoz 32

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Asia, Pacific, an d East Africa: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—

An alysis of Dem an d 36

Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

Un ited States, Can ad a, an d Au stralia: Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM Profession als—

An alysis of Dem an d 38

Plen ary Discussio n

Train in g an d Ed u cation al Need s of ICM

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TH E SKILLS, KNOW LED GE, AND ATTITUD ES

OF AN ID EAL COASTAL MANAGER

Steph en Olsen

Coastal Resou rces Cen ter Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Narragan sett, RI, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT

T he professionals required to effectively m anage coastal ecosystem s require a com bination of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are not efficiently provided by university curricula. W hen designing curricula for a profession requiring a sophisticated understanding of ecosystem and governance processes, the necessary integration across traditional disciplines should occur in the curriculum itself and not only in the heads of students. T he defining features of a professional educated to m eet the challenges of ecosystem m anagem ent are described in term s of knowledge of strategic analysis and the policy process, knowledge of how ecosystem s function, and cultural literacy.

THE NATURE OF THE CHALLENGE

Coastal m an agem en t is im p ortan t becau se coastal en viron m en ts are th e p rim ary h abitat for h u m an s. Estim ates su ggest th at 50 to 75 p ercen t of th e h u m an p op u lation lives alon g coastlin es. Th is p op u lation is alread y p lacin g en orm ou s p ressu res on th e con d ition of coastal ecosystem s. Un fortu n ately, tod ay’s ch al-len ges are m ild com p ared to th e ch alal-len ges we an tici-p ate by 2050. By th en th e great m ajority of a global p op u lation twice as large as it is tod ay is exp ected to be con cen trated alon g coastlin es, largely in sp rawlin g cit-ies an d p rim arily in th e trop ics (Merrick, 1989). Th e ch allen ge faced by coastal m an agers is con cep tu ally sim p le. Th e growin g n u m ber of p eop le, an d m ore im p ortan tly, th e d om in an t valu es an d beh avior of “m od ern ” society th at en cou rage p rofligate resou rce con -su m p tion an d sh ort-term gain rath er th an lon g-term su stain ability, are red u cin g th e cap acity of coastal en vi-ron m en ts to su stain h u m an p op u lation s. We, as a sp e-cies, are ru n n in g d own th ose attribu tes of ou r p rim ary h abitat th at m ake it su itable for wh at m ost con sid er an accep table q u ality of life.

Th e im p ortan ce an d n eed for effective m an agem en t of p eop le an d th eir im p acts in coastal en viron m en ts was h igh ligh ted in th e 1992 Rio Con feren ce on th e En -viron m en t an d Develop m en t. Th e p roblem s are be-com in g in creasin gly well d ocu m en ted , an d th ere is n o lack of id eas an d p lan s for wh at to d o abou t th em . Th e fu n d am en tal ch allen ge for coastal m an agers lies in

fo-m en tin g ch an ges in societal valu es an d beh avior th at th ese p lan s an d p rogram s req u ire. Th e world is in creas-in gly littered with “en viron m en tal” laws, regu lation s, an d p lan s. Man y are tech n ically excellen t, bu t th ey u su ally ad d ress on ly asp ects of th e closely in terrelated issu es of m an ’s d ep en d en ce u p on h is en viron m en t. Very few of th em are bein g tran slated in to m ean in gfu l action . On ly a sm all p rop ortion of th ese p lan s are be-in g im p lem en ted , esp ecially wh ere th e p roblem s are m ost severe. Th is is becau se th e p eop le affected d o n ot, or can n ot, su p p ort th e action s th at are p rop osed . As a resu lt, th e sym p tom s of u n su stain able levels of u tiliza-tion of th e coastal en viron m en ts are rap id ly sp read in g. In coastal en viron m en ts, th e classical evid en ce of en vi-ron m en tal overu se an d d egrad ation in clu d e:

• Declin in g water q u ality in rivers, grou n d water, estu aries, seas, an d th e n earsh ore ocean

• Degrad ation an d d estru ction of h abitats im p ortan t to th e p rod u ction of food , fiber, an d fu el, to m ain -tain in g ecosystem in tegrity an d with im p ortan t roles in th e p h ysical stability of th e coastlin e • Declin e or collap se of n earsh ore fish ery resou rces; • Mou n tin g u ser con flicts

• Th e in ability of govern m en tal organ ization s to avoid p red ictable ad verse en viron m en tal p roblem s or m ed iate con flicts am on g com p etin g grou p s of stakeh o ld ers

