Steps of The Research Data Analysis Session I :

41 The formula is :n = �� � x 100 n : percentage of one kind speech errors fx : individuals frequency one kind of speech errors N : number of occurrence all kinds of speech errors

3.5 Steps of The Research

Several steps of the research that are used in analysing the data : 1. The interview session ofFace to Face with Bill Gates which was broadcasted on Metro TV on Saturday, 17th of May 2014 at 9 p.m. is downloaded from youtube and then transcribed into written text. 2. The text is analysed by looking into the speech errors that are made by the speakers in the interview. 3. The errors are then classified into the types of speech errors according to Clark Clark 1977: 268, which are silent pause, filled pause, repeat, retraced false start, unretraced false start, correction, interjection, stutter, and slips of the tongue or tongue-slips. 4. After classifying the types of speech errors, the most dominant type of speech error that is made by the speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates can be found. 5. Then the speaker who makes the most number of speech errors in the interview is found. 42 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data Analysis Session I :

Interviewer : Desi Anwar Responders : Bill Gates and Dato Sri Tahir Duration : 05:10 02:58-08:08 1. DA : Hey, Mr.Gates and Pak Tahir, congratulations on the launch of Indonesia Health Fund. ,Um um, Minister said that this is a historic event so how how do you feel about it? What is the significance do you think of this fund ? 2. BG : Well, it’s quite amazing. It represents ,uh, incredible generousity ,uh, and this sort of resources are going to help to help the poors. Tuberculosis is still a big problem ,uh, getting drugs out to everyone,uh, and and we got expertists of our foundations together with the Global Fund to make sure that this money has ,uh, uh, the biggest possible impact so it’s it’s drawing ,uh, very serious resources into an important cost. 3. BG : I’m I’m amazed and excited. 4. DA : And the fact that it’s in Indonesia because I know you are a good friend of Indonesia. Is is this is how particular significance for you having it here? 5. BG : Yeah, Indonesia’s made a lot of progress but in health risk like TB ,uh, like giving vaccines for the children, there are still work to be done and 43 so \ and Dr.Tahir first came to me and said he was thinking about ,uh, giving the health related causes we talked about our partnership to do that together and so that was an an incredible thing when he ,uh, made a huge commitment that we ,uh,uh, did in partnership and then he suggested if I ,uh, come down ,uh, that he might get together this Indonesia Health Fund and so now I’ve got to meet these eight related people ,uh, who are doing ,uh, similar things and ,uh, this is quite unique to have a country that ,uh, has both success but health needs ,uh, orchestrating a lot of the successful people ,uh, to make sure these these problems are are solved. 6. DA : Uh huh and the Indonesian government very opened or very happy with this kind of initiative. What what was their initial response? Was it difficult to get them to you know on board? 7. BG : Well, for them ,uh, the idea that pay the resources and the engagement of these leaders will be stronger ,uh, in this health needs it’s it’s allgood for for them. I I know the health minister quite well because she is the chairman of the Global Fund which is a very important thing ,uh, and ,uhm, my wife’s very involved in ,uh, women’s ,uh, reproductive like to access to contraceptions and so she got to know part of the people in the government including the health minister apart of that. Indonesia you know it’s it’svery very important ,uh, it set a good example on some things but there are still a lot of kids who who we could do better and so the government the government is a good partner. They have no reluctance ,uh, to see ,uh, philanthropy complementing their their work. 44 8. DA : Uh huh Pak Tahir I’m interested to know how did you start colaborating with Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation which is you know very very prominent ,uh, foundation? 