Determination for Optimal Conditions of Carboxymethylation Process with Pad Batch Method

ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 22 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech Table 7. Stiffness of Warp and Weft Direction Fabric mg.cm Batching hours Sodium Hydroxide N Sodium Chloracetate N Warp Direction Weft Direction 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 6 53 55 63 21 23 28 8 48 49 59 19 22 24 10 44 47 61 20 23 23 12 48 50 61 21 23 25 4 6 55 57 64 25 29 32 8 52 52 61 25 27 29 10 48 53 62 20 24 26 12 49 54 63 23 25 28 6 6 57 59 68 30 34 35 8 55 57 65 27 29 31 10 50 53 63 23 26 33 12 53 55 66 25 28 34 8 6 62 63 70 37 38 46 8 57 59 67 31 35 38 10 54 66 68 29 34 35 12 57 67 71 30 36 36 10 6 65 68 79 37 42 47 8 60 66 76 33 39 43 10 68 67 71 30 35 36 12 69 70 73 32 37 37 Raw material 75 46 On the table 7 shown that the polyestercellulose carboxymethylation process has inluenced to fabric stiffness. The higher of sodium chloracetate concentration, the fabric stiffness is getting higher and the higher of sodium hydroxide concentration, the fabric stiffness is getting lower than before treatment. The smallest fabric stiffness in the use concentration of 2N sodium choracetate, 8N sodium hydroxide and 2 hours batching time of impregnation is 48 mg.cm to the warp direction and the combination of the use of 2N sodium chloroasetat, 10N sodium hydroxide and 2 hours batching time of impregnation, the result 19 mg.cm of weft direction of fabric stiffness. As previously explained that the treatment with sodium chloracetate cause the fabric becomes denser and stiffer, while the treatment with sodium hydroxide causing erosionhydrolysis on the surface of the polyester iber so that the iber cross-section is thinner so that the fabric becomes softer [2, 3], because the fabric is getting soft then the fabric is easier and faster to make curved, that means the fabric stiffness will be decreased. Besides that, the stiffness of the fabric is also determined by the fabric construction include pick density number of yarncm. Polyester surface abrasion on the fabric by a sodium hydroxide solution will cause the thread diameter gets smaller and pick of Warp weft density of fabrics declined, so the construction of the fabric becomes rarer, the consequence fabric stiffness will be decreased. [13]. Polyester-cellulose iber blends 65 -35 were processed Carboxymethylation processed, on the part of the polyester iber and cellulose has a degree of crystalline different. In the process of erosion of the amorphous iber parts polyester will be attacked by sodium hydroxide so that the degradation becomes more and more, while the amorphous cellulose ibers will be attacked by the sodium chloracetate that is increasing iber damage, therefore the higher the concentration of chemical substances stiffness of the fabric will tend to decline.

9. Determination for Optimal Conditions of Carboxymethylation Process with Pad Batch Method

The optimal conditions selected should cover all physical test results; It make easier to determine the right optimal conditions, then each test results are given weighting in accordance to the urgency of the test. ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 23 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech Table 8. The Chemical and Physical properties of Polyester, Cellulose and Polyester Cellulose in Optimal Condition Carboxymethylation Processes of Pad-Batching Method Polyester Cellulose PolyesterCellulose Testing Raw Warp Weft Raw Warp Weft Raw Warp Weft 1.Construction webbing plain plain plain Number of yarn Tex 16.60 13.45 13.67 9.80 13.43 14.00 Pick density cm 55 31 37 36 35 24 Dry weight m 2 g 93.29 110.6 78.798 2.Tensile Strength kg 31.50 19.58 20.87 19.53 25.00 17.90 Raw material 32.58 21.78 19.13 17.43 21.15 17.20 3.Weight reduction, 4.02 4. Methylene Blue dyeing stain dyed Dyed 94.32 Raw material blank Little dyed stained 5.Moisture Regains 0.70 10.7 4.7 Raw material 0.40 7.26 3.0

6.Crease Recovery

o 162.29 160.25 135.0 120.83 158 149 Raw material 152.13 149.25 101.4 90.5 112 109 7 Dimensional Stability 0.49 0.42 1.10 1.02 1.02 0.44 Raw material 0.63 0.52 1.69 1.55 1.36 1.1 8.Stifness mg. cm 31.71 31.38 54.19 31.54 19 22 Raw material 46.90 43.33 45.16 29.96 75 46 The main objective to determine the quality of polyestercellulose Carboxymethylation process is raising the moisture regain; lack characteristic of cellulose is low crease recovery and dimensional stability of fabric. Therefore, an important parameter is given 10 weighting value, which are moisture regain crease recovery and tensile strength fabric. While the test parameters stiffness and dimensional stability of polyestercellulose fabric has a value lower than the initial value to determine the optimal conditions are given a weighting value 5. By multiplying the value of the weighting and ranking the calculation result Newman-Keuls analysis will be obtained values to determine the optimal conditions point. The results of these calculations on table 8 showed that the optimal conditions on a treatments are: 3N sodium chloroacetate, 8N sodium hydroxide and 2 hours batching time of impregnation at room temperature 28 o C., With test results: 7 5 reduction in weight of the polyester, 94.32 absorption of methylene blue dye, 4.7 increase 56.7 moisture regains, 25 kg decrease 9.1 tensile strength of the warp direction and 17.9 kg decrease 30.9 of weft direction, in 158 increase 41.1 crease recovery of warp direction and 149 increase 36.7 of weft direction, 1.02 decrease 25 dimensional stability of warp direction and 0.44 decrease 30.9 weft direction, 49 mg.cm decrease 34.67 stiffness of warp direction and 22 mg.cm