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11 AM Rappo rteur’s Repo rt 11:20 AM Address (D. Gitlitz, URI)

An In tegrated Pro gram fo r Educatin g an d Sustain in g Co astal Reso urce Man agers No o n Lunch

1 PM Address (S. Cobb)

Buildin g Capacity at Un iversities: Lesso n s Learn ed

1:30 PM Sm all Gro ups: Reco m m en datio n s fo r Buildin g Un iversity Capacity in ICM (B. Crawford -Facilitator)

Gro up 1:

Pro gram Mo dels an d Curriculum Issues W h at are th e stren gth s an d lim itation s of an in terd iscip lin ary cu rricu lu m ?

Is th ere a n eed for firm grou n d in g in a sp e-cific d iscip lin e?

How im p ortan t is it to d evelop in terd iscip li-n ary/ broad view th ili-n kers?

W h at lesson s can be d rawn from oth er field s an d ap p lied to ICM cu rricu lu m ? Is th ere a “core” cu rricu lu m ?

Discu ssion abou t in terd ep artm en tal versu s in terd iscip lin ary p rogram s/ n ew p rogram s versu s graftin g on to existin g p rogram s; region al versu s n ation al p rogram s; ed u ca-tion al ap p roach es (ad u lt an d exp erien tial learn in g, case m eth od s); d u ration an d typ es or levels of p rogram s; p rereq u isites.

Gro up 2:

Hum an Reso urce Issues, In stitutio n al Stren gth en in g Issues, an d Co n sultative Arran gem en ts an d Partn ersh ips Hu m an Resou rce Issu es

Need s for facu lty an d m aterials d evelop m en t

Materials-based versu s facu lty/ train er-based d evelop m en t ap p roach es

Th e m ix of kn owled ge, skills, an d exp eri-en ce n eed ed by teach ers/ train ers

Strategies for facu lty/ train er d evelop m en t In stitu tion al Stren gth en in g Issu es Precon d ition s for u n iversities to establish ICM p rogram s in frastru ctu re issu es

Im p lication s of u n iversity d evelop m en t an d th e level of ICM p rogram d evelop m en t with in a cou n try

Con su ltative Arran gem en ts an d Partn ersh ip s

Relation sh ip s am on g u n iversities— collaborate or com p ete?

Con tribu tion s an d roles of NGOs, govern -m en t, p rivate sector in -service, teach in g, an d research .

6 PM Dinner (7 PM on all oth er even in gs)

Even in g Sm all Gro ups (con tin u e d iscu ssion s an d grou p rap p orteu r’s work on written rep orts.) Wedn esday, March 8

8:45 AM Gro up Repo rts o n Reco m m en datio n s an d Mo derated Discussio n s

(M.A.K. Ngoili-Mod erator, S. Vallejo-Rap p orteu r)

Program m od els an d cu rricu lu m Hu m an resou rce d evelop m en t In stitu tion al stren gth en in g

Con su ltative arran gem en ts an d p artn er-sh ip s

10 AM Break

10:15 AM Gro up Repo rts con tin u ed 11:30 AM Rappo rteur’s Repo rt Noon Lunch

1:15 PM Pan el: Netw o rks an d Partn ersh ips (Pan elists: S. Vallejo-TRAIN-SEA-COAST, M. Ban d ara-NETTLAP, E. Ozh an -MEDCOAST, M. Wood -IOI) (N. Calu m p on g-Mod erator, D. Sad ach aran - Rap p orteu r)

2:15 PM Mo derated Discussio n s

How can a n etwork ben efit p ractition ers an d h ow can th ey con tribu te to it? W h at can u n iversities get from an d give to a n etwork?

How can u n iversities ben efit an d wh at can th ey con tribu te to n on -u n iversity m em bers? Sh arin g an d d evelop m en t of m aterials an d facu lty/ train ers.

Decen tralized versu s cen tralized ap -p roach es.

Nation al versu s region al versu s in tern a-tion al n etworks.