9. DST : Yeah, I think ,uh, everybody knows that the Gates Foundation have done a lot for this ,uh, the whole world and ,uh, I’m honoured that ,uh, because the money \\ most of the money is go to Indonesia. Yeah in fact that actually if you calculate by by mathematic you know, most of the money go Indonesia this is this is good and ,uh, more important is ,uh, this is the reformation of philanthropic in our own country Indonesia. ,Uh uh, start by individual and occasional, not regu-notregularly, not sustainable and no community and more on the emotions side. But we work together with Gate Gate Foundation, we learn the thediscipline ,uh, systematic, well-planned and they have already edit before the money was distribute and they have a very ,uh uh uh, figorous ,uh uh, audit about how to distribute the money and very focus about the the the object so we learn a new thing for the reformation of philan-philanthropic and make \\ it make me as a donator become more discipline and more planned you know for longer period. We don’t do by emotion but we do by systematic plan. 10. DA : Is it how to get other philantropist what – I mean,like you mention in Indonesia we often give donate but it’s not sustainable, it’s not within the framework or something which is much more organized and formal. Is is it difficult to get people to be excited and be part of it? 11. DST : I I think ,uh, we need some education, we need some perfecting, we need some information  more information ,uh, this is just the beginning. I do believe that by the visiting of Mr. Bill Gates comes and today most of the 45 people who have have been witnessing that you know this is a new maestro for the philanthropic. I do believe that in the coming days there’s more and more people will participate. 12. DA : Uh huh Mr. Gates is this the first collaboration of its kind that that you’ve done? 13. BG : Absolutely and ,uh, it’s got me thinking that ,uh, I need to find people like Dr.tahir in in many other countries. Table 1 Number of Speech Errors in Session I No . Spea ker SP FP ,..., Rep RFS \ UFS \\ Cor – Stu - Int .. STT  1. DA √√ √ √ 2. BG √ √√√√ √√√ √√√ √ 3. BG √ 4. DA √ 5. BG √√√√ √√√√ √√√√ √ √√√ √ √ 6. DA √ 7. BG √ √√√√ √√√√ √ √√√√ √√√√ √ 46 8. DA √ √ 9. DST √√√√ √√√√ √√√√ √√ √√√√ √√ √√ √√ √ 10. DA √ √ 11. DST √√ √√ √ 12. DA √ 13. BG √√ √ Total 2 50 30 1 2 1 2 5 1 The types of speech errors that are produced in this session are silent pause, filled pause, repeat, retraced false start, unretraced false start, correction, stutter, interjection and slip of the tongue. There are three speakers who are involved in this session. Desi Anwar produces eleven speech errors, Bill Gates produces fifty-three speech errors and Dato Sri Tahir produces thirty speech errors. So the speaker who produces the most speech errors in the first session is Bill Gates. The most frequent type of speech errors that is produced in the first session is filled pause which is produced fifty times. Session II : Interviewer : Desi Anwar Responder : Bill Gates Duration : 03:33 10:10-13:43 47 1. DA : ,Uhm uh,I I remember interviewing you few years ago and you were then still ,uh, running microsoft ,uh, how did the transition from being an enterpreneur into ,uh, philanthropy come about? Is this sort of a you know a long process or perhaps you could share with us.