decrease 52.17 of weft direction. As a comparison it has been done the carboxymethylation process on 100 polyester fabric and 100 cellulose fabric at that optimal condition, the test result shown at table 8 ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 24 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech 11. Determination of Optimal Condition by Comparing PolyesterCellulose Carboxymethylation Process using Pad-Batch Method that have been done and Pad Bake Method that have been done at Previous Research The results of chemical and mechanical properties testing of polyestercellulose fabric after carboxymethylation process using pad-batch method and pad-bake method can be seen in Table 9. From the previous research results, that has been done on optimal condition polyestercellulose Carboxymethylation process of pad bake method reached at: concentration of 4N sodium chloroasetat, 8N sodium hydroxide and baking temperature 120 o C. with the test results as follows: 0.45 weight reduction of polyester, 94.32 absorption of methylene blue dyes, 4.44 increase 48 moisture regains, 21,50 kg decrease1,65 tensile strength of warp direction, 16 kg decrease 6,97 tensile strength of weft direction, 148 increase 32.14 crease recovery of warp direction and 145 increase 33.02 of weft direction, 0.14 increase 89.7 the dimensional stability fabric of warp direction and 0.17 increase 84.54 of weft direction, 64.0 mg.cm decrease 14.6 the stiffness fabric of warp direction and 39 mg.cm decrease 15.2of weft directions [1]. In this study that have been done the optimal conditions polyestercellulose fabric Carboxymethylation process using pad-batch method are: 3N sodium chloracetate, 8N sodium hydroxide and 2 hours batching time at room temperature 28oC., with test results as follows: 7.5 weight reduction, 94.32 the absorption of methylene blue dyes, 4.7 increase 56.7 moisture regains 25 kg decrease 9.1 tensile strength of the warp direction and 17.9 kg decrease 30.9 of weft direction, in 158 increase 41.1 crease recovery of warp direction and 149 increase 36.7 of weft direction, 1.02 decrease 25 the dimensional stability fabric of warp direction and 0.44 decrease 30.9 of weft direction , 49 mg.cm decrease 34.67 the stiffness fabric of warp direction and 22 mg.cm decrease 52.17 of weft direction. When viewed from the characteristics of the results of testing the chemical and mechanical properties in table 9 , after comparable between the two methods optimal conditions it is best of polyester cellulose Carboxymethylation process using pad-batch compare with pad-bake method, which in the process has result: crease recovery higher so that the fabric does not easy to crease, the stiffness is lower so that the fabric has softer handle, tensile strength of the fabric is higher because the batching process at room temperature, so it is not to cause damage for polyester or cellulose ibers, as Table 9. The Chemical and Physical Properties of PolyesterCellulose on Optimal Condition Carboxymethylation Process using Pad-Batch and Pad Bake Method Testing Pad -Batching Pad- Baking Warp Weft Warp Weft Methylene Blue dyeing dyed Dyed Raw material stained Stained Moisture Regain, 4,7 4,4 Raw material 3,0 3,0 Tensile strength Kg 25.00 17.90 21.5 16.0 Raw Material 21.15 17.20 21.15 17.20 Crease Recovery o 158 149 148 145 Raw Material 112 109 112 109 Dimentional Stability, 1.02 0.44 0.14 0.17 Raw Material 1.36 1.1 1.36 1.1 Stiffness mg.cm 19 22 64 39 Raw Material 75 46 75 46 ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 25 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech well as the value of moisture regain higher, so that the fabric absorbs sweat better thus the fabric is more comfortable to wear. Besides this, the polyestercellulose Carboxymethylation process–batch method, can be done by small and medium industries because they do not need expensive equipment investment and energy saving. Conclusion The optimal condition by comparing the polyestercellulose Carboxymethylation process using the pad batch method and pad bake method, obtained at combination treatment: 3N sodium chloroasetate 8N sodium hydroxide and 2 hours time impregnation at room temperature 28 o C, The test result showed that: 7.5 weight reduction, 94.32 absorption of methylene blue dye, 4.7 or increase 56.7, moisture absorption, 25 kg or decrease 9.1 warp direction of tensile strength and 17.9 kg or decrease 30.9 of direction of tensile strength, 158 or increase 41.1 warp direction of crease recovery and 149 increase 36.7 weft direction of crease recovery, 1.02 or decrease 25 warp direction of fabric dimensional stability and 0.44 or decrease 30.9 weft direction of the fabric dimensional stability, 49 mg.cm or decrease 34.67 warp direction of fabric stiffness and 22 mg.cm or decrease 52.17 weft direction of fabric stiffness. When viewed from the characteristics and mechanical properties of the test result at optimal conditions showed that: has higher crease recovery, higher tensile strength, higher moisture regain compare than PolyesterCellulose Carboxymethylation process using pad-bake method. In addition the process Carboxymethylation polyestercellulose using Pad Batch methods, can be done by small and medium industries because, the manufacture do not need expensive equipment investment, energy saving and lower cost for production than pad-bake method. Ackknowledgements The author would like to thank and acknowledge profusely to Mrs..Gati Wibawaningsih S.Teks, MA as, Director General of Small and Medium Industry, Ministry of Industry, for all her help so that this article can be resolved. References 1. Kuntari Adi Suhardjo, Setio Legowo 2015, Modiications fabric polyester cellulose using a process karboksimetilasi pad-bake method “Journal of Materials Science Indonesia Vol 17 No: 3 June 2015. ISSN 1411-1098, Accreditation No. 263 AU1 P2MBI 052010, the Center of Technology of material and Industry Nuclear Industry, BATAN, Indonesia 2. A. Hebeish et al. 2009 “Chemical Modiication of PolyesterCotton Blends Partial carboxymethylation“. American Dyestuff Reporter NewYork, 3. Addly A.M Gorravan 1980 “Caustic Treatment of Polyester Filament Fabric”’ Textile Chemist and Colourist London AATCC, Volume 12 no 4, 1980 4. PT Inkali Technical Information.2009 “ Alkali process, reduction of Polyester textile materials weight” 5. S. Pitchai, J. J. Moses, S. Natarajan.2014 “ Study On the Improvement of Hydrophilic Character On Polyvinylalcohol Treated Polyester Fabric”.Polish Journal of Chemical Technology vol.16, no 4, pp. 21-27, 2014. 