Errors Made By The Speakers In Face To Face With Bill Gates Broadcasted On Metro Tv

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i ERRORS MADE BY THE SPEAKERS IN FACE TO FACE WITH BILL GATES BROADCASTED ON METRO TV

A THESIS BY

FLORENCE YULY REG. NO. 110705012

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

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iv Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara on April 15th, 2015.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr.H. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S ... Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D ... Dr. Matius CA. Sembiring, M.A. ... Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP ... Dr. Rohani Ganie, M.Hum ...

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v AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I FLORENCE YULY DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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vi COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : FLORENCE YULY

TITLE OF THESIS : ERRORS MADE BY THE SPEAKERS IN FACE TO

FACE WITH BILLGATES BROADCASTED ON

METRO TV

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to give all my honor and praise to God Almighty, The Lord Buddha Shakyamuni, for all his blessings and good karmas that are given to me in this life so that I am able to finish my study.

In the process of completing this thesis, I realize that this thesis will not come into existence without the help, encouragement and advice from the people around me. There have been many incredible people who supported and encouraged me to finish this thesis. Therefore, I would like to deliver my greatest appreciation and gratitude to all those people.

I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr.H.Syahron Lubis,M.A, the Head of Department of English, Dr.H.Muhizar Muchtar,M.S and the Secretary of Department of English, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D for their help, suggestions and support related to the completion of this thesis and other administrative supports.

I would like to thank my Supervisor, Dr.Eddy Setia, M.Ed.TESP and my Co-supervisor, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D for all the help, guidance, solutions and advices in completing this thesis. I also would like to thank all the lecturers in the Department of English who have shared their excessive knowledge and for their contributions during the academic years.

My greatest love and gratitude are presented to my beloved family who have been loving and supporting me sincerely. I present my deepest love to my father Sandarwin, my mother Erlina Teng, my younger brother Christopher Martin, my

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viii grandparents and my aunt for all their love, care, patience and support in every decision I made so that I can finish my study well without any significant obstacles.

My special thanks are presented to all my friends in IMSI 2011 especially to Beby, Camelia, Elvi, Altena, Yudha and all my classmates for the joy, laughters, support and memorable time we share during our academic years in these 4 years. I also would like to thank my seniors who have shared their information and experiences during the study.

Medan, March 2015

The Writer,

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ix ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Errors Made by The Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates.Skripsi inimembahas tentang kesalahan-kesalahan ujaran “speech errors” yang ditemukan dalam ujaran-ujaran para pembicara saat sesi wawancara dalam acara Face to Face With Bill Gates yang disiarkan di Metro TV dengan menggunakan studi kepustakaan dan studi lapangan. Analisis dalam skripsi ini difokuskan pada jenis-jenis kesalahan ujaran yang umum (common types of speech errors) sesuai teori Clark and Clark (1977), yaitu silent pause, filled pause, repeat, retraced false start, unretraced false start, correction, stutter, interjection dan slip of the tongue. Dari hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa semua pembicara memproduksi kesalahan dalam ujaran-ujaran mereka. Jumlah kesalahan ujaran yang ditemukan adalah sebanyak 347 kesalahan. Jenis-jenis kesalahan ujaran umum yang dibuat oleh para pembicara adalah filled pause sebanyak 164 kali (47,3%), repeat sebanyak 99 kali (28,4%), silent pause sebanyak 23 kali (6,6%), interjection sebanyak 20 kali (5,8%), correction sebanyak 17 kali (4,9%), unretraced false start sebanyak 8 kali (2,3%), slip of the tongue sebanyak 8 kali (2,3%), retraced false start sebanyak 5 kali (1,5%) dan stutter sebanyak 3 kali (0,9%)

Kata-kata kunci : ujaran, kesalahan, pembicara, wawancara

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x ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled Errors Made by The Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates. This thesis discusses about the speech errors that are found in the speeches of the speakers during the interview session in Face to Face With Bill Gates broadcasted on Metro TV by using library research and field research. The analysis in this thesis is focused on the common types of speech errors based on Clark and Clark’s (1977) theory such as silent pause, filled pause, repeat, retraced false start, unretraced false start, correction, stutter, interjection dan slip of the tongue. Based on the analysis, it is found that all speakers produce errors in their speeches. The total of speech errors are 347 errors. The common tyoes of speech errors that are made by the speakers are 164filled pauses (47,3%), 99 repeats (28,4%), 23silent pauses (6,6%), 20 interjections (5,8%), 17 corrections (4,9%), 8 unretraced false starts (2,3%), 8 slips of the tongue (2,3%),5 retraced false starts(1,5%) and 3 stutters(0,9%).

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xi TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION...v

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION...vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...vii

ABSTRAK...ix

ABSTRACT...x

TABLE OF CONTENTS...xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of The Study...1

1.2Problems of The Study...6

1.3Scope of The Study...6

1.4Objectives of The Study...7

1.5Significance of The Study...7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1Theoretical Background...9

2.1.1 Linguistics...9

2.1.2 Psycholinguistics...11

2.1.3 Competence and Performance...12

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xii

2.1.5 Speech Execution...17

2.1.6 Ideal Delivery...20

2.1.7 Speech Errors...22

2.1.8 Common Types of Speech Errors...24

2.1.9 Language and Media ...30

2.2Errors vs. Mistakes Concept...31

2.3Related Researches...32

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1Data and Data Source...39

3.2Research Methods...39

3.3Data Collection Procedures...40

3.4Methods of Analyzing Data...40

3.5Steps of The Research...41

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1Data Analysis...42

4.2Findings...68

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1Conclusion...71

5.2Suggestion...72

REFERENCES...74 APPENDICES

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xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SP = Silent Pause

FP = Filled Pause

Rep = Repeat

RFS = Retraced False Start

UFS = Unretraced False Start

Cor = Correction

Stu = Stutter

Int = Interjection

STT = Slip of The Tongue

DA = Desi Anwar

DST = Dato Sri Tahir

NM = Nafsiah Mboi

BG = Bill Gates

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ix ABSTRAK

Kata-kata kunci : ujaran, kesalahan, pembicara, wawancara

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x ABSTRACT

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of The Study

Language is one of the most crucial and important aspects in human life. As Gleason (1998: 2) mentions that language is so basic to the existence of human that life without words is difficult to envision. Because speaking, listening, reading, and writing are such fundamental aspects of daily lives of human, they seem to be ordinary skills. Language use guides humans through the day. It facilitates humans’ relationships with others and helps humans understand world events, arts and sciences.

Hartley (1982: 83) states, “Language unifies and divides. It symbolises a common bond. It ties people together and it marks them off as distinct from others. At all levels and in all communities, language is a symbol of group and individual identity.” This statement shows that language is indeed an important thing in human lives which gives specific characteristics in the communities.

Hartley (1982: 11) defines language as a means of verbal communication. To communicate by speaking is not a gratuitous act; it is purposeful, and thus language has an instrumental aspect. Communication can only take place successfully if the means of communication is agreed upon by its users, and thus language has a social conventional aspect. Society could not exist without language and indeed, for some, it is a defining characteristic of the human race itself.

One of the most essential need in human life is communication. As social individuals, human needs to interact and communicate with each other. Hall (1968:

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2 158) cites, “language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.” Lado (1961: 2) also mentions that language is primarily an instrument of communication among human beings in community which speaks the same language.

Furthermore, language also becomes an essential need in human life which makes human becomes able to express thoughts, needs, emotions and desires through language. In order to be able to express thoughts, needs, emotions and desires, language as a system of symbols play a big role in human life. Language as a system of symbols consists of a system of sounds, grammar and meaning in order to communicate to one another in communicating ideas, emotions and desires as Sapir (1949:7) states that language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.

One of the wayof communicating ideas that is mostly done by human is speaking. Siahaan (2008: 95) states, “Speaking is a productive language skill, it is a mental process.” This means that it is a psychological process by which a speaker puts a mental concept into some linguistic form, such as word, phrases, and sentences used to convey a message to a listener. So the speech production is the process by which the speakers turn their mental concept into their spoken utterances to convey message to their listeners in the communicative interaction.

In the process of delivering message or communicating, a speaker transfers the message to a listener or addressee by uttering words or messages to the listener or addressee. But before delivering the message, the speaker needs to process what is in his mind into system of language in order to be uttered and to be understood by the addressee.

