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roles are to support the main character in many different ways. Milligan 1983 says that Minor characters have less role than the Major character. Their presence
is just to support the main character to develop the story. They just appear in some particular time and setting. They do not endure the problem of the story.
2. Theory of Characterization
Characterization in literature helps the researcher to reveal the characteristic of characters in the novel. The character itself can be illustrated
directly or indirectly by the author through the actions, thoughts, and speech of the character. According to Holman and Harmon 1992, characterization is the
creation of imaginary persons, so they seem lifelike. There are three important methods of characterization. First, the explicit presentation by the author of the
character through direct exposition, either in an introductory block or more often piecemeal throughout the work, illustrated by action. Second, the presentation of
the character in action, with little or no explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader can deduce the attributes of the actor from the actions.
Third, the representation from within the character. It is without any comment by the author, the impact of actions, and emotio
n on the character‟s inner self. According to Murphy 1972, there are a few ways in which an author
attempts to make his characters understandable to the readers. They are a personal description, a character as seen by another, a speech, a past life, a conversation of
others, reactions, a direct comment, and a thought. A personal description means the author can describe the characters directly about the appearance and clothes. A
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character as seen by another means the author describes the character through the eyes and opinion of another. A speech means the author can give us important
information about the character in the novel. A past life means the author lets the readers learn something about a person„s past life by giving a clue to events that
have helped to shape a person„s character. A conversation with others means the author gives the readers clues to a person„s character through the conversations of
other people and the things that say about him. Reactions mean the author gives the readers a sign to let the readers know how the character reacts to particular
conditions. A direct comment means the author can describe or comment on a person„s character directly. Thoughts mean the author can give us direct
knowledge of what a person is thinking about.
3. Theory of Motivation
The meaning of someone‟s actions can be analyzed by looking at their motives.
By analyzing someone‟s motivation, the readers can have a better understanding of character‟s purposes in the story. In order to analyze the
meaning of grown-ups as seen by the narrator, the researcher uses Maslow‟s
theory of “Hierarchy of needs” to analyze the meaning of grown-ups. By analyzing the
narrator‟s needs, the researcher can know narrator‟s motivation from the missing need that has not been fulfilled.
So, by knowing the narrator‟s motivation, the deeper meaning of grown-ups can be revealed.
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According to Maslow 1954, there are five needs for a human to be fulfilled. Starting from the bottom, there is psychological needs, dealing with such
as air, water, nourishment, and sleep. According to Maslow‟s theory, if some
particular needs are not satisfied then other motivations will come up from the quest to satisfy them. Higher needs such as social and esteem needs are not felt
until one of the needs is not accomplished. The next level is safety needs. Once psychological needs are accomplished, the next one is the feeling of being safe
from physical and emotional harm. It can be accomplished by living in the safe environment, having a healthy life, having financial alternatives, etc. Next one is
social needs which is dealing with needs that are those related to interaction with other people and may include: the need for friends, need for belonging and need
to give and receive love. The fourth is esteem needs. After a person gets those
Figure 1. Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Needs