6. K. M. Hong 2013 “Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Sugarcane Bagasse”. A project report submitted to the Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman,May 2013. 7. M. Gibis, V. Schuh, J. Weiss 2015. “Effect of Carboxylmethyl Cellulose CMC And Microcrystalline Cellulose As Fat Replacers OnThe Microstructure And Sensory CharacteristicsOf Fried Beef Patties”. Food Hydrocolloids,vol. 45, pp. 236-246, 2015. 8. A. H. Saputra, L. Qadhayna, and A. B. Pitaloka. 2014“ Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC from Water Hyacinth using Ethanol-Isobutyl Alcohol Mixture as the Solvents”.International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 36- ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 26 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech 40, Feb. 2014. 9. M. Chaplin 2014 .”Water Structure and Science”, England Wales Licences, May 2014. 10. A. Wijayani, K. Ummah and S. Tjahjani 2005. “Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC of the Water Hyacinth Eichornia crassipes Mart “. Indo.J.Chem., vol. 5 3, pp. 228-231, 2005. 11. Melisa, S. Bahri, Nurhaeni 2014 “Optimization Synthesis Carboxymethyl Cellulose of Sweet Corn Cob ZeaMays L Saccharata”. Online Jurnal of NaturalScience, vol.3 2, pp. 70-78, Aug. 2014. 12. Bin Xue, Qun Lie, ZhenzhenWang and Yujia Zhang, 2014.”Inluencing Factor for Alkaline Degradation of Cellulose” Cellulose Research Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 2014 13. A. Bidin 2010. Reaction Conditions .Optimasi Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC of the Water Hyacinth Oryza sativa, , Universitas Palu, 2010. 14. D. Yan, J-X. Huang X-L. Dong, et al.2015 “ Preparation Process Study On High Viscosity Sodium Carboxylmethyl Cellulose By Using Pulp As Raw Material”. Journal of Hunan Institute of Engineering Natural Science Edition, vol. 252, pp. 69-72, 2015 15. SNI 08-0264-89 ISO: 1833: 2011:”The Content of Polyesters Composition Testing of Fabric” 16. SNI 08-0263-1989:” Moisture Content and Moisture Regain Testing of Fabric “ 17. ISO 0276 – 2009:” Tensile Strength Testing of Fabric” 18. ISO 2313: 2011:” Crease Recovery Testing of Fabric” 19. ISO 5077 – 2011:” Dimensional Stability Testing of Fabric” 20. SNI 08 - 0314 – 1989:” Stiffness Testing of Fabric ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 27 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE WOOD PRODUCTION OF SHORT- ROTATION PLANTATION FORESTS IN INDONESIA Eko B. Hardiyanto Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia ebhardiyantougm.ac.id ABSTRACT Indonesia has established substantial areas of short rotation plantations, mainly to supply wood for several large industrial pulp mills with annual capacity of 7.9 million ton of pulp. Acacia was the main genera grown for pulpwood. There were around 1.2 M ha of Acacia plantations, which mainly comprise Acacia mangium on mineral soils and A.crassicarpa on peat land. The expansion of short rotation plantation was encouraged by the species’ growth rates in 6-7 year rotation ranging from 22 to 35 m 3 hayear and their excellent wood quality for pulp and paper making. In general second rotation stands grew as well or faster than the irst rotation, if inter-rotation site management promoting conservation of site organic matter and weed control were deployed. During the irst and second rotations there were incidences of Ganoderma root rot disease but it’s spread increased with time. This was followed by the arrival and rapid spread of Ceratocystis wilt disease, aggravated by the damages caused by monkeys. Gradually, tree mortality became so high that A. mangium was no longer viable. Based on earlier studies, Eucalyptus pellita emerged as the next best candidate species. The change of species from A. mangium to E. pellita began in 2006 by some companies. The current growth rates of E. pellita are lower than or at best comparable to A. mangium. This poses challenges to wood supply to existing mills. Good site management, including slash and litter retention has been the common practice during the last decade resulting in accumulation of organic matter and nutrients especially N. Question is, would the rates of supply of N, P and cations from these sources and soil be suficient to support the necessary fast growth rates of eucalypts? While the disease threat in A. crassicarpa plantation on peat soil is still scanty the limited species choice adapted and suitable for pulpwood production on this soil is cause for concern. These and other issues being faced during the change of species in response to threats to sustainability would be discussed. Keywords: change of species, productivity, site management, sustainability Introduction The government of Indonesia had embarked on a large planting program to rehabilitate degraded forest land dominated by alang-alang