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3 In producing speech or in the process of speech production, people strive to create relevancy between thought and utterance and also the way to avoid errors or mistakes in producing speech to ensure that the thought is delivered to be understood precisely by the listener or addressee. This kind of effort in producing speech is called “ideal delivery”. Clark and Clark (1977: 261) say that ideal delivery is the correct way of executing a sentence where the speakers know what they really want to say and say it fluently.

However, in the reality, some speakers fail to reach the goal of creating ideal delivery and almost every speaker makes errors unconsciously. Gleason and Ratner (1998: 312) noted that when we think in words, the thoughts come in grammatical form with subject, verb, object, and modifying clauses falling into place without our having the slightest perception of how the sentence structure is produced. It is not always the case that the thoughtscome in correct grammatical form nor that we always select the right words to express the meaning we wish to convey. All of us have experienced, either as speakers or hearers, utterances that seem to have gotten mixed up on their way out. This shows that speech errors may happen during the production of speech and they occur mostly without the speakers’ consciousness while producing speech.

According to Clark and Clark (1977: 268), there are nine types of common speech errors, namely silent pause, filled pause, repeat (the repetition of one or more words in a row), retraced false start (the repetition of one or more words before the corrected words), unretraced false start (the direct correction of a word), correction, interjection, stutter, and slips of the tongue or tongue-slips. Clark and Clark (1977: 270) divide Tongue-Slips into seven types, they are Anticipations, Perseverations, Reversals, Blends, Haplologies, Misderivations and Word Substitutions.

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4 Clark (1977: 35) says, “ The common speech errors that are often made by the speakers who broadcast are related to the psychological principles which can be applied to the practical problem of speech, for instance, speech errors”. This makes the process of speech production is closely related to the process of thought. Therefore, speech errors as the field of analysis in this thesis are also related to psycholinguistics as the study of human mind and language. In addition, it is also because there is no two disciplines that are more closely related than linguistics and psychology. Both deal with language, one by definition and the other by necessity (Bolinger, 1975: 273).

Umar and Napitupulu (1994: 35) states that psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language in mind in processing and producing utterances and language acquisition.” Stern (1983: 296) states, “Psycholinguistics deals directly with the process of encoding and decoding as they relate states of message to state communicators.” So the definitions of psycholinguistics focus on the interrelation of language producing and perceiving between speaker and listener. The speaker produces speech and the listener perceives and understands the speech so understanding the speeches between speaker and listener is an essential thing in communication as what is going to be analysed in this thesis between the speakers in the interview.

Hutapea(2009: 21) says that “ideal delivery is frequently heard in the speech of actor, practiced reader, orator, newsreader, etc. They execute most types of sentences in a single fluent speak under one smooth intonation.” The statement concludes that speech errors tend to happen mostly in spontaneous conversations like daily conversations, formal meetings or interviews and are seldom found in planned speech of actor or other planned speeches.

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5 TV Program has also been a very influential and essential thing in social life which brings certain information to people about things that are going on in the society. The problem is that there are not many TV programs in Indonesia which use English as the media of broadcasting because English is not considered as first or second language but as foreign language in Indonesia.

Bloomfield (1953: 57) states that English has been spoken by more native speakers than any other language. If we count the important factor of foreign speakers, English is the most widespread of language. So English has been in consideration of being an international language, and as a matter of fact, English has also been a compulsory subject learned in many countries around the world including Indonesia. On account of that reason, the TV Program which uses English seems important and useful to be analysed.

While watching an interview or talkshow on TV, people rarely notice the errors that are made by the speakers and even the speakers often make errors unconsciously in their speeches. Therefore, it is thought to be essential to analyse the speeches ininterview on TV Program to know the errors that have been created by the speakers in delivering their speeches. This analysis is also aimed at proving that ideal delivery is frequently heard in the speech of practiced reader or newsreader, as found in the speeches of Desi Anwar as the narrator in the TV Program.

Face to Face is an exclusive talk show which interviews world figures that made influence to the world. Face to Face is hosted by Desi Anwar, an Indonesian news presenter who holds her educational background in England. The guests in this TV program are Bill Gates, Christoph Benn, Dato Sri Tahir and Nafsiah Mboi who are high-profile figures, executives and philanthropists. Thomas (1999: 12) mentions that language often serves the interests of dominant social groups, usually because

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6 these are the groups who have most control over it: politicians and lawyers, owners of international media conglomerates and other influential, high profile figures.Because of the prestige and popularity of the speakers, the TV Program and the variations of speakers (native and non-native), the speeches in this interview are interesting to be analysed.

The speeches of the people who are involved in the interview will be analysed based on Clark and Clark’s common types of speech errors that have been mentioned above to find the most dominant type of speech error that is made by the speakers in the interview, to find the speaker who makes the most error and also to prove that ideal delivery is frequently found in planned speeches while speech errors tend to happen mostly in spontaneous conversations like daily conversations, formal meetings or interviews and are seldom found in planned speeches.

1.2Problems of The Study

In accordance with the title of this thesis, there are three problems that are going to be discussed in this study:

1. What are the types of speech errors made by the speakers (native and non-native) in Face to Face with Bill Gates?

2. What is the most dominant type of speech errors made by the speakers (native and non-native) in Face to Face with Bill Gates?

3. Which speaker in Face to Face with Bill Gates makes the most speech errors? 1.3Scope of The Study

The analysis is limited only in the analysis of speech errors which are found among the speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates. In this thesis, the focus of analysis concerns with the common types of speech errors made by the speakers in

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7 Face to Face with Bill Gates, the most dominant type of speech errors, the speaker who makes the most number of speech errors in the interview and the proof which shows that ideal delivery is found in planned speeches while speech errors are found in spontaneous conversations. According to Clark & Clark (1977: 268), the common types of speech errors are silent pause, filled pause, repeat, retraced false start, unretraced false start, correction, interjection, stutter, and slip of the tongue or tongue-slips.

1.4Objectives of The Study

The objectives of doing this study are :

1. To find out the types of speech errors made by the speakers (native and non-native) in Face to Face with Bill Gates.

2. To find out the most dominant type of speech errors made by the speakers (native and non-native) in Face to Face with Bill Gates.

3. To find out the speaker in Face to Face with Bill Gates who makes the most speech errors.

1.5Significance of The Study

It is expected that this analysis will be beneficial for the readers who are interested in the study of speech errors to know further about the analysis of speech errors found in interview or talk show on TV program. This analysis is intended to give information to the readers or learners who are interested in the study of speech errors. This analysis will also give information to the readers about the types of speech errors and the type which occurs the most in the program.

In addition, this analysis will give information about the speaker in Face to Face with Bill Gates who makes the most speech errors among the speakers in the interview. Furthermore, this analysis is aimed at proving that ideal delivery is

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8 frequently found in planned speech while speech errors are found in spontaneous speechlike interview. This analysis is also expected to give additional knowledge to the readers who only used to pay attention to the intentions of the speakers in interview, to look out beyond the speech, to know the errors that are made by the speakers during the interview.

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9 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Background 2.1.1 Linguistics

Linguistics can be simply defined as the scientific study of language. According to Gleason and Ratner (1998: 7), linguistics is the study of language in its various aspects. As a science, its primary concern is the structure of a particular language or of languages in general. As stated by Bennet (1968: 17), modern linguistics works first with the range of spoken language and treats the written language as one variety, perhaps the most prestigious, yet only one variety of language. This is the reason why spoken language is interesting to be analysed.

Thomas (1999: 6) states that one of the obvious ways of thinking about language is as a systemic way of combining smaller units into larger units for the purpose of communication. For example,the combination of sounds of language (phonemes) to form words (lexical items) according to the rules of the language. Those lexical items can be combined to make grammatical structures according to the syntactic rules of the language.

Gleason and Ratner (1998: 5) also mention that human language is characterized by its hierarchical structure. This means that the message of language is divisible into smaller units of analysis. Utterance is a sentence that contains smaller discrete elements such as words and sounds, and these can be recombined to make other utterances. Therefore Gleason and Ratner (1998: 8) state that every human language may be analyzed in terms of its phonology (sound system), morphology (rules for word formation), lexicon (vocabulary), syntax (rules for

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10 combining words into grammatically acceptable sequences), semantics (conventions for deriving meanings of words and sentences), and pragmatics (rules for appropriate social use and interpretation of language in context).

