31
way that those stories get told, and the frameworks in which people get to appear and talk.
The language used by the media is also able to portray and represent what is in the society. As stated by Thomas 1999: 50, the language used by media to
represent particular social and political groups and to describe newsworthy events, tends to provide the dominant ways available for the rest of us to talk about those
groups and events. As access to TV and radio discourse is widening, more programmes, such as the ever-popular talk shows are being dedicated to the voices of
the ordinary public, rather than limited to journalists, politicians and media experts.
2.2. Errors vs. Mistakes Concept
In Applied linguistics, an error is a deviation from accepted rules of a language made by a learner of a second language. Such errors result from the
learners lack of knowledge of correct rules of the target language. In linguistics, it is considered important to distinguish errors from mistakes. Distinction is always made
between errors and mistakes where the former is seen as resulting from learners lack of proper grammatical knowledge and the latter as being failed to utilize a known
system correctly. Brown terms these mistakes as performance error. Such mistakes are generally made by both the native speakers and second language learners.
However, native speakers are generally able to correct themselves quickly. Such mistakes include slip of the tongue, random ungrammatical formations. On the
other hand, errors are systematic in that they occur repeatedly and are not recognizable by the learner. They are a part of the learners interlanguage, and the
learner does not generally consider them as errors.
32
Based on the explanations about the difference between error and mistake, it can be said that a mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess
or a “slip”, in that it is a failure to utilise a known system correctly while an error as a noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker, reflects the
competence of the learner. Mistakes are what researchers have referred to as performance errors the learner knows the system but fails to use it while errors are
result of one’s systematic competence the learner’s system is incorrect.
2.3 Related Researches
Several researches related to speech errors had been made before this analysis is made. Some of the researches are as follows :
An Analysis of Speech Errors Made by The Newsreaders of “Metro this Morning” and “TVRI News” Written by Ronal Sitorus in 2003
This thesis concerns on the analysis of types of speech errors that are made by the newsreaders in the two TV programs. This thesis also aims at showing the
readers that newsreaders are not always perfect in reading news because they still produce speech errors.
In completing the thesis, the writer applied both library and field research. Library research is done by searching for books related to psycholinguistics and
speech while field research is done by recording and transcribing the speech into text and then analyse them based on the classifications of speech errors by using Clark
and Clark’s theory. As a result of the analysis in the thesis, the writer finds that each newsreader
has their own style of speaking and reading the news in the two English news
33
programs. The type of speech errors that is mostly produced by the newsreader is silent pause and the least produced type of speech errors is correction.
An Analysis of Speech Errors Made by The Newsreaders of “Metro this Morning” and “TVRI News” written by Ronal Sitorus gives a lot of contribution to
this thesis. Both thesis use the same theory of speech error. The data of this thesis also inspire the data searching and collecting method of Errors Made by Speakers in
Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TV in which the data are obtained from the same TV station.
There are some differences between the two thesis. An Analysis of Speech Errors Made by The Newsreaders of “Metro this Morning” and “TVRI News”
written by Ronal Sitorus analyses the speech errors made by the newsreaders which tends to be considered as one way communication while Errors Made by Speakers in
Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TVanalyses the speech errors made by the speakers in the interviews which are considered as two ways
communication.
A Study On Speech Errors Made By Global TV VJ The Music Programs: “Most Wanted” Written by Hasnun Nisa in 2009.
This thesis concerns on the analysis of speech errors that are made by Global TV VJ in “Most Wanted” Music Program. The writer of this thesis focuses the
analysis in three main problems. The writer analyses the types of speech errors and finds out the most dominant type of speech error, the factors which cause the speech
errors and how the speech errors are made. In completing the thesis, the writer applied library and field research. The
field research data are obtained from the music program on television. The writer picks five samples as the data to be analysed. The writer records the data and then
34
analyses the speech made by several VJs in the TV program. Then the writer analyses the speech based on Clark and Clark’s speech errors analysis theories.
As a result of the analysis in the thesis, the writer states that each VJ has their own characteristics in presenting the music program. Based on the analysis in the
thesis, the most speech error made by the speaker is filled pause and the least error is slip of the tongue.
A Study On Speech Errors Made By Global TV VJ The Music Programs: “Most Wanted” written by Hasnun Nisa gives a lot of contribution to the topic in this
thesis. The thesis uses the same theory with the theory of speech errors that is used in this thesis. The data of analysis in this thesis are also inspired by the thesis. Both data
are obtained from TV programs. Although there are several similarities between both thesis, there must be
several differences. The writer of the thesis stated at the beginning of the chapter that she is going to analyse the factors that cause speech errors and how the speakers
make speech errors. But apparently, there is no explanation on how the errors are made and what factors cause the errors. While this thesis about Errors Made by
Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TVfocuses on the classification of types speech errors and find out the speaker who makes the most
speech errors.
Speech Errors Made By Mike Lowrey And Marcus Burnett In “Bad Boys I” The Movie Written by Fitria Hardini in 2010
This thesis concerns on the analysis of speech errors that are made by Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett in “Bad Boys I”. The writer of this thesis focuses on
three main problems in the analysis. The writer analyses the types of speech errors,
35
finds out the most dominant type of speech error and the dominant pattern made by the speakers.
