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Probability of a larger value = 0.05
5 4
3 2
1 575
550 525
500 475
450 5
4 3
2 1
I
Age year B
a si
c d
e n
si ty
k g
m 3
III
1 2 3 4 5 5
4 3
2 1
52.0 51.5
51.0 50.5
50.0 49.5
49.0 5
4 3
2 1
I
Age year C
e llu
lo se
III
1 2 3 4 5
5 4
3 2
1 2.4
2.3 2.2
2.1 2.0
1.9 1.8
1.7 1.6
1.5 5
4 3
2 1
I
Age year E
x tr
a ct
iv e
III
1 2 3 4 5
5 4
3 2
1 35
34 33
32 31
30 29
28 5
4 3
2 1
I
Age year Li
g n
in III
1 2 3 4 5
5 4
3 2
1 53
52 51
50 49
48 47
5 4
3 2
1
I
Age year P
u lp
Y ie
ld III
1 2 3 4 5
5 4
3 2
1 4.8
4.6 4.4
4.2 4.0
3.8 3.6
5 4
3 2
1
I
Age year W
o o
d C
o n
su m
p ti
o n
m 3
III
1 2 3 4 5
Fig. 1 Comparison of EPA dot and EPB cross on a basic wood density, b cellulose, c extractive, d lignin, e pulp yield and f wood consumption along the age in site class I and III.
Table 2 Probability of difference within groups clone, site class and age from univariate ANOVAs for each wood property
Description Basic wood density
Cellulose Extractive
Lignin Pulp yield
Wood consumption Clone
0.000 0.148
0.557 0.000
0.000 0.000
Site Class 0.000
0.125 0.000
0.061 0.141
0.000 Age
0.000 0.155
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
Basic wood density and lignin content trend to increase with age for the two clones in the two site classes, having clone EPB higher values than EPA Fig. 1a and 1d. A similar increasing trend
was reported for basic wood density in few Eucalyptus sp.
5
Five years is the current rotation age for comercial plantation of E. pellita in Riau Province, Indonesia. At 5 years of age in site class I, which
include the full set of age measurements, clone EPB was 12 higher than clone EPA for basic wood
c a
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density and 11 higher in lignin content. Basic wood density of clones EPB and EPA achieved average values of 560 kgm
3
and 489 kgm
3
, respectively Table 3. In the case of lignin content of EPB and EPA were 34.3 and 30.5 respectively.
Table 3 Phenotypic means for all wood properties traits assessed from each clone by site class and age and respective units.
Clone Age
year SC
Basic density
kgm
3
Cellulose Extractive
Lignin Pulp yield
Wood consumption m
3
EPB 5
I 559.9
48.8 2.14
34.3 47.2
3.78 EPB
5 III
529.5 51.3
1.72 33.5
47.9 3.97
EPA 5
I 487.6
50.4 2.10
30.5 48.4
4.24 EPA
4 III
499.0 51.1
1.98 31.3
49.2 4.08
Note: SC= site class;
Not signiicant differences between clones was achieved for extractives Table 2 but a trend to incraese with age is shown in Figure 1c. The same trend was explained by Erikson and Arima for
Douglas-Fir during the irst 6 years of age.
6
Extractive content of EPB and EPA were 2.14 and 2.10 respectively.
Although not completely clear, but still a trend of decreasing values with age occured in pulp yield for clone EPB Fig. 1e. Even the clones showed signiicant differences for pulp yield at the age of 5
years 47.2 and 48.4 for clones EPB EPA, respectively, 1.2 difference is negligible. Cellulose showed not signiicant differences between any of the groups studied Table 2. In case of
Douglass-ir wood, the alpha cellulose increased to age 25 years, but there was no signiicant difference between the yields of plot treatment and control trees.
6
Cellulose content of EPB and EPA were 48.8 and 50.4 respectively. The consistent lower wood consumption of clone EPB in site class I does not
seem so clear in site class III but still signiicantly different to comment on the performance of clone EPB. According to the results in site class I, this clone is 11 more eficient in the mill
Table 3 .
Conclusions
The results of the study of the wood properties on E. pellita by age demonstrated that there was a clear trend of increasing basic wood density with age. This trend seems to impact in the reduction of wood
consuption with age but moderated by the pulp yield. Clone EPB
had 11 lower wood consumption than
EPA , and on the other hand it had higher lignin content of 11.