In determining the subject of linguistics to be analysed, linguists take what people say and what people find acceptable in language use as their data. They work from actual language examples and individual intuitions about whether such examples are well formed to develop general accounts of the grammar of a language (Gleason and Ratner, 1998: 7).

In its function for communication, language holds two basic functions according to Thomas (1999: 9), they are :

1. Referential Function

This function is the one associated with what objects and ideas are called and how events are described. For example, how people represent the world around them and the effects of those representationsthe way they think.

2. Affective Function

This function is concerned with who is allowed to say what to whom, which is deeply tied up with power and social status. For example, saying ‘I think it’s time you washed your hair’ would be an acceptable comment from a parent to a young child, but would not usually be acceptable from an employee to their boss.

As a conclusion of the explanations about language, it can be concluded as what Thomas (1999: 10) says that language is a system, or rather a set of systems (a system of sounds, a system of grammar, a system of meaning). Within these systems, there is scope for creativity and invention. How an individual uses the systems available to them varies according to who the speaker is, how they perceive themselves and what identity they want to project. Language use also varies

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11 according to the situation, whether it is public or private, formal or informal, who is being addressed, and who might be able to overhear.

2.1.2. Psycholinguistics

Hartley (1982: 16) explains that psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition. While Gleason and Ratner (1998: 3) state that psycholinguistics or the psychology of language is concerned with discovering the psychological processes by which humans acquire and use language. Psycholinguistics addresses three major concerns:

1) Comprehension.

It is how people understand spoken and written language. This is a broad area of investigation that involves scrutiny of the comprehension process at many levels, including investigation of how speech signals are interpreted by listeners (speech perception), how the meanings of words are determined (lexical access), how grammatical structure of sentences is analyzed to obtain larger units of meaning (sentence processing) and how longer conversations or texts are appropriately formulated and evaluated (discourse).

2) Speech Production.

It is how people produce language. This major learns speakers’ mistakes (speech errors) and form breaks in the ongoing rhythm of connected speech (hesitation and pausal phenomena or speech disfluencies).

3) Acquisition

It is how people learn language. The major focus in this domain has been on how children acquire a first language (developmental psycholinguistics).

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12 Scovel (1998: 31) says, “psycholinguistshave become excited about a new way of discovering how we put words into our mouths”. There are several processes that must first be acknowledged by psycholinguist who wishes to understand how a sentence is processed. As mentioned by Gleason and Ratner (1998: 8) the processes are :

1) The sounds of the message must be isolated and recognized. 2) The words must be identified and associated with their meanings.

3) The grammatical structure of the message must be analyzed sufficiently to determine the roles played by each word.

4) The resulting interpretation of the message must be evaluated in the light of past experience and current context.

2.1.3 Competence and Performance

Competence is individual's ideal knowledge of a language, while performance is the specific way in which it is used. Gleason and Ratner (1998: 6) state that languages do not vary infinitely; there appear to be constraints on the nature of possible linguistic rules that reflect the nature of human cognition. It is important to analyse language in its form which is isolated from its social context as stated by Halliday (2007: 205) that in philosophical linguistics, language is isolated from its social context and studied in an idealized form, with a sharp boundary bound drawn between the system and the use of the system as what Chomsky called ‘competence’ and ‘performance’.

There is a question made by Hartley (1982: 15) which is, “What data does the learner need in order to acquire communicative competence?” Then its answer stated by Hartley is that the rules of grammar produce sentences free from slips of the tongue and sudden changes of construction or topic. Real speakers produce

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13 utterances, containing many or few blemishes, in real situations and for a purpose. The language learner is faced with the problem of filtering out – on the basis of non-native intuitions – what is pertinent and what is not in order toextend his knowledge of the systems which underlie performance. This means being attentive not only to what is said and what is not said, but also to the actions and intentions of the persons involved and the situation in which communication takes place.

2.1.4 Speech

“A spoken utterance is mental concept turned by a speaker in speaking,” (Siahaan, 2008: 94). According to Siahaan, speaking is a productive language skill. It is a mental process. This means that it is a psychological process by which a speaker puts a mental concept into some linguistic form, such as word, phrases, and sentences used to convey a message to a listener. So the speech production is by which the speakers turn their mental concept into their spoken utterances to convey a message to their listeners in the communicative interaction (Gleason and Ratner, 1998: 310).

According to Monroe (1949: 372), there are several basic types of speech based on the purpose of the speakers who want to convey their ideas. They are:

1. The Speech to Entertain

The speech to entertain seeks to make a point through the creative, organized use of the speaker's humor. Their purpose is to relax the audience, establish some interaction with them, and set the mood for the rest of the show. If a speaker combines the following five guidelines with what he already knows about developing a public speech, he will discover that a speech to entertain is not only challenging but also fun to present.

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14 The first requirement for “a speech to entertain” is that it makes a point or communicates a thesis, no less than the most carefully crafted informative or persuasive speech. Second is creative. A speaker “speech to entertain” should be original and creative. It should give the audience a glimpse of the unique view of the world. Third is organized. It must have an introduction, body, and conclusion just as informative and persuasive speeches do.

In other words, “the speech to entertain” must convey a sense of moving toward some logical point and achieving closure after adequately developing that point.The speech to entertain is difficult to do for a simple reason: Most people associate entertainment with lots of laughter and feel that if the audience is not laughing a good deal, they are not responding favorably to the speech. But stop to consider for a moment the range of things that entertain a speaker, from the outrageous antics of the comedian Gallagher to the muttered ramblings of Steven Wright.

Finally, “a speech to entertain” benefits from spirited delivery. People have often heard good speeches to entertain and looked forward to reading transcripts of them later. They were usually disappointed. The personality, timing, and interaction with the audience that made the speech lively and unforgettable could not be captured on paper. People have also read manuscripts of speeches to entertain that promised to be dynamic when presented.

One of the primary functions of speech itself is to provide an avenue for the transfer of knowledge. Somebody is able to give other people that which he has acquired by his own experience by means of speech. The capability to convey information in an understandable form through public speech is therefore important.

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15 One of the primary functions of speech itself is to provide an avenue for the transfer of knowledge. Somebody is able to give other people that which he has acquired by his own experience by means of speech. The capability to convey information in an understandable form through public speech is therefore important.

The manner of delivering an informative speech will depend almost entirely upon the subject that the speaker is talking about and the audience he is addressing a clear understanding of the ideas presented besides to create an interest in the information.

3. The Speech to Stimulate (or Actuate through Emotional Stimulation)

Another function of speech is to raise the ideals and ambitions of men above the mediocre level where they habitually fall by stimulating emotional attitudes. “The speech to stimulate” is purposed to arouse enthusiasm or to deepen emotion, but this is not all of it.

In presenting “the speech to stimulate”, the presentation should be dynamic, which means that the outward expression of this dynamic quality will, of course, vary with the specific purpose of the speaker's speech and the occasion.

4. The Speech to Convince (or to Actuate through Conviction)

The preceding speech explained how support may sometimes be secured by stimulating emotion and arousing enthusiasm when people already agree in principle with the speaker. In this way, “the speech to convince” is closely concerned with conviction, with the necessity not only of arousing n audience, but also of changing existing beliefs or instilling new ones.

“The speech to convince” is purposed to secure belief or action based on belief in which it makes the member of the audience want to do what the speaker proposes rather than feels that they have to. Moreover, there are two subsidiary

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16 purposes that a speaker should keep in mind that is to impress the listeners with a motive for believing, i.e., self-preservation, power, profit, pleasure, pride, etc. Furthermore, it is to convince them of the logic of the speaker's proposal, i.e., the relation between cause and effect, theory and practice, etc. Sometimes, the speaker shall have to create or to retain an emotional attitude favorable to belief in the proposal such as anger and sympathy.

Everything depends upon the speech situation, and these situations vary more widely than for any other type of speaking. The style of delivery should be adapted to the occasion and to the audience. Moreover, the delivery before the audience that is apathetic to the situation will differ from that which the speaker will employ before an interested group, or one that is hostile. In general, however, a straightforward, energetic presentation that suggests enthusiasm without seeming overemotional is the most effective in securing conviction.