Imperata cylindrica grass and other unproductive land in late 1980s, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Most of the plantations are short rotation, mainly to provide wood for pulp mills with a annual capacity of 7.9 million ton of pulp [1]. One of the species suitable for this purpose is Acacia mangium. In Sumatra and Kalimantan on inherently acid and poor red-yellow podsolic soils A. mangium thrives remarkably well. In fact, it is one of the best species emerged in the species trial conducted in the region in the early 1980s. A number of studies on the utilization of A. mangium wood show that its wood is not only excellent for pulp and paper, but also good for other wood products such as plywood, furniture, looring and light construction. The pulp properties made of A. mangium wood are comparable to those of Eucalyptus. Due to its fast growth and good adaptability to acid soil prevalent in the region which can quickly suppress the Imperata grass and suitability for making pulp and paper, A. mangium was developed into large scale plantation forests and had become a major source of wood for pulp mills in Sumatra since 1989. A. mangium plantation has also been developed in other parts of Indonesia, mainly in Kalimantan. By 2004-2005 it occupied a total land area of 700,000 ha in Sumatra and about 1.0 million ha nationally [2]. The plantations are mostly established on Red Yellow Podsolic Soil Ultisol and Inceptisol having generally low in nutrient reserves [3, 4]. ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 28 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech A. mangium had been grown in more than two rotations in Sumatra and Kalimantan with productivity ranging from 20 to 35 m 3 hayear harvested at 6-8 years rotations, depending on site quality and silvicultural practices [2, 4]. However, on some sites in the third and second rotation, the incidence of Ganoderma root-rot disease and wiltstem canker caused by Ceratocystis spp has caused the decline in plantation productivity, and even at some sites the attack of Ganoderma or Ceratocystis has reached to the point where growing A. mangium is no longer viable. These disease threats have led growers to progressively have replaced A. mangium with Eucalyptus pellita. E. pellita has been identiied as the best alternative species, as it has good productivity, suitable for pulp production and tolerant to Ganoderma and Ceratocystis diseases. On peat land Acacia crassicarpa is the only species has been grown operationally for pulp plantation as other species that have been tested grow poorly on peat land. A. crassicarpa plantation in Sumatra occupies a total land area of more than 500,000 ha. The productivity of A. crassicarpa has been lower than A. mangium on mineral soil, ranging from 18 to 25 m 3 hayear grown on a 4 year rotation [5]. Currently disease outbreaks on A. crassicarpa on peat land have not been reported. A. crassicarpa has also been reported to be more resistant to Ceratocystis infestation [6]. This paper discusses the challenges in sustainable wood production in response to threats on short-rotation plantation forests in Indonesia. Productivity Trend of Acacia Plantation The goal of plantation forest establishment are to 1 ensure that the trend in plantation productivity is not declining, or increasing over successive rotations, 2 protect and enhance the quality of soil and water values in the plantation environment, 3 promote innovation and proit for the business of forestry and 4 provide economic, environmental and social beneits to the economy. The productivity of A. mangium in Sumatra and other SE Asian countries had recently been reviewed and reported [7]. Based on 343 and 111 inventory data plots in the irst and second rotation respectively in 3 sub-regions of Sumatra. The growth rates ranged from 22.4 to 35.4 m 3 hayear in the irst rotation of 7.5 to 8.3 year rotations, and from 33.9 to 35.0 m 3 hayear in the second rotation of 5.6 to 5.9 year rotations. Despite the rotation length of the second rotation decreases about 2 years the growth rates in the second rotation were in general is similar, or marginally better than those in the irst rotation. Further, in the second rotation 54 of plot had mean annual increment MAI between 30 to 40 m 3 hayear and 16 plot grew MAIs higher than 40 m 3 hayear. It indicates that the productivity of A. mangium plantation in these sub regions of Sumatra did not decline over two successive rotations. This was due to the use of improved genetic material, and proper silvicultural practices including organic matter conservation and weed control [3, 7]. Inventory data was also taken from 1459 and 2360 plots in the irst and second rotations respectively in another 3 sub-regions of Sumatra and showed that the growth rates of A. mangium ranged from 27.3 to 33.6 m 3 hayear in the irst rotation of 3.6 to 6.7 year rotations, and from 14.5 to 28.6 m 3 hayear in the second rotation. Further, the proportion of inventory plots with MAIs below 15 m 3 hayear was higher in the second rotation 22 than the irst rotation 14. The decline in productivity of second rotation was mainly due to the incidence of Ganoderma root rot and Ceratocystis wiltstem canker, aggravated by the attack of long-tail monkey or elephant. Long term-productivity studies on slash and litter retention management of A. mangium coordinated by CIFOR were carried out at two sites in South Sumatra and one site Riau Central Sumatra, started in 1999. Progress of the studies had been reported [3, 4, 7, 8, 9] . In South Sumatra the volume at 10 years was 29.7 m 3 hayear in the irst rotation, and increased to 47.8 m 3 hayear at 7 years in the second rotation, which