2. BG : Well, I love my work at microsoft ,uh, I’m still an advisor there ,uh,

but you know I chose that I I thought younger people should be running running the company and so six years ago now ,uh, that I ended my full-time work there and switch over to the foundation. I I am lucky that the kinds of things I learned at microsoft about being very numerical very ,uh, market driven ,uh, and believing in science you know picking good science projects now it’s more biology than software ,uh, but it’s the same practical thing ,uhm, betting on innovation ,uh, that can make a big difference and so that kind of private sector science based mind set has been helpful to me in the foundation and we assembled a very strong team, we got ,uh, smarter over time, and so for me it is as enjoyable as the microsoft work is and it’s something that ,uh, I get to do in partnership with my wife for the rest of my life. 3. DA : Uh huh and ,uh, in terms of philosophy behind it, is there some kind of philosophy behind the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation? 4. BG : The basic principle is that all lives have equal value and so it’s very strange that children are allowed to die millions ,uh, because they don’t get the medicines that children in rich countries have aren’t ,uh, properly distributed to every country of the world. And so believing in that equity principle, we’ve picked global health as our primary area of activity and you know we’ve learnt how impactive this could be, not only to save millions 48 of lives but the kids will survive have better nutrition, better health, their brain develops fully, their body and they are able to achieve their full potential. We should spend this much help helping those people as we do to people in United States. 5. DA : Uh huh and polio is one of the diseases that you are quite passion about ,uh, tell me a little bit about it. 6. BG : Well, I’m bias. I spend ,uh, more time on polio than anything else and 7. DA : Is there any particular reason why this 8. BG : It’s the disease were in the process of eradicating and so by getting to zero, no child will ever be paralyzed again. And when this campaign started, four hundred thousand children a year were being crippled by polio. We’re down to few reputases, we have less than four hundred cases a year. And it’s just three countries ,uh, that we haven’t got rid of it, Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. And those are difficult places to reach out the children. They got violence there, some of them actually tortured in very surprisingly at polio itself. And so we’re gonna have to do a great job but it will become only the second disease after small pox ,uh, over 40 years ago. ,Uh,the the second disease will be completely eradicated. Table 2 Number of Speech Errors in Session II No. Spea ker SP FP ,..., Rep RFS \ UFS \\ Cor – Stu - Int .. STT  1. DA √√√√ √ √ 49 2. BG √ √√√√ √√√√ √√ √√√ √ 3. DA √ 4. BG √ √√ 5. DA √ 6. BG √ √ √ 7. DA √ 8. BG √ √√√ √ Total 5 23 5 - - - - 2 - The types of speech errors that are produced in this session are silent pause, filled pause, repeat and interjection. There are only two speakers who are involved in this session. Desi Anwar produces nine speech errors while Bill Gates produces twenty-six speech errors. So the speaker who produces the most speech errors in the second session is Bill Gates. The most frequent type of speech errors that is produced in this session is filled pause which is produced twenty-three times. Session III : Interviewer : Desi Anwar Responder : Christoph Benn Duration : 1 minutes 36 seconds 15:39-17:15 1. DA : Uh huh and what would you like to see ,uh, coming out of this Health Fund? Any any specific target or you know, wishlist that that need to to be ,uhm, implemented or achieved by certain date? 50 2. CB : Sure – I mean what we are trying to do here is to support health programs in Indonesia. The Global Fund has been a partner ,uh, with Indonesia for more than 10 years. We have invested more than 400 million Dollars already in Indonesia for AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. We are working closely with the ministry of health under the leadership of dr.Mboi. But what we see now is that you know private business ,uh, men from the country are also supporting that, so we are putting together the domestic funding in Indonesia with the support of the Global Fund which represents the money of international community, from many governments around the world and now as the private sector coming together with philanthropist putting in the money, that will help us to really close the gap to a finance universal access ,uh, to services for all these diseases so that’s a very important step indeed. 