5. Answering Questions and Objection

When someone asks a question or raises an objection to something a speaker has said, the ultimate object of speaker's answer will be to further the particular purpose of the speech about which the questions are asked. The immediate purpose of the answer to the questions, however, will be “to satisfy the questioner”.Questions are asked for one of two reasons – to secure additional information or to raise se an objection to what has been said. To satisfy the questioner, therefore, a speaker must either give the questioner the additional facts he demands or convince him that his objection is invalid. The second purpose is to satisfy others in the audience. “Sometimes a speaker may not care what the person who questioned him thinks, but the point he has raised may be an important one in the minds of other members of the audience. Therefore, a speaker's answer must be directed not only to the questioner

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17 himself but also to the others whose objection he has voiced. The last purpose is to retain speaker's prestige”.

The method a speaker will use in answering questions or objections must depend upon the real reasons of those who raise them. A speaker will answer the mere troublemaker in way different from that in which he will answer one who is sincerely interested.

2.1.5 Speech Execution

Speaking is a complicated process to analyze. Historically, the study of speaking has confronted investigators with very tough problems. This occurs because it is difficult to exert control over what people say. It has been difficult to conduct experiments to study it. Before delivering speech, there are divisions that speakers generally take before executing their speech. Here are some processes of how speech is planned and executed as proposed by Clark and Clark (1977: 224) :

1. Discourse Plans.

The first step for the speakers is to decide what kind of discourse they are participating in. It is the case that they are telling a story, conversing with other people, giving instructions, describing an event, or making a pledge. Each kind of discourse has a different structure, and they must plan their utterances to fit. Each utterance must contribute to the discourse by conveying the correct messages.

2. Sentence Plans.

Given the discourse and their intention to produce a sentence with the correct message, speaker must select one that will do this. They must secede on the speech act, what to put as subject, and given new information, and what to subordinate. They must also decide how they want to convey their messages directly, by means of

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18 the literal meaning of a sentence, or directly, by means irony, understatement, or other indirect rhetorical devices.

3. Constituent Plans.

Once the speakers decide on the global characteristics of a sentence, they can begin planning its constituent and put them in the right order. Although they may have planned the global form of sentence, they normally select specific words only phrase by phrase.

4. Articulatory Program.

As specific words are chosen, they are formed into an articulatory program in a memory buffer capable on holding all the words of plans constituent at once. It contains a representation of the actual phonetic segments, stresses, and intonation pattern that are to be executed at the next step.

5. Articulation.

This final step is to execute the contents of the articulatory program. This is done by mechanism that adds sequence and timing to the articulory program, telling the articulatory program, telling the articulatory muscles what they should do them. This step results in audible sounds, the speech the speaker intended to produce. Sources of planning difficulty (Nisa , 2009: 29) :

1. Cognitive Difficulty

Cognitive difficulty might be presumed as the first source of speech planning difficulty. In this occasion, it took people longer to produce the first words of the sentence for an abstract than for a concrete topic. Some of the topics, which are concrete objects, look much easier to be executed than those, which are abstract concepts. Words like car, house and so on are easier to be explained than sorrow, joy, pain, etc. in which those words are categorized as abstract concepts. It is quite hard

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19 to explain those things because it will of course take longer time to pick appropriate words to express the objects that are going to be explained. There are more hesitations scattered through the explanations than through the description, presumably because it was harder to come with the explanations and right words to express them. If these suggestions are correct, topics those are talked about affect to levels of planning. They delay the planning of sentence skeleton and they delay the selecting of words to each constituent of the skeleton.

2. Situational Anxiety

A second source of speech errors is situational anxiety. This happens because of a certain situation that makes a speaker becomes tense, anxious orworry about it. Then, they try to produce hesitation in speaking. The anxiety breaks up the planning and execution that become less efficient. For example, the police will be difficult to get the actual information from somebody who has just been robbed in the market, because he is still anxious and shocked by what has happened to him. He tends to produce hesitations and some speech errors in describing and explaining the situation at that time.

When people talk about topics they are anxious about, they tend to produce more hesitations in their speaking. According to Volvariaty (2011: 17), one possibility is that anxiety disrupts the planning and execution processes generally. Speakers become tense and their planning and execution become less efficient. Another possibility is that what people talk about when they are anxious is simply more difficult cognitively. It may be very difficult to verbalize the abstract anxiety states they want to express, and so they spend more time planning, groping for just the right words. Under this alternative the anxiety pause have the same source as the

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20 pause of any other cognitively difficult talk. It is safest to assume that situational anxiety affects planning and execution both of these ways.

3. Social Factors

The next source of speech planning difficulty is social reasons. Most people do the communication in conversation or spoken form rather than the other forms of communication because listener can grasp the words or messages from the speakers hesitate too long, the speaker will take over the conversation. So the speakers should make clear what they want to convey from the beginning to the end without any speech error.

The last source of speech planning difficulty is social circumference. Under the press of a conversation, speakers must make a clear speech when they still have something to say and when they are finished. If they hesitate too long at any point, someone else may take over the conversation. In this way, the speakers should make clear when they want to convey from the beginning to the end without any hesitation. The very same planning difficulty may result in different pattern of speech errors. One person may plan all of constituent before starting it, another may plan it after the first word, and a third may forge ahead, make a mistake and then return to repair the mistake. Although they all strive for the ideal delivery, how they try to achieve it varies from person to person.

2.1.6 Ideal Delivery

The ideal delivery is a term which is the opposite of speech errors. The ideal delivery is defined as the correct way of executing a sentence. According to Clark and Clark (1977:261), “We can call one sentence as the ideal delivery when it is executed in a single fluent speech train under one smooth intonation contour”. Ideal

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21 delivery can be settled if the speakers know what they really want to say and say it fluently except in what we call as Grammatical Juncture. This is because in the ideal delivery speakers can breathe at juncture but not within clauses.

According to Clark and Clark (1977:297), there are three hesitations points at which speakers are liable to stop for planning:

1. Grammatical Junctures

It is the logical place to stop and to plan the sentence’s skeleton and the first constituent of the upcoming sentence. Pause at these junctures tend to be long and frequent.

2. Other constituent boundaries

Within sentences these boundaries are the appropriate place to stop and to plan details of the next major constituent. This stopping place typically marked by a filled pause.

3. Before the first content word within a constituent

This stopping place,like the previous kind, gives speakers time to plan the very next major constituent. It is typically marked by a silent pause or by a repeat of the beginning of the constituent.

From the three hesitation points above, it can be found that in ideal delivery Grammatical Juncture is the only place in sentences where speakers may pause to take a breath before continuing the sentence without interrupting fluent speech. Besides, there is another obligatory pause that is called conventional pauses that serves a specific linguistics purpose. For example:

1) Her brother the dentist is as ugly as a mule. 2) Her brother, the dentist, is as ugly as a mule.

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22 From the examples above, the “comma pauses” in example number two gives a different interpretation from example number one and must therefore be presented to signal this interpretation. So, ideal delivery has these characteristics.

In speaking activity, everyone wants to make that ideal delivery. One of the reasons is to make them better understood because if there are so many breaks in speech, and not in constituent boundaries, speech is very difficult to understand (Clark and Clark1977: 261). This is because in ideal delivery, all breaks will be at grammatical junctures not within clauses. Other reason is that people who speak fluently are very likely judged cleverer, abler, and more effective than the people without the same fluency. So, it is natural, in most circumstances, to strive for the ideal delivery although it is very difficult to make it in the process of speaking. So even if they should run into difficulty planning a constituent, they should try to execute it as much as a single unit as they can.

2.1.7 Speech Errors

Speech Errors are some errors made in the process of speech production which occur regularly in normal conversation so that speech errors are the opposite of ideal delivery. Gleason and Ratner (1998: 312) stated that “when we think in words, the thoughts come in grammatical form with subject, verb, object, and modifying clauses falling into place without our having the slightest perception of how the sentence structure is produced.” Although it was basically correct, it is not always the case that the thoughtscome in correct grammatical form nor that we always select the right words to express the meaning we wish to convey. All of us have experienced, either as speakers or hearers, utterances that seem to have gotten mixed up on their way out. Such errors in speech production are called speech errors.