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11:40 AM Rappo rtuer’s Repo rt Noon Lunch

1:15 PM Wo rksh o p w rap-up (Organ izin g Com m ittee) Gen eral review of ou tp u ts

Discu ssion of n ext step s an d worksh op follo w-u p

Worksh op evalu ation

2:15 PM Wo rksh o p clo sin g rem arks (Robert Caroth ers, Presid en t, URI)

3 PM Lo cal ex cursio n s an d pack-up (JASON Project at GSO-3:45 PM) Organ izin g Com m ittee review wrap -u p work n eed ed an d p roceed in gs p rod u ction Even in g Th an k-yo u din n er an d farew ell party Friday, March 10

Morn in g Participan ts ch eck o ut an d leave Secretariat p acks an d d ep arts 3:15 PM Break

3:30 PM Rappo rteur’s Repo rt

4 PM Plen ary: Syn th esis an d Discussio n o f Wo rksh o p Reco m m en datio n s (Organ izin g Com m ittee)

Prep aration of an “Alton Jon es Declara-tion ”—recom m en d aDeclara-tion s for bu ild in g ed u cation al cap acity.

Op p ortu n ities for Fu n d in g Cap acityBu ild -in g In itiatives

Th ursday, March 9

8:45 AM Presen tatio n by Wo rksh o p Participan ts “Th e Alton Jon es Declaration ”-A Su m m ary of Worksh op Fin d in gs an d Recom m en d a-tion s for Bu ild in g Hu m an Cap acity for In te-grated Coastal Man agem en t.

9:30 AM Pan el: Do n o r In itiatives fo r Buildin g Hum an Capacity fo r In tegrated Co astal Man agem en t (ICM)

(Pan elists: Twig Joh n son -USAID, Marea Hatziolos-World Ban k, S. Vallejo for Ph il Reyn old s-UNDP)

(M. Ban d ara-Mod erator, M. Agu erro-Rap p o rteu r)

W h at is th e resp on se to worksh op recom -m en d ation s?

W h at are d on ors d oin g in ICM? W h y are d on ors so in terested in ICM? W h at is th e d on or exp erien ce in ed u ca-tion al cap acity bu ild in g?

How can th e ICM sh ort-term train in g in itia-tives of d on ors be m ore closely lin ked to lon g-term ed u cation al cap acity bu ild in g? How can d on or recip ien ts en su re th at th ey get th e m ost ou t of d on or assistan ce? 10:15 AM Break

10:30 AM Mo derated Discussio n Fin an cin g cap acity bu ild in g.

Th e goals of d on ors an d recip ien ts vis a vis ed u cation al cap acity bu ild in g.

Meth od s of ap p roach , ap p lication s, an d fu n d raisin g.

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AP P END IX B:

W ORKSH OP PARTICIPANTS

Agu ero, Max

Directo r

In ter-Am erican Cen tre for Su stain able Ecosystem s Develop m en t (ICSED) Casilla 27004

San tiago, Ch ile

Tel.: 56-2-273-2540/ 273-5577 Fax: 56-2-273-2540

Ban d ara, Mad d u m a Vice Ch an cellor

Un iversity of Perad en iya Kan d y,

Sri Lan ka

tel/ fax: 94-8-88151 - office Mobile Ph on e: 94-78-70577 tel/ fax: 94-8-88397 - h om e Belfiore, Stefan o

Secretary - Gen eral

In tern ation al Cen tre for Coastal & Ocean Policy Stu d ies

c/ o Acq u ario d i Gen ova

Area Porto An tivo-Pon te Sp in ola 16126 Gen ova, Italy

Tel: 39-10-273 4515 Fax: 39-10-2737225 Borom th an arat, Som sak Directo r

Coastal Resou rces In stitu te (CORIN) Prin ce of Son gkla Un iversity PO Box 102

Hat Yai, Son gkh la, 90112 Th ailan d

tel.: 66-74-212800 fax: 66-74-212782

In tern et: corin @sritran g.p su .ac.th Brown , Ken n eth

Head , Dep artm en t of En viron m en t Biology an d Horticu ltu re

Director, In stitu te of Coastal Resou rces Man agem en t

Un iversity of Tech n ology, Syd n ey Westbou rn e Street

Gore Hill NSW 2065 Au stralia

Tel.: 61-2-330-4042 Fax: 61-2-330-4079

In tern et: K.Brown @u ts.ed u .au

Calu m p on g, Hilcon id a Director

Sillim an Un iversity Marin e Laboratory Du m agu ete City, 6200 Negros Orien tal Ph ilip p in es