3. DA : ,Uh, how much money are we talking about here as the initial investment for the Indonesia Health Fund itself? 4. CB : Dr.Tahir himself made 65 million dollars available already last year and now he has asked his friends and and other business leaders to step up and and provide more funding. The target is to have an additional 100 million dollars from the business community here in Indonesia. So that is a a fantastic target I think and will help many many people here in Indonesia. Table 3 Number of Speech Errors in Session III No. Spea ker SP FP ,..., Rep RFS \ UFS \\ Cor – Stu - Int .. STT  1. DA √√ √√√ 51 2. CB √√√ √ 3. DA √ 4. CB √√√√ Total - 6 7 - - 1 - - - The types of speech errors that are produced in the third session are filled pause, repeat and correction. There are only two speakers who are involved in this session. Desi Anwar produces six speech errors while Christoph Benn produces eight speech errors. So the speaker who produces the most speech errors in this session is Christoph Benn. The most frequent type of speech errors that is produced in this session is repeat which is produced seven times. Session IV : Interviewer : Desi Anwar Responder : Nafsiah Mboi Duration : 2 minutes 56 seconds 18:59-21:55 1. DA : For the Indonesian government, how does it work you know the Indonesia Health Fund with Global Fund plus the ministry that you ,uh, uh, heading at the moment, how how to go back to Bill Gates’ question, how to make sure that every cent goes to exactly. 2. NM : That’s a that is a perfect ,uh, question. As you know we are a big country and although we now have graduated to middle income, actually our health problems are still huge. Okay. Especially in many remote areas and we still have ,uh, pockets of poverty and so we still need a lot of resources to be able to really control these three diseases because its so wide spread ,uh,as 52 well as ,uh, strenghten the health system. The Indonesian government has the responsibility of ,uhm, providing the regulations as well as the technical input ,uh, and the strategy and action plans etc to be able to control the \\ all the diseases not only AIDS, TB and Malaria but all ,uh, everything. So how does the Indonesia Health Fund work? They will contribute part of that \\ this donation to the Global Fund and match by Bill Gates \ Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and then the Global Fund will ,uh, works with us government, non governmental organizations and all that to develop a comprehensive proposal to be able to say okay in five years, this is what we will reach. So on one side, Bill Gates’ motivation to top up – or to match one dollar by one dollar of course it’s a good motivation for these individuals. But for us in the Global Fund, it is an extra challenge to say okay we will make sure that every dollar cent is used to prevent, to diagnose as well as to treat people who in need and that every single dollar cent will be accounted for and that is why we have a very good accounting system , the management is open ,uh, and I think this is what this is what people need okay? They are willing to donate, they are willing to contribute, they are of course they are philanthropist but also they have to make sure that their money is safe and that we will not misuse the funds and we have very rigid regulation in the Global Fund. Table 4 Number of Speech Errors in Session IV No. Spea ker SP FP ,..., Rep RFS \ UFS \\ Cor – Stu - Int .. STT  1. DA √√ √ 53 2. NM √√ √√√√ √√√√ √ √√ √ √√ √ Total 2 11 3 1 2 1 - - - The types of speech errors that are produced in this session are silent pause, filled pause, repeat, retraced false start, unretraced false start and correction. There are only two speakers who are involved in this session. Desi Anwar produces three speech errors while Nafsiah Mboi produces seventeen speech errors. So the speaker who produces the most speech errors in this session is Nafsiah Mboi. The most frequent type of speech errors that is produced in this session is filled pause which is produced eleven times. Session V : Interviewer : Desi Anwar Responders : Bill Gates and Dato Sri Tahir Duration : 6 minutes 16 seconds 21:56-28:12 1. DA : Issues for example like health and education normally should be you know the government’s responsibility and you are private individual phi- philanthropist then you are tackling issues ,uhm, that countries actually need to take care of. Now sometimes you know these things do they sort of overlapped are there challenges when it comes to actually implementing the program perhaps you know friction with ,uh, existing program? – I mean I mean how how does it work actually? 