References
1 Bailleres, H. NIRS Analysis as a tool rapid screening of some major wood characteristics in a Eucalyptus breeding program. Ann.
For Sci. 59 479-490. 2002 2 Schimleck LR. Near infrared spectroscopy: a rapid, non-destructive method for measuring wood
properties and its application to tree breeding. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 38 1: 14-
35. 2008 3 Ndlovu ZTL, Swain TL, Zbonak A, Fossey A. Development of a non-destructive near infrared sampling
technique to determine screened pulp yield of Eucalyptus macarthurii. IUFRO Durban 2007
4 Yamada T, Yeh TF, Chang HM, Li L, Kadla JF, Chiang VL. Rapid analysis of transgenic trees using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy NIR.
Hozforschung, Vol. 60, pp 24-28. 2006 5 Backman ME, Leon J. Correlations of pulp and paper properties at an early age and full rotation age
of ive Eucalyptus species. Lisboa, EUCEPA, 9, 2003 6 Erickson HD, Arima T. Douglas-Fir Wood quality studies Part II: Effect of age and stimulated growth
on ibril angle and chemical constituents. Wood Science and Technology Vol. 8 255-265. 1974
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GROWTH OF AGAVE GERMPLASM IN BALITTAS, MALANG EAST JAVA
Parnidi
1
, Untung Setyo Budi, Marjani
Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute Jl. Raya Karangploso Km. 4, Kotak Pos 199, Malang
1
nikicroyahoo.co.id
ABSTRACT
Agave or sisal is a crop producing non - wood ibers are widely used for textile materials, ropes, paper, craft, building materials and construction. The growth and diverse plant morphology are relection
of the wide genetic diversity,which is needed in the Sisal variety assembly program. Until now, the collection of sisal germplasm in Balittas has not been characterized their morphologic characters.Sisal
accession characterization was carried out from 2012 to 2015 in Karangploso Experimental Station in Malang is located at an altitude of 515 meters above sea level with the climatic conditions of type D
medium Smith Ferguson, rainfall of 1,500 mmyear, and the type of soil GleymosolGleikinceptisol. Each accession was planted in experimental plots, 6 plants for each accession at a spacing of 2 m
between plants and 5 m etween accessions. Fertilization was done 2 times at the beginning and end of the rainy season at the following rates: 200 kg Urea 92 kg N + 400 kg Phonska 79.1 P+ 15 tons of
manure per hectare. At age 3 years Balittas 15 was the tallest with an average growth rate of 157.34 cm. The highest number of leaves was shown by Balittas 19, with mean increase of 56.33 sheets for 3 years.
The greatest length of leaf was shown by Balittas 13 with average growth rate of 87.75 cm for 3 years. The greatest width of leaf was shown by Balittas 14 with average growth rate of 9.20 cm for 3 years. The
highest of iber content was shown by Balittas 22 with average 4.59 . Keyword: growth, morphological characteristics, iber yield, germplasm.
Introduction
Agave is a crop that can grow in tropical and sub-tropical areas. Agave iber is used for textile, cordage, waiver, paper, craft [1], bio-fuel [2], food and beverages [4], medicines [5] and [5] construction
materials, synthetic iber manufacture material and as composite material for packaging such as cement bag [6], [7], and [8]. Agave iber has some advantages among others it is renewable, recyclable and also
degradable in environment [9]. The agave plant is easy to be cultivated, can be harvested in relatively short time compared with iber from wooden trees.
The success of superior excellent variety breeding program is greatly determined by the availability of germplasm, as a source of diversity and genetic resource. The great diversity of genetic resources
increases the chances of success in the assembly of new excellent varieties. The role and function of germplasm is important as the plant genetic resources, its presence should be maintained in order to
avoid extinction, so that it can meet human needs such as food, clothing and shelter [10]. In addition, it is also necessary to obtain as much as possible genetic information through characterization and
evaluation of germplasm. This can be as a source of genetic material in assembling new variety in breeding programs.
Sweetener and iber crops research institute Balittas is a national research center applying the mandate to conduct research on iber crops. Balittas has as 23 accessions of agave germplasm collection.
The addition of agave germplasm is done by introduction and exploration. This study aims to evaluate the performance of Agave germplasm owned by Balittas.