Tel.: 6335-225-2500 Fax: 6335-225-4608

In tern et: rd lsu m l@d u rian .u sc.ed u .p h Cervan tes, Ed u ard o

Director

Cen tro d e Recu rsos Costeros ESPO L-MARITIMA

PO Box 09-01-5863 Gu ayaq u il, Ecu ad or Tel.: 593-4-269-454/ 470

Fax: 593-4-854-629 or 593-4-854-587 In tern et: ecervan @esp ol.ed u .ec Ch ou Loke Min g

Associate Professor Zoology Dep artm en t

Nation al Un ivesity of Sin gap ore Lower Ken t Rid ge Road

Sin gap ore 0511 Tel.: 65-772-2696 Fax: 65-779-6155 In tern et: zooclm @n u s.sg Cobb, J. Stan ley

Professo r

Dep artm en t of Zoology Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Kin gston , RI 02881 Tel.:401-792-2683 Fax: 401-792-4256

In tern et: scobb@u riacc.u ri.ed u Coello, Segu n d o

Tech n ical Director

Program a d e Man ejo d e Recu rsos Costeros

Ed ificio d el Min isterio d e Agricu ltu ra Piso 20, PO Box 09-01-5850

Calles Qu ito y Pad re Solan o Gu ayaq u il, Ecu ad or

Tel.: 593-4-28-1144/ 284453 Fax: 593-4-28-50-38 Crawford , Brian Train in g Man ager Coastal Resou rces Cen ter Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Kin gston , RI 02881 Tel.: 401-792-6224 Fax: 401-792-5436

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Dem oran ville, Mark Train in g Coord in ator Coastal Resou rces Cen ter Narragan sett Bay Cam p u s Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Narragan sett, RI 02882 Tel.: 401-792-6224 Fax: 401-792-5436

In tern et: m arkd @gsosu n 1.gso.u ri.ed u Ferm an -Alm ad a, Jose Lu is

Jefe d el Dep artem en to d e In vestigacion Blvd . Ben ito Ju arez s/ n

Ed ificio d e In vestigacion y Posgrad o Un id ad Un iversitaria

Mexicali, Baja Californ ia Mexico Tel.: 52-65-66-36-33

Fax: 52-65-66-36-33

In tern et: sam tam @bah is.en s.u abc.m x Ferrer, Elm er

Associate Professor

College of Social Work an d Com m u n ity Develop m en t Un iversity of th e Ph ilip p in es

Dilim an , Qu ezon City Ph ilip p in es

Tel: 632-98 24 71 to 79 loc. 5443; 5278 or (632) 97 24 77

Fax: 632-97-8438 Fu ller, Elizabeth

In tern Coord in ator/ Ou treach Sp ecialist Coastal Resou rces Cen ter

Narragan sett Bay Cam p u s Narragan sett, RI 02882 Tel.: 401-792-6224 Fax: 401-792-5436 Gitlitz, David Professor Lan gu ages In d ep en d en ce Hall Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Kin gston , RI 02881 Tel.: 401-792-4695

In tern et: n by101@u riacc.u ri.ed u

Gom ez, Ed gard o Professor an d Director Marin e Scien ce In stitu te College of Scien ce

Un iversity of th e Ph ilip p in es Roces Aven u e

U.P.P.O. Box 1, Dilim an 1101 Qu ezon City Ph ilip p in es Tel.: 632-922-3959

or 632-976-061 & 982-471 local 7416 Fax: 632-924-7678

In tern et: ad m in @m si.u p d .ed u .p h Hale, Lyn n e Zeitlin

Associate Director Coastal Resou rces Cen ter Narragan sett Bay Cam p u s Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Narragan sett, RI 02882 Tel.: 401-792-6224 Fax: 401-792-5436

In tern et: lzh ale@gsosu n 1.gso.u ri.ed u Hatziolos, Marea

World Ban k

En viron m en t Dep artm en t ENVLW: S-5141

1818 H Street NW Wash in gton , DC 20433 Tel.: 202-458-5779

Fax: 202-477-0568 or 202-477-0565 Lein en , Margaret

Vice Provost, Marin e Affairs

Dean , Grad u ate Sch ool of Ocean ograp h y Narragan sett Bay Cam p u s

Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Narragan sett, RI 02882 Tel.: 401-792-6222

In tern et: m lein en @gsosu n 1.gso.u ri.ed u Mat u szeski,William

Directo r

Ch esap eake Bay Program Office U.S. En viron m en tal Protection Agen cy 410 Severn Aven u e