is 60 increase in volume. A similar trial also located in South Sumatra harvested at 6 years showed that MAI increased from 28.9 m 3 hayear in the irst rotation to 43.6 m 3 hayear in the second rotation [8]. The growth rate at third rotation 27.6 m 3 hayear was lowered compared with that at the second rotation 50.7 m 3 hayear at the same age of 3 years, chiely due to high mortality caused by Ceratocystis wiltcanker disease. The survival rate at 3 years was 92.8 and 46.7 in the second and third rotation respectively [9]. In Riau the growth rate of second rotation stand 41.5 m 3 hayear was marginally higher than the irst rotation 40.9 m 3 hayear at 5 years [4]. The increase or maintenance in productivity of A. mangium ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 29 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech in the second rotation were attributed to the good practice of organic conservation and use of improved genetic material. No data is available on the productivity of A. crassicarpa over successive rotation on peat land. However, it was reported that the the mean growth rate of A. crassicarpa in the second rotation on peatland was higher than the irst rotation 29-33 m 3 hayr. Soil Property Changes The maintenance of soil quality is of paramount importance for having sustainable plantation productivity and wood production. In the aforementioned long term productivity studies soil properties were regularly sampled and analysed and the changes in soil properties were evaluated. The objective is to assess whether growing short-rotation plantation over successive rotations reduce soil qualities and what kind of remedy if they happen. In South Sumatra the changes in pH H2O, organic C SOC, total N, and extractable P from the harvesting of the irst rotation to the mid-third rotation are illustrated in Figure 1. Values of soil properties were taken at soil depth of 0-10 cm from two slash and litter retention treatments: BL , all slash and litter removed and BL 3 , double slash. Soil pH H2O, only decreased marginally by about 0.03 for BL and 0.07 unit for BL 3 from the end of the irst rotation to the mid-third rotation. Soil organic C was about similar between the irst and second rotation, and increased slightly in the mid-third rotation in BL 3 . Soil N followed the same trend as SOC. The capacity of A. mangium to ix atmospheric nitrogen is high. For example, the amount of N ixed ranged from 14 to 121 kg N ha -1 at 12 months, and from 26 to 142 kg 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pm g k g -1 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 p H H 2 O BL0 BL3 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C 0.1 0.2 0.3 1 2 3 3 5 6 7 N Stand age year Figure 1 Changes in Soil pH, Organic Carbon, Extractable P and Total Nitrogen on 0-10 cm Soil Depth from Planting to Harvest in The Second Rotation of A. mangium. Vertical Bars are SEs, for All Replications at Age 0 year and For Selected Times for BL and BL 3 Treatments ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 30 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech ha at 18 months [10]. Extractable P decreased by 75 from the irst to second rotation then increased in the mid-third rotation in BL and BL 3 treatments [8, 9]. In Riau soil pH increased slightly from 3.6 at the irst rotation to 4.2 at the end of second rotation. SOC and total N did not change very much between irst and second rotation [4]. Consequently, P input in the form of fertilizer application is of paramount importance to maintain or increase plantation productivity. Disease Threats Fungal root rot, caused dominantly by Ganoderma philippii [11, 12, 13 has affected signiicant loss in production of A. mangium plantation in Sumatra. At sites of former log-over secondary lowland rainforest root rot incidence had been observed in the irst rotation, while at site of former Imperata grass land root rot was rarely found in the irst rotation. The root rot incidence progressively increased over rotation, and tree mortality tended to be higher as trees get older [14]. Surveys in the second rotation A. mangium plantations in Sumatra revealed that trees showing root rot symptoms ranged from 3 to 28 [15]. In the subsequent survey encompassing 109 compartments of A. mangium plantations in Indonesia, trees with root rot symptom increased from 5 in the irst rotation to 15 and 35 in the second and third rotation respectively [16] Mohammed et al. 2012. The survey was conducted in young stand of less than 3 years old, and the mortality and production losses will be higher at the end of rotation. Ceratocystis wilt and canker diseases have also been attacking A. mangium plantation in Malaysia [17] and Vietnam [18]. Disease build-up in woody debris left behind after harvesting short-rotation plantations of ive-to- seven years is associated with an accelerated development of disease such that tree death can exceed 50 in some areas within 20 years of establishing the irst rotation [16]. At some sites where the root rot incidence was so severe growing A. mangium is no longer viable to provide a commercial yield at harvest. While biocontrol agent such as Cerrena and Phleibopsis fungi have been identiied as potential for reducing root rot in A. mangium plantation, its deployment in operational plantations is not yet feasible [19]. The current strategy adopted by forestry companies in Sumatra and Kalimantan is progressively replacing A. mangium with E. pellita which has been identiied to be less susceptible to Ganoderma root rot. The change of A. mangium to E. pellita began in 2006 in some companies in Sumatra. The second more devastating disease of A. mangium plantation in Sumatra is wiltstem canker caused by Ceratocystis spp.