54 2. BG : On a long run, it’s up to the government to takeover this program and so once the country gets to say the level of wealth of the Brazil ,uh, or Korea or Mexico then it’s the tax in that country is enough and they are no longer receiving much aid or philanthropy and so the government is a key partner to build primary health care ,uh, to find the people who might have AIDS and get them tested ,uh, somebody who has cough and who might have caught TB to get them tested as soon as possible ,uh, the government systems ,uh, were helping put those in place  put the medicines in placeand and get there much faster ,uh, because of the expertise resources that the government on on its own and so we’re always  it always helps us the the better the government is theeasier our our job is. 3. DA : Thank you and and Dr.Tahir of course in Indonesia you know sometimes we have problems with we don’t know where the money is going and so on and so for is this also a concern for you? – I mean how how is it going to be you know, implemented especially working with the government and perhaps with local NGOs. How can you follow the money trail and make sure that its 4. DST : Of course its actually I always say Indonesia always have a big concern about it. That is the question that I have been asking Mr. Bill Gates for a few times but after I know much more about the Global Fund and I I was in \\ on the spot personally, in the Hasan Sadikin Hospital and with other few foundations that is the discipline. ,Uh, I have a confidence because it is not easy to get the money from Global Fund. You have to propose you know and very sophisticated and very very high discipline on that, so and ,uh, we can count on that because it is a big amount of money, you cannot 55 distribute individually. I think let the Global Fund do it I think and as minister of Health – I mean as a chairman, mister \\ ,uh, madam Nafsiah I think she enjoy a good reputation on that. 5. DA : And so that it it has to be transparency and accountability. 6. DST : There there are transparency. 7. DA : And do you exact  expecttransparency and accountability from your guarantees, - I meanhow how does it work? Do you have to everything has to be audited and going through you know very rigorous process of accountability? 8. BG : Yeah – I mean a a lot of this money is is my money or the money of Warren Buffet so I make sure that the impact is super high and then health, it’s not that hard to do when you get money from the Global Fund and they say, “we are going to cure these many people” on TV, then we will do the survey and you see that was done. We’re gonna put people on HIV medicines, you can check the numbers was it done. At the end of the day, you’ll see less people die and if you don’t see that change, then you’ll begin to “okay what happen here?” 9. DA : Are you and Melinda very much hands on the foundation? Weoften see you 10. BG : Very, I Iam much hands on this foundation as I was in Microsoft so 11. DA : So this is this is how you spend basically the greater parts of your days these days? 12. BG : Yeah absolutely. ,Uh, I do the the budget reviews and we are also lucky we because this is such a meaningful type of work we are able to hire in very talented people to come and andwork on this. But at the end of the 56 day, I can say to Warren Buffet who has given a lot of money in our foundation, “Warren, I am watching your money ,uh, and we are per dollar we are having more impact than any other way you could get that money.” 13. DA : Now ,uh, you know with the Bill and Mellinda Gates, you know your names are very much attach to this, I’m just wondering about you know the sustainability of it. Say one day you are no longer there to you know really – I mean what what kind of ,uhm, I don’t know ,uh, future plans do you have to make sure that this foundation is sustainable for in 2030. 