An n ap olis, MD 21403

Tel.: 410-267-5700 or (800)YOUR BAY Fax: 410-267-5777

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Miller, Robert

Dean , College of Resou rce Develop m en t Dep artm en t of Resou rce Develop m en t Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d

Kin gston , RI 02881 Tel.: 401-792-2474 Fax: 401-792-4017

In tern et: bobm @u riacc.u ri.ed u Mu n oz, Jessica

Head , Coastal Resou rces Man agem en t Section Bu reau of Fish eries & Aq u atic Resou rces Arcad ia Bu ild in g

860 Qu ezon Aven u e Qu ezon City Metro Man ila 1103 Ph ilip p in es Tel.: 632-96-54-44

Fax: 632-922-22-31/ 632 98 85 17 Ngoile, M.A.K.

Directo r

In stitu te of Marin e Scien ces Un iversity of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 668

Zan zibar, Tan zan ia

Tel.: 255-54-30741 / 32128 Fax: 255-54-33050

Olsen , Step h en B. Directo r

Coastal Resou rces Cen ter Narragan sett Bay Cam p u s Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Narragan sett, RI 02882 Tel.: 401-792-6224 Fax: 401-792-5436

In tern et: olsen u ri@gsosu n 1.gso.u ri.ed u Ozh an , Erd al

Ch airm an , MEDCOAST In tern ation al Com m ittee an d Perm an en t Secretariat

Professor of Coastal En gin eerin g Man agem en t Mid d le East Tech n ical Un iversity

Dep artm en t of Civil En gin eerin g 06531 An kara, Tu rkey

Tel.: 90-312-210-1000 ext. 5435-5439 Fax: 90-312-210-1412

or 90-312-210-1262

In tern et: ozh an @rorq u al.cc.m etu .ed u .tr

Pavasovic, Arsen

Priority Action s Program m e Region al Activities Cen ter UNEP

Kraj Sv. Ivan a 11 58000 Sp lit, Croatia Tel.: 385-21-43499 Fax: 385-21-361677

In tern et: arsen .p avasovic@p u blic.srce.h r Rh od es, Th om as E.

U.S. Agen cy for In tern ation al Develop m en t Global Bu reau

En viron m en t Cen ter

Wash in gton , DC 20523-1812 Tel.: 703-875-4320

Fax: 703-875-4639

In tern et: TRh od es@USAID.GOV Sad ach aran , Dian eeth a

Coastal Zon e Man agem en t Cen tre P.O. Box 20907

2500EX Th e Hagu e Th e Neth erlan d s Tel: 31-70-3114367 Fax: 31-70-3114380 Sou th , G. Robin

Director IOI - Sou th Pacific an d Professor of Marin e Stu d ies Marin e Stu d ies Program m e

Th e Un iversity of th e Sou th Pacific P.O. Box 1168

Su va

Rep u blic of Fiji

Tel.: 679-305-446/ 305 272 Fax: 679-305-559/ 031-490 In tern et: sou th _r@u sp .ac.fj Vallejo, Stella Maris

Ocean Affairs/ Law of th e Sea Officer

Coord in ator, TRAIN-SEA-COAST Program m e Division for Ocean Affairs an d th e Law of th e Sea

Office of Legal Affairs Un ited Nation s Room DC2-0482 New York, NY 10017 Tel.: 212-963-3935 Fax: 212-963-5847

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Veitayaki, Joeli IOI - Sou th Pacific

Marin e Stu d ies Program m e

Th e Un iversity of th e Sou th Pacific PO Box 1168

Su va

Rep u blic of Fiji Tel.: 679-305-446

Fax: 679-302-338 or 679-301-305 In tern et: veitayaki.j@u sp .ac.fj West, Niels

Pro fessor

Dep artm en t of Marin e Affairs Un iversity of Rh od e Islan d Kin gston , RI 02881 Tel.: 401-792-4046 Fax: 401-792-2156

In tern et: n ielsm af@u riacc.u ri.ed u Wiggin , Jack

Assistan t Director Urban Harbors In stitu te

Un iversity of Massach u setts, Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd .

Boston , MA 02125-3393 Tel. 617 287 5570 Fax: 617 287 5575

In tern et: u rbh arbors@u n bston .cc.u n b.ed u Wood , Margaret J.

Directo r

In tern ation al Ocean In stitu te Dalh ou sie Un iversity

1226 LeMarch an t Street Halifax, Nova Scotia Can ad a B3H 3P7 Tel.: 902-494-6623 Fax: 902-494-2034