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23 Speech errors are also known as speech disfluencies. Gleason and Ratner (1998: 313) define speech disfluencies as the speakers’ utterances with the characteristics of hesitations, repetition, false starts, and filler words such as um, well, or you know which can occur every five to eight words and be assumed to provide valuable insights into the unit of speech production and permit the evaluation on how much speech is mentally planned in advance of its production.

There are some patterns of speech errors according to some experts. For example, Gleason and Ratner (1998 : 318) state that hesitation (unfilled pause) is more likely to occur before content words such as nouns, verbs, and modifiers, than before function words such as articles, helping verbs, and so forth. It is of interest to note that in the study of the speech produced in seminars, classes, business meetings, and similar context, in both planned talks and spontaneous conversation.

In addition to speech errors, many utterances are characterized by hesitations, repetitions, false starts and filler words such as um, well or you know which are sometimes called filled pauses (Gleason and Ratner, 1998: 313). Such disfluencies are actually more common. Hesitations or unfilled pauses occur roughly every five words when people describe pictures. If speakers are conversing naturally, hesitations may appear every seven to eight words.

There are also some opinions about the terms of speech errors. Some experts like Gleason and Ratner called speech errors as slips of the tongue and some other used the term speech disfluencies to call this errors. While in Clark and Clark(1977: 270), slips of the tongue or tongue-slips is one of the type of common speech errors itself.

Yule (1985: 107) says, “in exploring what it is that we know about taking part in conversation, or any other speech event (e.g. debate, interview, various types of

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24 discussions), we quickly realize that there is enormous variation in what people say and do in different circumstances”. This is the reason why there may be speech disfluencies or speech errors that occur in speeches.

2.1.8 Common Types of Speech Errors

When people speak, they tend to make speech errors and seem almost every speaker makes these errors. Thus these speech errors are called “Common Speech Errors” by Clark and Clark(1977: 268). The common types of speech errors are:

1. Silent Pause

Silent pause means a period of no speech between words. Speed of talking is almost entirely determined by the amount of such pausing. People who speak slowly hesitate a lot, when they speed up their rate words,they do it by eliminating the pauses, not by shortening the words. According to Maclay and Osgood (1959) in Clark and Clark’s (1977:262), fast speakers are fluent because they do not hesitate much, and slow speakers are not as fluent because they hesitate a great deal. Silent pause is symbolized by [//].

For example :

- Let’s go to the // cinema now! - Please open the // door! 2. Filled Pause

Filled pause is a kind of hesitation pause. Filled pause means the pause or a gap filled by “ah”, “er”, “uh”, “mm” or the like when the speaker speaks slowly. Filled pause is symbolized by [,...,]

Clark and Clark(1977: 268) in Dardjowidjojo (2005: 145) state that there are several words that are usually used by speakers to fill pauses such as :

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25 - Ah, for example : I would like, ah, carrot.

- Well, for example : I would like, well, carrot. - Say, for example : I would like, say, carrot. For example :

- Let’s go to, mm, the cinema! - Please, open, er, the door! 3. Repeat

Repeat means speaker makes the repetition of one or more words in a row. It usually happens when people speak spontaneously and fast. Repeat is symbolized by [/].

For example :

- Let’s go to the cinema / cinema! - Please, open the door/ the door! 4. Retraced False Start

Retraced false start is the correction of a word. Retraced false start also includes the repetition of one or more words before the corrected word. Retraced false start is symbolized by [\].

For example :

- Let’s go to the school \ the cinema! - Please, open the window \ the door! 5. Unretraced False Start

Unretraced false start is similar to retraced false start. Unretraced false startdoes not include the repetition of one or more words before the corrected word. The speaker changes corrected words to the right ones directly without repeating the words before the corrected words. Unretraced false start is symbolized by [\\].

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26 For example :

- Let’s go to the school \\ cinema! - Please, open the window \\ door! 6. Correction

Correction occurs because speakers know a good deal about how they select the words they are going to say. In each correction, speakers replace certain old words with the new ones, indicating that the old words had been misplanned. Correction phrases are signal why speakers are interrupting themselves. Clark and Clark(1977: 270) has noted several types of correction such as “that is” : reference editing, “or rather” : nuance editing, “I mean” : mistake editing, “well” : claim editing. Correction is symbolized by [-].

For example :

- Please, open the window – I mean, the door!

- He arrived late last night – or rather, in the early hours this morning. - She really love Jack – that is, Jessica does

- We have an examination next week – well, on Monday, 21st of August. 7. Stutter

Learning to talk is not always easy. Some people have difficulty combining sounds into words. They repeat or prolong the beginning sounds of many words, which is furthermore called a disfluency, because they break up the smooth flow of speech. More specifically a people who has such a disfluency stutter, which by definition, is speech characterized by abnormal hesitations, repetitions, and prolongations that may be accompanied by gestures, grimaces, or other bodily movements indicating a struggle to speak, blocking of speech, anxiety, or avoidance

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27 of speech. It is disorder, which we have all heard and recognized, or perhaps even experienced before: it’s the most frequent type of fluency disorder.

Speakers do the stutters because they are hesitant, stumbling, tense, jerky or nervous. Stutteris signed by repeating one letter or syllable for many times before a certain word that will say next. Stutters frequently occur when people give the speech in the spontaneous situation because they have to plan the expressions in words in mind before delivery.

The types of disfluencies in stuttering may also be different. Sound or syllable repetitions, silent “blocks”, and prolongations (unnatural stretching out of sound) and facial grimaces can be presented. Stuttering has a strong genetic link. People who stutter are very likely to have inherited their “stuttering potential” or “Stuttering predisposition” from their mother, father, grandmother, and grandfather, with 50 up to 75% of people who stutter having at least one relative who also stutters.

Stutters or stammers are caused by : a. A history of stammering in the family.

b. Some delay in acquiring language or articulation. c. Considerable emotional stress.

Stutter is symbolized by [---] For example :

- Please, open the d-d-d-door! - Let’s go to the ci-ci-cinema! 8. Interjection

Interjection occurs when speakers remember about something which is still related to the topic of the speaking suddenly.

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28 For example :

- Let’s go to the *eh*, cinema! - Please, open, *ah*, the door!

Interjectionis also inserted into a sentence to convey surprise, strong emotion, or to gain attention. Interjectionis usually placed at the beginning of a sentence. In addition, if an interjection is mild, it is followed by a comma. If it is strong, it is followed by an exclamation point. Examples include words like: Oh, Darn, Hey, and Well. The following are two examples of the proper usage of interjections in sentences.

- Well, I suppose I should stay home and study this weekend. - Darn! I broke my fingernail.

9. Slip of The Tongue

Jannedy (1994: 294) says, “By slips of the tongue we mean any inadvertent flaws in a speaker’s use of his or her language.” Slip of the tongue is one of the common speech errors as Scovel (1998: 31) states that slips of the tongue or typographical mistakes are normal, everyday occurences which pervade our speaking and our writing. Slip of the tongue is symbolized by []. Slip of the tongue can be distinguished into a number of subtypes (Clark and Clark, 1977: 270) :

a. Anticipation is the speaker intended to say “get me the pen”, but said instead “pet” me the “pen”, anticipating the “p” at the beginning of “pen” in his pronunciation of “get”. This type of error involves the substitution or addition of one sound which comes later in an utterance for one which comes earlier. (Jannedy, 1994: 294).

b. Perseveration is the opposite of anticipation. It involves the substitution or addition of a sound which has occurred earlier in the phrase being uttered.

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29 e.g. Get me the pen  get me the gen

c. Reversal is the interchange of two segments. Reversal occurred in two syllables.

e.g. Radio  Dario

d. Blendis the speaker blends two words together taken the first half of one, and the second half of the other.

e.g. Ladies and Gentlemen lateleman

e. Haplologyis the speaker leaves out a short stretch of speech it can omit on syllable.

e.g. beautiful girl  beauful girl

f. Misderivation is the speaker attaches a wrong suffix or prefix to the words.

Unbelievable  misbelievable

g. Word substitution is the speaker produces the word that is wrong difficulty related idea semantically or phonologically to the word intended.

e.g. the shops are open  the shops are close

The common types of speech errors are listed as follows: No Common Speech Errors Symbols Examples

1 Silent Pause // Please open the // door! 2 Filled Pause ,..., Please, open, er, the door! 3 Repeat / Please, open the door/ the door! 4 Retraced False Start \ Please, open the window \ the door!

