The use of invariant be for future “will be,” as in “He be here tomorrow,”

c. Nouns and pronouns.

A noun is a word that refers to a person, an animal, a place, a thing, an activity, or quality. In Standard English nouns, the marker of singular or plural noun is clear, which is by using suffix –s for plural or not using suffix –s for singular. Otherwise, in African American Vernacular English the marker of singular or plural noun in some situation is absent. A pronoun is a word that replaces nouns or noun phrases. Pronoun in Standard English can be divided into several types. In African American Vernacular English, the pronouns are somewhat different. Those differences of African American Vernacular English and Standard English in nouns and pronouns can be seen in the following characteristics: a. Absence of possessive –s, as in “John ø house” for Standard English “John‟s house ” Rickford, 1999: 7. To show possessive in Standard English, it needs „s after the subject whose own the object. b. Absence of plural –s, as in “two boy ø ” for Standard English “two boys.” Rickford, 1999: 7. The plural form of noun in Standard English is marked by the final –s -es after the noun. For example: “horses”, “languages”, “heroes” Quirk et al, 1972:172. c. Use of and them or nem, usually after a proper name, to mark associative plurals, as in “Felicia an‟ them” or “Felician nem” for “Felician and her friend or family or associates Rickford, 1999: 7. d. Appositive or pleonastic pronouns, as in “That teacher, she yell at the kids” for Standard English “That teacher ø yells at the kids” Rickford, 1999: 7. For African American Vernacular English, the use of appositive or pleonastic pronouns is common, as seen in the above example, she refers to that teacher even if she is omitted from the sentence as seen in the example of Standard English, the sentence is acceptable. e. Use of y‟all and they to mark second person plural and third plural possessive respectively, as in “It‟s y‟all ball” for Standard English “It‟s your ball” and “It‟s they house” for Standard English “It‟s their house” Rickford, 1999: 7. To show possessive in Standard English, regularly the speaker use the possessive pronouns such as my, your, his, her, their, our. f. Use of object pronouns me, him, and so on after a verb as personal datives =”for myself,” “for himself‟ and so on as in “Ahma git me a gig” for Standard English “I‟m going to get myself some support” Rickford, 1999: 8. g. Absence of relative pronoun who, which, what, that as in “That‟s the man ø come here” for Standard English “That‟s the man who came here.” Note that the omitted form is a subject relative pronoun who. Many varieties of English allow for the omission of object relative pronoun, e.g. “That‟s the man whom I saw,” but the omission of subject relatives is rarer, and more unique to African American Vernacular English Rickford, 1999: 8.

d. Negation

African American Vernacular English speakers in some situation use the same negator as in Standard English. In Standard English, they use not after the copula or modal, while in African American Vernacular English, they prefer to use ain‟t. Other characteristics of making negative sentence of African American Vernacular English can be seen as follows: a. Use of ain‟t as general preverbal negator, for Standard English “am not,” “isn‟t.” “aren‟t,” “hasn‟t,” “haven‟t,” and “didn‟t” as in “He ain‟t here” for Standard English “He isn‟t here,” or “He ain‟t do it” for Standard English “He didn‟t do it” Rickford, 1999: 8. Negation of simple sentence in Standard English is accomplished by inserting the word not between the operator and the predication Quirk et al, 1972: 374. b. Multiple negation or negative concord that is, negating the auxiliary verb and all indefinite pronouns in the sentence, as in “He don‟t do nothing” for Standard English “He doesn‟t do anything” Rickford, 1999: 8. Multiple negation can be happened in Standard English but the effect is different from multiple negation in African American Vernacular English. They use more than one negative form but the result is a single negative. In Standard English, when it has multiple negation it results in a positive sentence. In African American Vernacular English, they tend to use the negative word, while in Standard English, they tend to use a non-assertive word after a negative. For example: “No one never said nothing” multiple negation could be meant “No one ever said anything ” in Standard English Quirk et al, 1972: 379. c. Negative inversion inversion of the auxiliary and indefinite pronoun subject, as in “Can‟t nobody say nothing” inverted from “Nobody can‟t say nothing” for Standard English “Nobody can say anything” or “Ain‟t nobody home”