14. BG : No. This foundation will spend all its money ,uh, within twenty years when Mellinda and I aren’t around. So this foundation is aimed at providing health equity that every child in the world has health equity. And that’s achievement in our lifetime and all our resources should go against that and then in the future, there’ll be rich people in the future they they don’t know what the problems are, how to measure those problems, solve those problems ,uh, and and so this is not suppose to sit around and you know put my name on buildings or something ,uh, it will disappear. 15. DA : Why why is that? – I mean this is you know 16. BG : Because I don’t 17. DA : This much ,uh, found this 18. BG : I know I know these resources can be used on global health during my lifetime and and for a few decades the the directions, the excellence will maintain itself so I want all the resources to go to the the problems that Melinda and I are commited to. And then I won’t be around ,uh, but other people will be here ,uh, understanding what new problems come along. We can achieve health equity – I mean ,uh, you know we can make it so that less 57 than 1 percent of children die ,uh, before the age of 5. Today it’s 5 percent ,uhm, and it’s quite different. It has countries over 20 percent in Africa and then the rich countries are under 1 percent so that’s quite different. If we wanna get all the countries stand below 5 percent and all countries below 2 percent, that’s equity. Table V Number of Speech Errors in Session V No. Spea ker SP FP ,..., Rep RFS \ UFS \\ Cor – Stu - Int .. STT  1. DA √√ √√ √ √ 2. BG √ √√√√ √√ √√√√ √√ 3. DA √ √√ √ 4. DST √√√ √√ √√ √ 5. DA √ 6. DST √ 7. DA √√ √ √ √ 8. BG √√ √ √ 9. DA √ 10. BG √ √ 11. DA √ 12. BG √√ √√ √ 13. DA √√√ √ √ 58 14. BG √√√ √√ 15. DA √ √ 16. BG √ 17. DA √ √ 18. BG √√√√ √ √√√√ √ Total 8 25 27 - 2 8 1 2 3 The types of speech errors that are produced in this session are silent pause, filled pause, repeat, unretraced false start, correction, stutter, interjection and slip of the tongue. There are three speakers who are involved in this session. Desi Anwar produces twenty-seven speech errors, Bill Gates produces forty speech errors and Dato Sri Tahir produces nine speech errors. So the speaker who produces the most speech errors in the fifth session is Bill Gates. The most frequent type of speech errors that is produced in this session is repeat which is produced twenty-seven times. Session VI : Interviewer : Desi Anwar Responders : Bill Gates and Dato Sri Tahir Duration : 5 minutes 51seconds 29:31-35:22 1. DA : Are you such a role model for philanthropy ,uhm, Mr.Gates you see other you know billionaires following your footstep and doing things on your scale and especially focusing on issues that are of global concern. Are there 59 more and more people? – I mean or are you also encouraging this kind of philanthropy? 2. BG : Well, we found today ,uh, amazing example of ,uh, people doing things and they are not my footsteps you know Rockerfeller, Carnegie – I mean you know I got three blocks of books about people who have done done things well. I do think that the more people do it, it will ask other people in and even you know society says, “hey, if you are really successful, you should get out there and find something about the people in need. Not surely to help, but that’s I think it’s a very important thing but philanthropy has to be broad and diverse. You know how do you make schools better, how do you deal with handicapped people, how do you. There are so many needs and philanthropy will grow and grow because it will become kind of an accepted norm ,uh, even for the people that have resources hopefully giving small amounts of money or small amounts of time. 3. DA : Uh huh. Pak Tahir this is something new also for Indonesia ,uh, and do you see that this is gonna be something that more and more people will join in then? 4. DST : Yeah I think ,uh, uh, what Mr. Bill Gates say he is not the beggining, he is not the end. We are just the part of the process you know of this life so the most important is we can inspire the people to do it and first of all I inspire my children to do it. This my responsibility and then ,uh, maybe this model can inspire other businessmen so I think we do our part in our life , Mr Bill Gates do his part, he is much bigger and I in small capacity and capability, I do small in scale in my own country. I think that is my philosophy. 60 5. DA : Uh huh so that’s your your motivation? Is it also to make a a difference? 6. DST : ,Uh, I I don’t make different. I’m not qualified in this to make a different. I just do my part in my life. I think I live in this country, I give back something to my country. I think this is very logical consequences. 