[20]. The disease was identiied a decade ago, is progressively increasing its intensity over successive rotations. As the disease easily infects trees through wound [21] the wilt stem canker incidence is aggravated when the plantations are also attacked by monkey, squirrel or elephant which ring-bark the stem and create wounds for entry points for Ceratocystis. A trial assessing Ceratocystis resistance or tolerance in A. mangium revealed that there was little heritable variation on this trait, so that genetic improvement for resistance and tolerance to Ceratocystis is very challenging [17] . While the use of fungicide could reduce the disease incidence, its application in large scale plantation is impractical [22]. At many sites tree mortality caused by Ceratocystis wilt disease is so high, growing A. mangium is no longer feasible and has to be replaced with more tolerant species of E. pellita. A similar problem has been occurring in Sabah and Sarawak Malaysia. While A. crassicarpa grown on peat land has been relatively free from devastating pest and disease such as Ceratocystis and Ganoderma , efforts to ind alternative species should be taken seriously as relying on a single tree species planted over a large areas run a high risk of pest and disease outbreaks. In the long term diseases may adapt to the existing condition of tree plantation and start causing serious damage to the plantation which is in turn a threat to sustainable plantation productivity and wood production. Growth of Eucalyptus Pellita Growing large scale of E. pellita plantations is quite recent in Sumatra and Kalimantan as an alternative species for the site where growing A. mangium is economically not viable due to pest and ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 31 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech disease outbreak previously described. The current growth rates of E. pellita are lower than or at best comparable to A. mangium. This poses challenges to wood supply to existing mills [7]. A number of trials have been carried out to ascertain the effect of silvicultural practices on the growth of E. pellita in Sumatra. One of these studies is established on the former site of site management study in South Sumatra described previously. Results at age 2 years are reported here. Complete removal of slash and litter BL from the plot reduced the growth of E. pellita signiicantly. Retaining slash or slash plus litter without the addition of P fertiliser resulted in signiicant slower growth compared with the addition of P fertiliser on plot which had slash and litter BL 2 Figure 2. Retaining slash and litter is inadequate to support faster growth of E. pellita. The importance of P addition to growth is supported by the trial conducted on the same site. The application of 15 kgha of P fertiliser increased growth signiicantly, further addition of P fertiliser up to 60 kgha improved growth marginally, particularly for the plot fertilised in the previous rotation. Positive growth response of E. pellita to P fertiliser addition was also reported from another fertilizer trials in South Sumatra. The addition of P 30 kgha at 3 years had mean height, stem diameter and stem volume of 13.3 m, 12.4 cm and 77.1 m 3 ha respectively, while in the unfertilized plot the mean height, stem diameter and stem volume were 10.8, 9.7 cm and 45.6 m 3 ha respectively [19]. Improved growth of E. pellita due to the P fertilizer addition was also found from a trial in Riau, but the application of more than 14 kg Pha had no additional response [19]. The addition of K 82.5 kgha and Ca 368.5 kgha on the plot received basal fertiliser of P 15 kg ha had no additional response to growth. Plot receiving P only, and addition of K, or Ca fertiliser had volume 47.0, 44.2 and 42.0 m 3 ha respectively at age 2 years. In Sumatra a number of N fertilizer trials of E. pellita grown on ex. A. mangium stand have been established to assess whether the amount of N ixed by previous A. mangium is adequate to support optimal growth of E. pellita. In South Sumatra at age 3 years the addition of N 120 kgha did not increase growth signiicantly. However, there was a consistent though not-signiicant trend for 7-13 higher productivity with the application of N [18] Mendham and Rimbawanto 2015. In Riau at age 3 years the addition of N fertilizer to E. pellita stand on site of ex. A. mangium slightly increased growth though not signiicantly; the mean volume of fertilized plot 126 kg Nha was 96.6 m 3 ha, while the mean volume of unfertilized plot was 88.4 m 3 ha [18] Mendham and Rimbawanto 2015. Similarly, an application of N fertilizer on site of ex. A. mangium had marginal improvement of growth of E. pellita c b b b a 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 BL0 BL1 BL2 BL3 BL2+P Slash and litter treatment V o lu m e m 3 h a -1 Figure 2. Growth response of Eucalyptus pellita to slash and litter retention treatment and P fertiliser 60 kgha at age 2 years. BL = slash+ litter removed, BL 1 = only slash removed, BL 2 = slash+litter retained, BL 3 = double slash. Bars having the same letter are not signiicantly different according to Duncan Multiple Range Test at p=0.05. ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 32 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech in South Sumatra at 3 years of age; the volume of fertilized plot 110 kg Nha was 105.2 m 3 ha, while that of unfertilized plot was 101.3 m 3 ha [23]. These results suggest that the N supply from the soil and decomposing slash and litter is suficient to support optimal growth of E. pellita at the current rotation. The development of high yielding clones of E. pellita and hybrids have been in progress. Several clones of E. pellita or its hybrid have been reported to have high productivity with MAI of more than 30 m 3 hayear [24]. However, the deployment of good clones without regard to proper silvicultural practices, including better weed control, nutrient input and conservative site management will not achieve high plantation productivity. Unlike Acacia, eucalypts are more sensitive to weed competition, and consequently judicious vegetation management, particularly in the early year of plantation establishment is very crucial for growing eucalypt. Poor weed control was reported to cause signiicant growth loss [23]. The Way Forward The widespread of pest and disease attacking A. mangium plantation in Sumatra and Kalimantan has caused the replacement of A. mangium with E. pellita on large scale. The time and scale of the species change is unprecedented in the history of plantation forest. The change of species can be considered as a way to sustain wood production, a similar strategy has long been applied in the management of agriculture crops where a crop such as paddy is replaced with another crop such as corn or sugar cane in the next crop rotation, for example to prevent the widespread of disease attacking paddy. It is possible that A. mangium will be replanted on the same site after 2-3 rotations of E. pellita when the population of disease has declined signiicantly or the resistanttolerant A. mangium genotypes have been found. Breeding program to ind genotypes of A. mangium resistant or tolerant to Ceratocystis disease is in progress. In the future we may see that the species grown in short-rotation plantation forest will change after 2-3 rotations to maintain sustainable wood production. In this perspective sustainable wood production is no longer species bound; it is one of the beneits of short-rotation plantation forest in which the plantation managers can implement the changes in responses to ecological events. In the mean time challenge of growing short-rotation plantation forest on peat land with regard to hydrology management and alternative species is also considerable for the sustainability of wood production on this site. The Government Regulation No. 72010 which stipulates that the water table should be maintained at least 40 cm from the peat surface will also pose another challenge. References 1. Antara News. K emenperin Arahkan Pengembangan Pulp di Luar Jawa . 2016 http:www.antaranews.com berita547939 . 2. Arisman H, Hardiyanto EB. Acacia mangium – a historical perspective of its cultivation. Heart rot and root rot in tropical Acacia plantation. Proceedings of a workshop held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 7-9 February. ACIAR Proceedings No. 124; 2006, pp 11-15. 3. Hardiyanto EB, Wicaksono A. Inter-rotation site management, stand growth and soil properties in Acacia mangium plantations in South Sumatra, Indonesia. In: Nambiar, E.K.S.ed.. Site Management and Productivity in Tropical Plantation Forests. Proceedings of Workshops in Piracicaba Brazil 22-26 November 2004 and Bogor Indonesia 6-9 November 2006. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.; 2008, pp.107-122. 4. Siregar STH, Nurwahyudi, Mulawarman. Effects of inter-rotation management on site productivity of Acacia mangium in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. In: Nambiar, E.K.S.ed.. Site Management and Productivity in Tropical Plantation Forests. Proceedings of Workshops in Piracicaba Brazil 22-26 November 2004 and Bogor Indonesia 6-9 November 2006. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia; 2008, pp.93-106. 5. Riyanto B. Pers comm. 6. Tarigan M, Yuliarto M, Gafur A, Yong WC, Sharma M. Other Acacia species as a source of resistance to Ceratocystis. Paper presented at International Workshop on Ceratocystis Harwood Plantation. 16- 18 February 2016, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; 2016. ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 33 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech 7. Harwood CE, Nambiar EKS. Sustainable plantation forestry in South-East Asia. ACIAR Technical Reports No. 84. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 2014.,100 pp. 8. Hardiyanto EB, Nambiar EKS. Productivity of successive rotations of Acacia mangium plantations in South Sumatra, Indonesia: impacts of harvest and site management. New Forest 2000; 45: 557- 575. 9. Hardiyanto EB. Unpubished data. 10. Wibisono MG, Veneklass E, Mendham DS, Hardiyanto EB. Nitrogen ixation of Acacia mangium Willd. From two seed sources grown at different levels of phosphorus in an Ultisol, South Sumatra, Indonesia 2015. Southern Forests 2015:1-6 11. Eyles A, Beadle C, Barry K, Francis A, Glen M, Mohammed C. 2008. Management of fungal root- rot pathogens in tropical Acacia mangium plantations. Forest Pathology 2008; 38: 332-225. 12. Glen M, Yustikanti V, Puspitasari D, Francis A, Agustini L, Rimbawato A, Indrayadi A, Gafur A, Mohammed C. Identiication of basidiomycetes fungi in Indonesian hardwood plantations by DNA barcoding. Forest Pathology 2009; 44: 496-508. 13. Coetzee MPA, Wingield BD, Golani GD, Tjahjono B, Gafur A, Wingield MJ. A single dominant Ganoderma species is responsible for root rot of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus in Sumatra. Southern Forest 2011; 73: 175-180. 14. Francis A, Beadle C, Puspitasar D, Irianto R, Agustini L, Rimbawanto A, Gafur A, Hardiyanto E, Junarto, Hidayati N, Tjahjono B, Mardai U, Glen M, Mohammed C. Disease progression in plantations of Acacia mangium affected by red root rot Ganoderma philippii. Forest Pathology 2014; 44: 447-459. 