In completing the thesis, the writer applied library and field research. The field research data are obtained from the movie and the transcript which is
downloaded by the writer from the internet. In this thesis, the writer compares between the transcript and the dialogues spoken by main characters in that. Then the
writer identifying the errors and their positions in the sentences then the writer finds out the pattern of errors in the sentences.
As a result of the analysis in the thesis, the writer states that Mike Lowrey made 5 common types of speech errors in his dialogues while Marcus Burnett made
more types than Mike Lowrey. He made 6 types of common speech errors in his dialogues. From the analysis, the writer also finds some facts about the pattern of
speech errors for example silent pause happens mostly before noun and after adjective., filled pause, repeat and interjection happen mostly in the beginning of
constituent. Speech Errors Made By Mike Lowrey And Marcus Burnett In “Bad Boys I”
The Movie written by Fitria Hardini gives contribution to the writing of this thesis. The thesis uses the same theory with the theory of speech errors that is used in this
thesis. The data of analysis in this thesis are also inspired by the thesis. Both thesis analyse the speech errors made by high profiles figures like Mike and Marcus then
Bill Gates and other high profile figures in the movie and TV program. Although there are several similarities between both thesis, there must be
several differences. Speech Errors Made By Mike Lowrey And Marcus Burnett In “Bad Boys I” The Movie does not only mention the types of speech errors made by
the speakers but also states the pattern of speech errors. While Errors Made by
36
Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TV onlyfocuses on the classification of types speech errors and find out the speaker who makes the most
speech errors.
Speech Errors in Interviews of Metro TV’S INDONESIA THIS MORNING News Program Written by Ivan Lumbantobing in 2011
This thesis concerns on the analysis of speech errors made by the reporter and guest star in Indonesia This Morning TV Program. The writer of this thesis focuses
on several problems in the thesis. The writer analyses types of the speech errors found in the interviews, how often the speakers produce errors in their speech,the
factors of making errorsand finding the tips for reducing speech errors. In completing the thesis, the writer applied library and field research. In
collecting the data, the writer picks five interviews as samples to be analysed. The interviews are recorded and then transcribed into text and then the text is analysed
based on the types of speech errors by Clark and Clark 1977: 268. As a result of the analysis in the thesis, the writer states that the type of
speech error which is mostly made by the speakers is filled pause. The writer states that the factors which cause the speakers to make errors is possibly because they are
lack of competence, general social factors like nervous, and lack of vocabularies. The writer cites several tips of reducing speech errors, theyare : being calm and fully
concentrate, having good level of competence in English and not being ashamed to practice because practice makes perfect, knowing whatis going to be said to master
the language and the topic of the speech. Speech Errors in Interviews of Metro TV’S INDONESIA THIS MORNING
News Program written by Ivan Lumbantobing gives a lot of contribution to the topic in this thesis. Both thesis use the same theory and the data for analysis in both thesis
37
also come from the same source. This thesis also gives additional knowledge about the factors that cause the speakers to produce speech errors and the tips on how to
reduce speech errors occurrence. Although there are several similarities between both thesis, there must be
several differences. The thesis does not only focus on the types of speech errors made by the speakers in the TV program but also provides the factors that make
speakers produce errors and tips to reduce while this thesis about Errors Made by Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TVfocuses on the
analysis of types of speech errors, finds out the speaker who makes the most speech errors and also prove the statement which states that ideal delivery tends to occur on
planned speech and speech errors tend to occur on spontaneous conversations like interviews.
Analysis of Speech Errors in “Talk Indonesia” Program on Metro TV Written by Lidya Volvariaty in 2013
This thesis concerns on the analysis of speech errors made by the speakers in “Talk Indonesia” Program on Metro TV. The writer of this thesis only focuses on
one problem in the thesis. The writer is only concerned to analyze what speech errors that the interviewer and commentators make in “Talk Indonesia” Program on Metro
TV. In completing the thesis, the writer applied library, internet and field research.
In this research, the writer learned nine samples which recorded from March 13th until May 22nd, 2011. The writer only analyzed the speech errors made in some parts
of the program, which is approximately 3 – 4 minutes long of duration. Then, the writer classifies the utterances into types of speech errors by Clark and Clark 1977:
268. As a result of the analysis in the thesis, the writer states that all speakers in
38
“Talk Indonesia” Program most produced filled pausewhile the least produced errors are slips of the tongue.
Analysis of Speech Errors in “Talk Indonesia” Program on Metro TV written by Lidya Volvariaty gives a lot of contribution to the topic in this thesis. Both thesis
use the same theory. The data of analysis in this thesis are also inspired by the thesis. Both field data in the thesis and this thesis are obtained from TV Programs of Metro
TV. Although there are several similarities between both thesis, there must be
several differences. The thesis only focuses on the types of speech errors made by the speakers in the TV program while this thesis about Errors Made by Speakers in Face
to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TV focuses on the analysis of types of speech errors, find out the speaker who makes the most speech errors and also prove
the statement which states that ideal delivery tends to occur on planned speech and speech errors tend to occur on spontaneous conversations like interviews.
39
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
In completing the theoretical framework and the analysis on this thesis, library research is used by searching and collecting the references that support the
topics of this thesis. As primary data, the data of interview by Desi Anwar in Face to Face with Bill Gates are used. While books related to speech and psycholinguistics
and thesis related to speech errors are used as the secondary data. In doing the research related to speech errors analysis, there are data, methods
and designs of researches that are used in order to complete the analysis that will be explained further in this chapter.
3.1 Data and Data Source