7. DA : Uh huh it’s very admirable and in in terms of your – I mean motivation, you you for a long time it was quite you know Bill Gates ,uh, IT Enterpreneur Microsoft and so on and so for – I meanhow how do you see yourself? Do you still have that ,uhm, label? Or do you see yourself as ,uhm, Bill Gates the philanthropist? 8. BG : Well,the things I like to do sitting with scientists ,uh, looking innovations, sitting with people and saying, “can we get this out to help people?” ,uhm, you know, this is fun work and it’s fun to see the progress and there are setbacks that challenge you, “okay, I didn’t think hard enough, I didn’t learn enough, I didn’t involve enough of the smart people, why are we having this setback?” ,uh,that that kind of mind set ,uhm, is is very en- enjoyable . ,Uh, having my wife as my partner in this work where she’s got you know a lot of passion that women and children be you know considered very carefully because they they suffer the most from these problems. That’s a lot fun for me and so its its different that now I don’t stay work three days without any sleep you know I Itake vacations, on my twenties, I didn’t believe in vacations, I didn’t believe in weekends so you know I’m a little less crazy ,uh, then I was back then. Hopefully I’m a little wiser than I was back then. 61 9. DA : Uh huh what would you say be your biggest challenges now as a philanthropy with all these you know huge amount of money that you want to make sure that it’s properly used. What are the things that give you headaches and keep you awake at night? Even 10. BG : Well, I said that governments are the key partners and they ,uh, they are to sustain these programs and sometimes governments you know aren’t ,uh, measuring things enough, they are not motivating people enough you know say work in India, the worker \ the health worker don’t always show up ,uh, the budget doesn’t always get paid. There is fortune in health, there is no large scale corruption but there is petty corruption, people say who ask for fee for service that should be free. And so how do you monitor that to keep that in the very low level so the complexity of execution areyou could you could let you shall be frustrated by it ,uhm, you know why aren’t we done with polio in Pakistan? It’s people who misunderstand who’ve chosen to say that the the polio vaccine is bad and literally kill polio vaccinator. 11. DA : How about in \ about Indonesia? How optimistic are you at? 12. BG : Well Indonesia is way ,uh, Indonesia has already done a lot of very good things. It can do more to get that ,uh, vaccine to rate up, to get TB gets down ,uh, but the the basic will to do it ,uh, having that you know government that works in a pretty stable version ,uh, you know commitment that whatever misdirection of money there is that over time there is less and less and that I know Indonesia has a very helpful story. ,Uh, many countries are striving to get to Indonesia’s level now – I mean Indonesia gets to strive ,uh, follow others but ,uh,it \\ this is a big you know really wonderful country and has a a very bright future. 62 Table 6 Number of Speech Errors in Session VI No. Spea ker SP FP ,..., Rep RFS \ UFS \\ Cor – Stu - Int .. STT  1. DA √ √ 2. BG √√√ √ √ √ 3. DA √ √ 4. DST √√√ √ 5. DA √√ 6. DST √ √ 7. DA √√√ √√√ √√ 8. BG √ √√√√ √√ √√√√ √ √ √ 9. DA √√ 10. BG √√√√ √√ √ √ 11. DA √ 12. BG √√√√ √√√√ √√ √ √ √ Total 4 30 16 2 1 5 1 5 - The types of speech errors that are produced in this session are silent pause, filled pause, repeat, retraced false start, unretraced false start, correction, stutter and interjection. There are also three speakers who are involved in this session. Desi Anwar produces seventeen speech errors, Bill Gates produces forty-one speech errors and Dato Sri Tahir produces six speech errors. So the speaker who produces the most speech errors in the sixth session is Bill Gates. The most frequent type of speech 63 errors that is produced in the sixth session is filled pause which is produced thirty times. Session VII : Interviewer : Desi Anwar Responders : Bill Gates and Dato Sri Tahir Duration : 3 minutes 30 seconds 36:52-40:22 1. DA : Now with your expertise in technology and innovation, how can that be brought into you know what is creating the program or ,uhm, just getting things you know implemented. Do you use that technology in innovation to create more effective programs? 