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30 5 Unretraced False Start \\ Please, open the window \\ door! 6 Correction — Please, open the window – I mean,

the door!

7 Stutter ---- Please, open the d-d-d-door! 8 Interjection *....* Please, open, *ah*, the door! 9 Slip of The Tongue  Close the door!  Open the door!

2.1.9 Language and Media

The media which are usually understood to refer to the press, radio and television broadcasting have become one of the most pervasive phenomenon in human’s culture (Thomas, 1999: 50). In the modern era nowadays, media seems to have taken important roles in human’s life. As Thomas (1999: 50) says that the mass media have become one of the principal means through which human gain access to a large part of information about the world, as well as to much of entertainment. Because of this, media are powerful site for the production and circulation of social meanings, to great extent, the media decide the significance of things that happen in the world for any given culture, society or social group.

Media give beneficial functions and purposes in human’s life. Media help humans to gain the values of life. Thomas (1999: 50) states that the media are used for many different purposes, for information, for entertainment, and for education through a range of programmes for schools as well as university broadcasts. The mass media provide the means of access to much information and represent a potentially powerful forced in the society. People can select what is news, who gets into the papers and onto television and radio, and most importantly for linguists, the

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31 way that those stories get told, and the frameworks in which people get to appear and talk.

The language used by the media is also able to portray and represent what is in the society. As stated by Thomas (1999: 50), the language used by media to represent particular social and political groups and to describe newsworthy events, tends to provide the dominant ways available for the rest of us to talk about those groups and events. As access to TV and radio discourse is widening, more programmes, such as the ever-popular talk shows are being dedicated to the voices of the ordinary public, rather than limited to journalists, politicians and media experts.

2.2. Errors vs. Mistakes Concept

In language made by a learner of a second language. Such errors result from the learner's lack of knowledge of correct rules of the target language. In linguistics, it is considered important to distinguish errors from mistakes. Distinction is always made between errors and mistakes where the former is seen as resulting from learner's lack of proper grammatical knowledge and the latter as being failed to utilize a known system correctly. Brown terms these mistakes as performance error. Such mistakes are generally made by both the native speakers and second language learners.

However, native speakers are generally able to correct themselves quickly. Such mistakes include slip of the tongue, random ungrammatical formations. On the other hand, errors are systematic in that they occur repeatedly and are not recognizable by the learner. They are a part of the learner's interlanguage, and the learner does not generally consider them as errors.

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32 Based on the explanations about the difference between error and mistake, it can be said that a mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a “slip”, in that it is a failure to utilise a known system correctly while an error as a noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker, reflects the competence of the learner. Mistakes are what researchers have referred to as performance errors (the learner knows the system but fails to use it) while errors are result of one’s systematic competence (the learner’s system is incorrect).

2.3 Related Researches

Several researches related to speech errors had been made before this analysis is made. Some of the researches are as follows :

An Analysis of Speech Errors Made by The Newsreaders of “Metro this Morning” and “TVRI News” Written by Ronal Sitorus in 2003

This thesis concerns on the analysis of types of speech errors that are made by the newsreaders in the two TV programs. This thesis also aims at showing the readers that newsreaders are not always perfect in reading news because they still produce speech errors.

In completing the thesis, the writer applied both library and field research. Library research is done by searching for books related to psycholinguistics and speech while field research is done by recording and transcribing the speech into text and then analyse them based on the classifications of speech errors by using Clark and Clark’s theory.

As a result of the analysis in the thesis, the writer finds that each newsreader has their own style of speaking and reading the news in the two English news

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33 programs. The type of speech errors that is mostly produced by the newsreader is silent pause and the least produced type of speech errors is correction.

An Analysis of Speech Errors Made by The Newsreaders of “Metro this Morning” and “TVRI News” written by Ronal Sitorus gives a lot of contribution to this thesis. Both thesis use the same theory of speech error. The data of this thesis also inspire the data searching and collecting method of Errors Made by Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TV in which the data are obtained from the same TV station.

There are some differences between the two thesis. An Analysis of Speech Errors Made by The Newsreaders of “Metro this Morning” and “TVRI News” written by Ronal Sitorus analyses the speech errors made by the newsreaders which tends to be considered as one way communication while Errors Made by Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TVanalyses the speech errors made by the speakers in the interviews which are considered as two ways communication.

A Study On Speech Errors Made By Global TV VJ The Music Programs: “Most Wanted” Written by Hasnun Nisa in 2009.

This thesis concerns on the analysis of speech errors that are made by Global TV VJ in “Most Wanted” Music Program. The writer of this thesis focuses the analysis in three main problems. The writer analyses the types of speech errors and finds out the most dominant type of speech error, the factors which cause the speech errors and how the speech errors are made.

In completing the thesis, the writer applied library and field research. The field research data are obtained from the music program on television. The writer picks five samples as the data to be analysed. The writer records the data and then

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34 analyses the speech made by several VJs in the TV program. Then the writer analyses the speech based on Clark and Clark’s speech errors analysis theories.

As a result of the analysis in the thesis, the writer states that each VJ has their own characteristics in presenting the music program. Based on the analysis in the thesis, the most speech error made by the speaker is filled pause and the least error is slip of the tongue.

A Study On Speech Errors Made By Global TV VJ The Music Programs: “Most Wanted” written by Hasnun Nisa gives a lot of contribution to the topic in this thesis. The thesis uses the same theory with the theory of speech errors that is used in this thesis. The data of analysis in this thesis are also inspired by the thesis. Both data are obtained from TV programs.

Although there are several similarities between both thesis, there must be several differences. The writer of the thesis stated at the beginning of the chapter that she is going to analyse the factors that cause speech errors and how the speakers make speech errors. But apparently, there is no explanation on how the errors are made and what factors cause the errors. While this thesis about Errors Made by Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TVfocuses on the classification of types speech errors and find out the speaker who makes the most speech errors.

Speech Errors Made By Mike Lowrey And Marcus Burnett In “Bad Boys I” (The Movie) Written by Fitria Hardini in 2010

This thesis concerns on the analysis of speech errors that are made by Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett in “Bad Boys I”. The writer of this thesis focuses on three main problems in the analysis. The writer analyses the types of speech errors,

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35 finds out the most dominant type of speech error and the dominant pattern made by the speakers.

In completing the thesis, the writer applied library and field research. The field research data are obtained from the movie and the transcript which is downloaded by the writer from the internet. In this thesis, the writer compares between the transcript and the dialogues spoken by main characters in that. Then the writer identifying the errors and their positions in the sentences then the writer finds out the pattern of errors in the sentences.

As a result of the analysis in the thesis, the writer states that Mike Lowrey made 5 common types of speech errors in his dialogues while Marcus Burnett made more types than Mike Lowrey. He made 6 types of common speech errors in his dialogues. From the analysis, the writer also finds some facts about the pattern of speech errors for example silent pause happens mostly before noun and after adjective., filled pause, repeat and interjection happen mostly in the beginning of constituent.

Speech Errors Made By Mike Lowrey And Marcus Burnett In “Bad Boys I” (The Movie) written by Fitria Hardini gives contribution to the writing of this thesis. The thesis uses the same theory with the theory of speech errors that is used in this thesis. The data of analysis in this thesis are also inspired by the thesis. Both thesis analyse the speech errors made by high profiles figures like Mike and Marcus then Bill Gates and other high profile figures in the movie and TV program.

Although there are several similarities between both thesis, there must be several differences. Speech Errors Made By Mike Lowrey And Marcus Burnett In “Bad Boys I” (The Movie) does not only mention the types of speech errors made by the speakers but also states the pattern of speech errors. While Errors Made by

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36 Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TV onlyfocuses on the classification of types speech errors and find out the speaker who makes the most speech errors.

Speech Errors in Interviews of Metro TV’S INDONESIA THIS MORNING News Program Written by Ivan Lumbantobing in 2011

This thesis concerns on the analysis of speech errors made by the reporter and guest star in Indonesia This Morning TV Program. The writer of this thesis focuses on several problems in the thesis. The writer analyses types of the speech errors found in the interviews, how often the speakers produce errors in their speech,the factors of making errorsand finding the tips for reducing speech errors.