15. Irianto RSB, Barry K, Hidayati N, Ito S, Fiani A, Rimbawanto, A., Mohammed, C. 2006. Incidence and spatial analysis of root rot of Acacia mangium in Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2006; 18:157-165. 16. Mohammed C, Beadle C, Francis A. Management of fungal root rot in plantation acacias in Indonesia. Final Report ACIAR Project FST2003048. Canberra, Australia. Australian Centre for Agricultural Research; 2012. 17. Brawner J, Japarudin Y, Lapammu M, Rauf R, Boden D, Wingield M. Evaluating the inheritance of Ceratocystis acaciivora symptom expression in a diverse Acacia mangium breeding population. Southern Forests 2015; 77: 83-90. 18. Thu PQ, Quynh DH, Fourie A, Barnes I, Wiengield MJ. Ceratocystis wilt disease-a new and serious threat to acacia plantation in Vietnam. Paper presented at the IUFRO Acacia 2014 Conference held in Hue, Vietnam, 18-21 March 2014. 19. Mendham D, Rimbawanto A. Increasing productivity of and proitability of Indonesian smallholder plantation. Final Report ACIAR Project FST2009051. Canberra, Australia. Australian Centre for Agricultural Research. 2015. 20. Tarigan M, Roux J, Van Wyk M, Tjahjono B, Wingield M. A new wilt and die-back disease of Acacia mangium associated with Ceratocystis manginecans and C. acaciivora sp. nov. in Indonesia. South African Journal of Botany 2010; 77: 292-304. 21. Tarigan M, Wingield MJ, Van Wyk M, Tjahjono B, Roux J. Pruning quality affects infection of Acacia mangium and A. crassicarpa by Ceratocystis acaciivora and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Southern Forest 2011; 73:187-191. 22. Tarigan M, Tjahjono B, Gafur A.. Preventive spays for Ceratocystis acaciivora infection control following singling practices of Acacia mangium. In Mohammed, C., Beadle, C., Rahayu, S. eds.. Proceedings of International Conference on the Impact of Climate Change to Forest Pests and Diseases in the Tropics, October 8 th -10 th 2012, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 2012; pp.182-185. 23. Inail A, Hardiyanto EB. Unpublished data. 24. Marolop R. Pers. comm. ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 34 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech ISBN : 978-602-17761-4-8 35 Proceedings of 2 nd REPTech Crowne Plaza Hotel, Bandung, November 15-17, 2016 © 2016 Published by Center for Pulp and Paper through 2 nd REPTech ASSESSING THE ROLE OF RATIO OF SYRINGILVANILLIN-BASED LIGNIN MONOMERS, DENSITY OF FOUR PLANTATION-FOREST WOOD SPECIES, AND H-FACTOR ON DELIGNIFICATION INTENSITY AND PROPERTIES OF KRAFT PULP Dian Anggraini Indrawan a 1 , Rossi Margareth Tampubolon a , Gustan Pari a , Saptadi Darmawan b , Han Roliadi c 2 a Center for Forest Product Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia, b Center for The Technology of Non-Forest Product Research and Development, Mataram, Indonesia, c Already Retired, 1 elisabethdianrezagmail.com 2 hroliadiyahoo.com ABSTRACT Domestic consumption of pulp and its derivatives esp. paper during the last three years 2012-2014 steadily increased, and might be such in the future. Concerns arouse as the availability of conventional iber sources natural-forest woods in Indonesia for pulppaper becomes depleted and scarce. One way to overcome is introducing alternative ibers, e.g. plantation-forest PF woods. Different PF-wood species could affect pulping properties esp. deligniication extentintensity, and the resulting-pulp paper products. This can lead to ineficiency in utilizing and processing different wood species for pulppaper; and therefore deserves thorough solution. Pulping with kraft process through ingenuously manipulating process condition indicatively could tolerate species differences. Basic properties of PF woods should also be accounted e.g. density, lignin content, and ratio of syringil-to-vanillin units in lignin. Relevantly, laboratory-scale kraft pulping was conducted on individual PF species i.e. sengon, gmelina, meranti kuning, and kapur employing ixed processingcooking conditions, i.e. 16-active alkali, 22.5-sulidity, and 1:4-wood-to-liquor ratio. Variable conditions were maximum cooking- temperatures at 170 o C and 190 o C, each held for 0-, 30-, 60-, and 90-minute durations. Combination of cooking temperatures and durations brought-out eight H-factors values 117.88-2182.67 and accordingly eight kraft-pulp varieties. Greater H-factor values induced more deligniication intensity. Deligniication intensity seemed more affected by ratio of syringilvanillin units R 2 =0.2026 than by wood density R 2 =0.2005 and lignin content R 2 =0.0688 ns . Such intensity correlated positively with screened-pulp yield and negatively with pulp reject. The highest yield was achieved at H-factor 1502.25. As such, kraft-pulp handheets were formed without beating, and their physicalstrength properties tested. Sheet properties correlated positively with syringilvanillin ratio, negatively with wood density less strongly, but insigniicantly with lignin content. Overall, this implied greater syringilvanillin ratio apparently enhanced active-selective deligniication intensity, thereby lessening wood-carbohydrate degradation. The besthighest sheet physicalstrength properties were from sengon wood, followed in decreasing order by gmelina, meranti kuning, and kapur. Meranti kuning and kapur which seemed unsatisfactory in kraft pulping can expectedly be improved by enhancing active-selective cooking liquor e.g. regulating sulidity and introducing AQ. These signiicant results seem prospectively beneicial to bring more eficient pulppaper processing from PF woods; and lessen dependency on natural-forest woods, thereby mitigating forest-destruction intensity and sustaining natural resources. Keywords: Lignin, siringil, vanilin, kraft, pulping

1. Introduction