2. BG : Yes. Digital tools are part of this. They are not as big as the new malaria vaccine or TB vaccine that would prevent that disease but the idea that the healthcare worker can when somebody comes in see ,uh, what the history of that patient is that in terms of making sure that the vaccines and drugs are always stocked. So patient never comes in and the materials not there. ,Uh, even watching for corruption that you always seen okay where do the goods go and you know there is a cameradid did these persons or even patient reporting, “hey I paid money to get what I was supposed to ,uh, free service so I didn’t get good service.” Now with modern communications technology looking at budgets, looking at behaviour, we should be able to use those tools to raise the level of quality and all of these different systems. And so part of my enthusiasm is taking digital approaches into this round ,uh, part is to take biological innovation to invent the new entities and you know between the 64 two those things give us you know in 10 years to have a lot more in twenty years you know it would be it would be phenomenal and i’ll get to be around to help help push that for. 3. DA : Yeah, let’s hope in ten twenty years you know these diseases would be well on their way out. But Pak Tahir how involved would you be in o- overseen these programmes particularly in this Indonesia Health Fund? 4. DST : Health fund? Yeah I think ,uh, as ,uh, just now I listen to Mr.Bill Gates’ ,uh uh, speech that ,uh,a lot some area that ,uh, maybe government haven’t done it that private sector can’t fill it up,Yeah,can be complement on that. And especially on the down side,Yeah, usually government on the policy side and the private sector can do you know the realization side. That’s why my op-optimistic. 5. DA : Uh huh will the foundation work very very closely with the Indonesia Health Fund? – I meanwhat what’s the mechanism? 6. DST : Well this is the new one, Indonesia Health Fund is a new one yeah so we still work together with the Polio Polio Fund and ,uh, uh, Global Fund. 7. DA : One day you know when Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is no longer around, how would you like people to remember you? 8. BG : I don’t I don’t need to be remembered. I want them to forget malaria, I want them to forget Polio ,uh,they can  if we can make sure that this ,uh, \ that they forget those then that’s that’s quite a memorial ,uh, uh, you know just he worked on diseases that nobody knows about it anymore. 9. BG : No no no 65 10. BG : There is many diseases you don’t have to think about. ,Uh, that that would be nice. 11. DA : Okay one \\ once again thank you very much and congratulation Indonesia Health Fund let’s hope Indonesia can be sort of this showcase that we can be ,uh, an example for more similar collaborations with other countries. 12. BG : Yeah, it’s very exciting. Table 7 Number of Speech Errors in Session VII No. Spea ker SP FP ,..., Rep RFS \ UFS \\ Cor – Stu - Int .. STT  1. DA √ √ 2. BG √√√√ √√√ 3. DA √ √ 4. DST √√√√ √√ √ √√√ 5. DA √√ √ 6. DST √√ √ √ 7. DA √ 8. BG √√√√ √√ √ √ 9. BG √√ 10. BG √ √ 11. DA √ √ 12. BG √ 66 Total 2 19 11 1 1 1 2 6 1 The types of speech errors that are produced in this session are silent pause, filled pause, repeat, retraced false start, unretraced false start, correction, stutter, interjection and slip of the tongue. There are three speakers who are involved in this session. Desi Anwar produces ten speech errors, Bill Gates produces twenty speech errors and Dato Sri Tahir produces fourteen speech errors. So the speaker who produces the most speech errors in the last session is Bill Gates. The most frequent type of speech errors that is produced in this session is filled pause which is produced nineteen times. Table VIII The Total Number of Common Types of Speech Errors Made by Native and Non-Native Speakers in Session I-VII Session Speakers Common Types of Speech Errors SP FP Rep RFS UFS Cor Stu Int STT I Native : • BG 2 31 16 1 - - - 3 - Non-Native : • DA • DST - 3 6 - - 1 - 1 - - 16 8 - 2 - 2 1 1 II Native : • BG 4 16 4 - - - - 2 - Non-Native : • DA 1 7 1 - - - - - - 67 III Native : • CB - 3 4 - - 1 - - - Non-Native : • DA - 3 3 - - - - - - IV Non-Native : • DA • NM - 2 1 - - - - - - 2 9 2 1 2 1 - - - V Native : • BG 3 16 15 - - 2 - 2 2 Non-Native : • DA • DST 5 6 9 - - 5 1 - 1 - 3 3 - 2 1 - - - VI Native : • BG 1 21 10 1 1 2 1 4 - Non-Native : • DA • DST 3 5 5 1 - 3 - - - - 4 1 - - - - 1 - VII Native : • BG - 9 8 1 - - - 1 1 Non-Native : • DA • DST 2 2 2 - 1 1 1 1 - - 8 1 - - - 1 4 - 68

4.2 Findings