In completing the thesis, the writer applied library and field research. In collecting the data, the writer picks five interviews as samples to be analysed. The interviews are recorded and then transcribed into text and then the text is analysed based on the types of speech errors by Clark and Clark (1977: 268).

As a result of the analysis in the thesis, the writer states that the type of speech error which is mostly made by the speakers is filled pause. The writer states that the factors which cause the speakers to make errors is possibly because they are lack of competence, general social factors like nervous, and lack of vocabularies. The writer cites several tips of reducing speech errors, theyare : being calm and fully concentrate, having good level of competence in English and not being ashamed to practice because practice makes perfect, knowing whatis going to be said to master the language and the topic of the speech.

Speech Errors in Interviews of Metro TV’S INDONESIA THIS MORNING News Program written by Ivan Lumbantobing gives a lot of contribution to the topic in this thesis. Both thesis use the same theory and the data for analysis in both thesis

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37 also come from the same source. This thesis also gives additional knowledge about the factors that cause the speakers to produce speech errors and the tips on how to reduce speech errors occurrence.

Although there are several similarities between both thesis, there must be several differences. The thesis does not only focus on the types of speech errors made by the speakers in the TV program but also provides the factors that make speakers produce errors and tips to reduce while this thesis about Errors Made by Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TVfocuses on the analysis of types of speech errors, finds out the speaker who makes the most speech errors and also prove the statement which states that ideal delivery tends to occur on planned speech and speech errors tend to occur on spontaneous conversations like interviews.

Analysis of Speech Errors in “Talk Indonesia” Program on Metro TV Written b

This thesis concerns on the analysis of speech errors made by the speakers in “Talk Indonesia” Program on Metro TV. The writer of this thesis only focuses on one problem in the thesis. The writer is only concerned to analyze what speech errors that the interviewer and commentators make in “Talk Indonesia” Program on Metro TV.

In completing the thesis, the writer applied library, internet and field research. In this research, the writer learned nine samples which recorded from March 13th until May 22nd, 2011. The writer only analyzed the speech errors made in some parts of the program, which is approximately 3 – 4 minutes long of duration. Then, the writer classifies the utterances into types of speech errors by Clark and Clark (1977: 268). As a result of the analysis in the thesis, the writer states that all speakers in

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38 “Talk Indonesia” Program most produced filled pausewhile the least produced errors are slips of the tongue.

Analysis of Speech Errors in “Talk Indonesia” Program on Metro TV written b use the same theory. The data of analysis in this thesis are also inspired by the thesis. Both field data in the thesis and this thesis are obtained from TV Programs of Metro TV.

Although there are several similarities between both thesis, there must be several differences. The thesis only focuses on the types of speech errors made by the speakers in the TV program while this thesis about Errors Made by Speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates Broadcasted on Metro TV focuses on the analysis of types of speech errors, find out the speaker who makes the most speech errors and also prove the statement which states that ideal delivery tends to occur on planned speech and speech errors tend to occur on spontaneous conversations like interviews.

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39 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In completing the theoretical framework and the analysis on this thesis, library research is used by searching and collecting the references that support the topics of this thesis. As primary data, the data of interview by Desi Anwar in Face to Face with Bill Gates are used. While books related to speech and psycholinguistics and thesis related to speech errors are used as the secondary data.

In doing the research related to speech errors analysis, there are data, methods and designs of researches that are used in order to complete the analysis that will be explained further in this chapter.

3.1 Data and Data Source

The data that are used in the analysis of this thesis are utterances. Utterance does not have a precise linguistic definition. Phonetically an utterance is a unit of speech bounded by silence. In dialogue, ea utterance. Utterances are sometimes used by linguists in analysis and research in order to get advancement of the study of language. Linguists sometimes use utterance to simply refer to a unit of speech under study. The corresponding unit in written language is is from youtube. The interview episode was broadcasted on May 17th, 2014 at 9 p.m. The complete interview episode is downloaded from youtube.com.

3.2 Research Methods

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40 reach the goal. In writing the thesis, the descriptive method is used. As what Saifuddin (1998: 7) says “Penelitian deskriptif bertujuan menggambarkan secarasistematis dan akurat fakta dan karakteristik mengenai populasi atau mengenaibidang tertentu” (Descriptive research aims to describe systematically and accurately facts and characteristics of population or of the certain field).

In doing research for this thesis, both field research and library research are used. Field research is done by collecting the data from the interview session in Face to Face with Bill Gates then the data are analysed based on the types of speech errors. Library research is done through reading and collecting related theories from books and thesis related to speech errors analysis.

3.3 Data Collection Procedures

There are two procedures in collecting the data :

1. The interview session of Face to Face with Bill Gates TV Program was downloaded from youtube.

2. The speeches in the program are transcribed into written text.

3.4 Methods of Analyzing Data

The methods of analyzing data that are used in this thesis mainly: 1. Identifying the types of speech errors.

2. Classifying the speech errors into 9 types of speech errors by providing atable and calculating the speech errors and then they were counted bypercentage to look for the dominant occurrence based on Bungin’s Theory.(Bungin 2001: 189).

(56)

41 The formula is :n = ��

� x 100%

n : percentage of one kind speech errors

fx : individuals frequency (one kind of speech errors)

N : number of occurrence (all kinds of speech errors)

3.5 Steps of The Research

Several steps of the research that are used in analysing the data :

1. The interview session ofFace to Face with Bill Gates which was broadcasted on Metro TV on Saturday, 17th of May 2014 at 9 p.m. is downloaded from youtube and then transcribed into written text.

2. The text is analysed by looking into the speech errors that are made by the speakers in the interview.

3. The errors are then classified into the types of speech errors according to Clark & Clark (1977: 268), which are silent pause, filled pause, repeat, retraced false start, unretraced false start, correction, interjection, stutter, and slips of the tongue or tongue-slips.

4. After classifying the types of speech errors, the most dominant type of speech error that is made by the speakers in Face to Face with Bill Gates can be found.

5. Then the speaker who makes the most number of speech errors in the interview is found.

(57)

42 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Data Analysis

Session I :

Interviewer : Desi Anwar

Responders : Bill Gates and Dato Sri Tahir

Duration : 05:10 (02:58-08:08)

1. DA : *Hey*, Mr.Gates and Pak Tahir, congratulations on the launch of Indonesia Health Fund. ,Um um, Minister said that this is a historic event so how / how do you feel about it? What is the significance do you think of this fund ?

2. BG : *Well*, it’s quite amazing. It represents ,uh, incredible generousity ,uh, and this // sort of resources are going to help / to help the poors. Tuberculosis is still a big problem ,uh, getting drugs out to everyone,uh, and / and we got expertists of our foundations together with the Global Fund to make sure that this money has ,uh, uh, the biggest possible impact so it’s / it’s drawing ,uh, very serious resources into an important cost.

3. BG : I’m / I’m amazed and excited.

4. DA : And the fact that it’s in Indonesia because I know you are a good friend of Indonesia. Is / is this is how particular significance for you having it here? 5. BG : *Yeah*, Indonesia’s made a lot of progress but in health risk like TB

(58)

43 so \ and Dr.Tahir first came to me and said he was thinking about ,uh, giving the health related causes we talked about our partnership to do that together and so that was an / an incredible thing when he ,uh, made a huge commitment that we ,uh,uh, did in partnership and then he suggested if I ,uh, come down ,uh, that he might get together this Indonesia Health Fund and so now I’ve got to meet these eight related people ,uh, who are doing ,uh, similar things and ,uh, this is quite unique to have a country that ,uh, has both success but health needs ,uh, orchestrating a lot of the successful people ,uh, to make sure these / these problems are / are solved.

6. DA : Uh huh and the Indonesian government very opened or very happy with this kind of initiative. What / what was their initial response? Was it difficult to get them to you know on board?

7. BG : *Well*, for them ,uh, the idea that pay // the resources and the engagement of these leaders will be stronger ,uh, in this health needs it’s / it’s allgood for / for them. I / I know the health minister quite well because she is the chairman of the Global Fund which is a very important thing ,uh, and ,uhm, my wife’s very involved in ,uh, women’s ,uh, reproductive like to access to contraceptions and so she got to know part of the people in the government including the health minister apart of that. Indonesia you know it’s / it’svery / very important ,uh, it set a good example on some things but there are still a lot of kids who / who we could do better and so the government / the government is a good partner. They have no reluctance ,uh, to see ,uh, philanthropy complementing their / their work.