Materials and Methods
Agave germplasm was planted in Karangploso Experimental Station, Malang, at an elevation of 515 m asl, D Smith Ferguson climate type, rainfall 1500 mmyear, and soil type Gleymosol GleikInseptisol
in 2012-2015. Each accession was planted in a plot of trial with the 6 populations in each accession with
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the planting distance of 2 m x 2 m and inter-accession distance of 5 m. The fertilization was done twice in the beginning and at the end of rainy season. The rate of fertilizer used was 200 kg Urea 92 kg N +
400 kg Phonska 79.1 kg P + 15 tonnes of manure per hectare. The morphology qualitative characters being assessed were color of leaves, edge leaf color, the
present of leaves in the edge and the color of leaves in the tip. This was done when the plant aged 24 months. Meanwhile the quantitative characters includes height of plant, number of leaves, length and
width of leaves, fresh weigh of 25 leaves, dried iber weight and iber content. This was done every year. The descriptive statistic analysis was carried out to know the performance of growth and result
components.
Results and Discussion a. Qualitative Character Performance
The agave germplasm in Balittas consists of three groups, namely Agave angustifolia, Agave cantala
and Agave sisalana. The qualitative characters of each accession are presented in Figure 1-4 as well as
Table 1. Agave cantala has bluish gray leaves, big, sharp and closely spine in the tip of leaves, dark
brown thorn in the tip of leaves. A. sisalana has green grayish leaves, big and small prickle in leaves margin and some has no prickle, also dark brown spine in tip of leaves. According to [1] A. cantala is
more resistant to drought than A. sisalana . However, the iber production of iber of A. cantala is lower
than A. sisalana. The characteristics of A. sisalana which has glaucous leaves with spine in the tip of dark brown [5]. The width of leaves reaches 10 cm and the length of leaves can reach more than 1.5 m.
All A. cantala are type of agave with big prickles in the tip of leaves. The prickle in the margin of A. sisalana leaves is catergorized into a number of groups, namely no prickle, small and many prickles
and big and rarely prickles as well as big and many prickles.
Figure 1. Agave angustifolia
Figure 2. Agave cantala
Figure 3. Agave sisalanawith green leaves Figure 4. Agave sisalanawith grey leaves
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Agave sisalana has very short basal stems, usually less than 0.5 m tall. Mature plants have relatively large green or greyish-green leaves usually 90-130 cm long that are usually very rigid. These leaves do
not have any prickles along their margins [11]. Meanwhile, A. angustifolia has light green leaves, short
leaves, great number of leaves, sharp and closed thorny leaves in the edge. A. angustifolia has very short
basal stems, usually less than 0.5 m tall. Mature plants have relatively small light green, grayish-green or variegated leaves usually 30-60 cm long that are usually very rigid. These leaves have numerous
small prickles 2-5 mm long along their margins. This species produces large capsules and sometimes also develops numerous plantlets i.e. bulbils on the branches of its lower clusters [11].
Table 1. Qualitative Charachters of Agave germplasm in Balittas.
Collection name
Agave type Leaves color
Margin of leaves color
Prickle of leaves margin
Color of tip spine
Balittas 1 A.angustifolia
Green Light green
Notched, big prickly Dark-brown
Balittas 4 A.angustifolia
Green Light green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 5 A.angustifolia
Green Light green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 9 A.angustifolia
Green Light green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 19 A.angustifolia
Green Yellowish green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 2 A.cantala
Dark green Dark green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 3 A.cantala
Dark green Dark green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 6 A.Cantala
Dark green Dark green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 7 A.Cantala
Dark green Dark green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 8 A.Cantala
Dark green Dark green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 11 A.Cantala
Dark green Dark green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 15 A.Cantala
Greyish-green Green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 20 A.Cantala
Grey Yellowish green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 21 A.Cantala
Grey Green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 22 A.Cantala
Grey Grey
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 26 A.Cantala
Grey Green
Straight, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 10 A.Sisalana
Dark green Dark green
Rare, straight prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 12 A.Sisalana
Dark green Yellow
Straight, Small prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 13 A.Sisalana
Dark green Yellow
Straight, Small prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 14 A.Sisalana
Green Light green
Notched, big prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 16 A.Sisalana
Grey Grey
Without prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 24 A.Sisalana
Grey Grey
Without prickly Dark- brown
Balittas 25 A.Sisalana
Grey Green
Without prickly Dark- brown
b. The Growth, Growth Rate and Fiber Content of Agave Germplasm