(1)

92 DST : Yeah, I think uh uh what Mr. Bill Gates say he is not the beggining, he is

not the end. We are just the part of the process you know of this life so the most important is we can inspire the people to do it and first of all I inspire my children to do it. This my responsibility and then uh maybe this model can inspire other businessmen so I think we do our part in our life , Mr Bill Gates do his part, he is much bigger and I in small capacity and capability, I do small in scale in my own country. I think that is my philosophy.

DA : Uh huh so that’s your your motivation? Is it also to make a a difference?

DST : Uh I I don’t make different. I’m not qualified in this to make a different. I just do my part in my life. I think I live in this country, I give back something to my country. I think this is very logical consequences.

DA : Uh huh it’s very admirable and in in terms of your I mean motivation, you you for a long time you know Bill Gates uh IT Enterpreneur Microsoft and so on and so for. I mean how how do you see yourself? Do you still have that uhm label? Or do you see yourself as uhm Bill Gates the philanthropist?

BG : Well, the things I like to do sitting with scientists uh looking innovations, sitting with people and saying, “can we... get this out to help people?” uhm you know, this is fun work and it’s fun to see the progress and there are setbacks that challenge you, “okay, I didn’t think hard enough, I didn’t learn enough, I didn’t involve enough of the smart people, why are we having this setback?” uh that that kind of mind set uhm is is very en-enjoyable. Uh having my wife as my partner in this work where she’s got you know a lot of passion that women and children be you know considered very carefully

(2)

93 because they they suffer the most from these problems. That’s a lot fun for me and so its its different that now I don’t stay work three days without any sleep you know I I take vacations, on my twenties, I didn’t believe in vacations, I didn’t believe in weekends so you know I’m a little less crazy uh then I was back then. Hopefully I’m a little wiser than I was back then.

DA : Uh huh what would you say be your biggest challenges now as a philanthropy with all these you know... huge amount of money that you want to make sure that it’s properly used. What are the things that give you headaches and keep you awake at night? Even..

BG : Well, I said that governments are the key partners and they uh they are to sustain these programs and sometimes governments you know aren’t uh measuring things enough, they are not motivating people enough you know say work in India, the worker the health worker don’t always show up uh the budget doesn’t always get paid. There is fortune in health, there is no large scale corruption but there is petty corruption, people say who ask for fee for service that should be free. And so how do you monitor that to keep that in the very low level so the complexity of execution, are you could you could let you shall be frustrated by it uhm you know why aren’t we done with polio in Pakistan? It’s people who misunderstand who’ve chosen to say that the the polio vaccine is bad and literally kill polio vaccinator.

DA : How about in about Indonesia? How optimistic are you at?

BG : Well, Indonesia is way uh Indonesia has already done a lot of very good things. It can do more to get that uh vaccine to rate up, to get TB gets down

(3)

94 uh but the the basic will to do it uh having that you know government that works in a pretty stable version uh you know commitment that whatever misdirection of money there is that over time there is less and less and that I know Indonesia has a very helpful story. Uh many countries are striving to get to Indonesia’s level now I mean Indonesia gets to strive uh follow others but uh it this is a big you know really wonderful country and has a a very bright future.

Session VII:

When it comes to generosity, actually we in Indonesia are quite used to it. Charity and giving out is part of our culture, religion and tradition. These days, companies also try to improve their image through community development programs and implementing Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR. What is lacking however, is in integrated and sustainable philanthropic works by wealthy and generous individuals through collaboration with professionally run non-profit making organizations with clear strategies and effective programs in line with government objectives. This would help in achieving targeted results and goes beyond image building initiatives by companies or feel good factor for individuals. Instead concerted efforts such as the Indonesia Health Fund partnering with Global Health Fund will ensure tangible results and would make world diseases such as polio, tuberculosis and malaria, a thing of the past.

DA : Now with your expertise in technology and innovation, how can that be brought into you know what is creating the program or uhm just getting things you know implemented. Do you use that... technology in innovation to create more effective programs?

(4)

95 BG : Yes. Digital tools are part of this. They are not as big as the new malaria

vaccine or TB vaccine that would prevent that disease but the idea that the healthcare worker can when somebody comes in see uh what the history of that patient is that in terms of making sure that the vaccines and drugs are always stocked. So patient never comes in and the materials not there. Uh even watching for corruption that you always seen okay where do the goods go and you know there is a camera did did these persons or even patient reporting, “ hey I paid money to get what I was supposed to uh free service so I didn’t get good service.” Now with modern communications technology looking at budgets, looking at behaviour, we should be able to use those tools to raise the level of quality and all of these different systems. And so part of my enthusiasm is taking digital approaches into this round uh part is to take biological innovation to invent the new entities and you know between the two those things give us you know in 10 years to have a lot more in twenty years you know it would be it would be phenomenal and i’ll get to be around to help help push that for.

DA : Yeah, let’s hope in ten twenty years you know these diseases would be well on their way out. But Pak Tahir how involved would you be in o-overseen these programmes particularly in this Indonesia Health Fund?

DST : Health fund? Yeah, I think uh as uh just now I listen to Mr.Bill Gates’ uh uh speech that uh a lot some area that uh maybe government haven’t done it that private sector can’t fill it up, yeah, can be complement on that. And especially on the down side, yeah, usually government on the policy side and

(5)

96 the private sector can do you know the realization side. That’s why my op-optimistic.

DA : Uh huh will the foundation work very very closely with the Indonesia Health Fund? I mean what what’s the mechanism?

DST : Well, this is the new one, Indonesia Health Fund is a new one yeah so we still work together with the polio Polio Fund and uh uh Global Fund.

DA : One day... you know when Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is no longer around, how would you like people to remember you?

BG : I don’t I don’t need to be remembered. I want them to forget malaria, I want them to forget Polio uh they can if we can make sure that this uh that they forget those then that’s that’s quite a memorial uh uh you know just he worked on diseases that nobody knows about it anymore.

DA : Bill Gates, enterpreneur, philanthropist.

BG : No no no

DA : Fighters of diseases

BG : There is many diseases you don’t have to think about. Uh that that would be nice.

DA : Okay one once again thank you very much and congratulation Indonesia Health Fund let’s hope Indonesia can be sort of this showcase that we can be uh an example for more similar collaborations with other countries.

(6)

97 DA : Okay thank you very much

DST : Thank you so much.

Philanthropist such as Bill Gates reminds us that at the end of the day, wealth is not about how much we have but how much we give away. By donating his money to fund important courses such as health, Bill Gates will be remembered as someone not only who founded Microsoft but as someone who dedicate his life to eradicating world diseases. And that’s all for this episode, don’t forget to join me next month where we’ll meet another figure who makes a difference to our lives here on Face to Face with Desi Anwar, bringing you the world.

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Errors Made By The Speakers In Face To Face With Bill Gates Broadcasted On Metro Tv

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Dokumen yang terkait

Analysis of Speech Errors in “Talk Indonesia” Program on Metro TV

A Study On Speech Errors Made By Global TV VJ The Music Programs: “Most Wanted

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AN ANALYSIS OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN AN INTERVIEW OF MARK RUTTE ON METRO TV’S FACE 2 FACE WITH DESI ANWAR PROGRAM

CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN FACE 2 FACE WITH DESI ANWAR ON METRO TV.

AN ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ERRORS IN A TALK SHOW PROGRAM OF METRO TV FACE TO FACE WITH DESI ANWAR BROADCASTED An Analysis Of Speech Errors In A Talk Show Program Of Metro TV Face To Face With Desi Anwar Broadcasted In January To June 2012.

INTRODUCTION An Analysis Of Speech Errors In A Talk Show Program Of Metro TV Face To Face With Desi Anwar Broadcasted In January To June 2012.

BIBLIOGRAPHY An Analysis Of Speech Errors In A Talk Show Program Of Metro TV Face To Face With Desi Anwar Broadcasted In January To June 2012.

SPEECH ERRORS IN A TALK SHOW PROGRAM OF METRO TV FACE TO FACE WITH DESI ANWAR BROADCASTED An Analysis Of Speech Errors In A Talk Show Program Of Metro TV Face To Face With Desi Anwar Broadcasted In January To June 2012.

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