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Study of the occurrence of phenolic and quinone structures in ECF and TCF bleached dissolving pulp
The two DEopDP ECF and ZEoZEoZP TCF bleached dissolving pulps were analysed by UV Raman spectroscopy Figure 5 . It is shown that the ECF bleached pulp contains more phenolic
structures and quinones than the TCF bleached pulp. The origin of these structures may be either residual lignin or modiied carbohydrates cooked carbohydrates and E treated oxidized carbohydrates are prone
to form phenolic structures and quinones as discussed previously. The relative ineficiency of chlorine dioxide to get rid of quinones has already been observed
[6]. Moreover quinones are formed when lignin
reacts with chlorine dioxide [6]. The presence of quinones in greater quantity in the ECF pulp would be one reason for its lower brightness stability.
Fig. 5. UV Raman spectrum of ZEoZEoZP and DEopDP bleached pulps
Conclusions
1. Carbonyl groups introduced in fully bleached dissolving pulp by oxidation increase their brightness reversion upon heat exposure. E stage performed after oxidation dramatically decreases the CO
content and improves the brightness stability. 2. The addition of hydrogen peroxide in E P stage does not improve the carbonyl removal further.
However, it has a positive impact on brightness and brightness stability. 3. Ozone-based TCF sequences give a pulp with better brightness stability than conventional ECF.
4. Brightness reversion would be impacted not only by the oxidation state of the carbohydrates but also by the chemical structure of some residual chromophores, which, according to UV Raman
spectroscopy would be more quinonic after ECF bleaching. 5. Some lignin-like structures phenols and quinones are formed from oxidized cellulose during
alkaline extraction. At the same time the CO content of cellulose is reduced. These two effects would have an opposite inluence on brightness stability, which may complicate the picture. Adding H
2
O
2
has a positive effect on brightness stability likely because it destroys quinones.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Pr Antje Potthast for welcoming one of us at BOKU University to run the CCOA and FDAM experiments, and COST FP1205 for funding this stay, and Pr Tapani
Vuorinen for UV Raman analysis.
References
1. T. Liitiä and T. Tamminen, in 3rd Int. Conf. Eucalyptus Pulp ICEP, Belo Horizonte, Brazil 2007.
2. V. L. Silva, A. G. Lino, R. A. Ribeiro, J. L. Colodette, A. Forsström, and E. Wackerberg, BioResources
6, 4801 2011. 3. M. Lewin, Macromol. Symp. 118, 715 1997.
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4. Z. Zhou, A.-S. Jääskeläinen, I. Adorjan, A. Potthast, P. Kosma, and T. Vuorinen, Holzforschung 65,
289 2011. 5. O. Sevastyanova, On the Importance of Oxidizable Structures in Bleached Kraft Pulps, KTH, 2005.
6. H. U. Suess, Pulp Bleaching Today De Gruyter, 2010.
7. H. U. Suess and C. L. Filho, in ABTCP 2003, pp. 1–12.
8. H. Sihtola, Comparison and Conversion of Viscosity and DP-Values Determinated by Different
Methods Keskuslaboratorio, 1963.
9. R. Bohrn, A. Potthast, S. Schiehser, T. Rosenau, H. Sixta, and P. Kosma, Biomacromolecules 7,
1743 2006. 10. J. Röhrling, A. Potthast, T. Rosenau, T. Lange, G. Ebner, H. Sixta, and P. Kosma, Biomacromolecules
3, 959 2002. 11. T. Hosoya and T. Rosenau, J. Org. Chem. 78, 3176 2013.
12. C. Bährle, T. U. Nick, M. Bennati, G. Jeschke, and F. Vogel, J. Phys. Chem. A 119, 6475 2015. 13. D. Cardona-barrau, C. Matéo, D. Lachenal, and C. Chirat, Holzforschung 57, 171 2003.
14. A. Vikkula, J. Valkama, and T. Vuorinen, Cellulose 13, 593 2006.
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BUILDING INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT IN PRINTING INDUSTRY INTO PRINTING EDUCATION
Muhammad Nurwahidin
a1
, Untung Basuki
a
, Ponadi
a
, Adi Susanto
b
a
Jurusan Teknik Graika, Politeknik Negeri Media Kreatif
b
Management Informatika, Universitas STIKUBANK
1
mnurwahidinyahoo.co.id
ABSTRACT
Printing Industry today enter in Information Technology era. The opportunity in Indonesia printing industry market is high. It should be become Indonesia Government concern in Creative Industry. In
order to achieve this goals, we recommends : upgrading the lecture on this major by sending study abroad in linear major, standarization ASEAN curriculum in this major Graphic Arts and Imaging
Printing, creating many entrepreneurs which has speciication on this industry, creating many young peoples, innovative, and creative, getting support from Indonesia Government on this creative industry,
tend to innovative, creative and technology based, no more labor based with conventional models, and enhancing International network, academic and industry.
Keywords : innovation technology concept, printing industry, printing education
Introduction
Printing Education was developed very well since 15 years ago in Thailand. The paradigm was changed totally by yearly development. Thailand Printing Industry today enter in Information Technology era.
Challenges in this industry also tight in printing quality competition. Since the academic and industry have same vision and mission under Government and Printing Association, all printing company in
Thailand become one unity with one achievement. SMEs also change the mindset from labor based
in Innovation based. The differences also signiicantly from processing aspect become product aspect. Processing aspect today was replaced by technology, no need many labor worker working in this area.
Automatization in production will be decrease labor cost and make the production optimal in cost value. The consequences of technology implementation is standarization in education ield.
Western country reduce the use of labor in production and replace by automatiatization in the each aspect. They need the labor as manage and leader the change and innovation. Making concept of system
that delivered on production result is important rather than have so many labors with operators job on processing ield. Technology and Innovation will make so many short cut that the processing will be
maximize. Learning from Thai Printing Industry, everything was changed, Old Model was dissappear and change to innovative and customized product. In Education Sector, Printing Course Major also
changed. They no longer teach as old models but they drive the student become creative and innovative, thinks to be SMEs business.
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Based on chart above, source: PIRA International Ltd 2010. The opportunities in printing industry
sector drive into creative and innovative industry already. Thailand was developing this concept and make preparation for 15 years, from education and lead industry to enter that Global Market. The basic
that they developed in Printing Industry, made the basic education stronger. Thailand Government give facility to send many lecture study abroad. Creativity and Innovation couldn’t based on experience only.
It must walking together, experience and education.
How Thailand’s government upgrade this industry? The answer is by prepared all human resources from education side. Academic drive the industry.The government facilitated by sending all human
resources lecture, staff and student. Today all industries in Thailand growth and owned by native. All was developed by native, no more foreign. It happen because Thai Education also strong building
the basic. Indonesia must learn how to empowerment human resource by good education. Figuring newest trend in printing industry is innovation, creativity and technology must walking together and
support among each other. We cannot avoid the development tehnology to each industrial sectors. Many companies in Thailand reduce their labor and change into technology investment. Their consideration
faster, effective in time, effeciency in cost and reduce human resource problem. It tend to academic must produce matched human resource that industry need.
Printing Indutsry also support many new SMEs Small Medium Entreprise into Innovative, Techonology, and Creative Concept in order to capture trend. Today in printing industry established art
design in packaging, lexible packaging, digital printing, large format Offset and Media Transforming Digital Communication.
Conventional Printing not able for next 5 years. United States Media Association give the future picture, because of technology no more newsprint anymore. Publishing and Infographic move to Digital.
Offsett only large format and paper packaging, others will be lexo and gravure. Information channel also move into technology too. Business world move to digital and social media. This movement give direct
impact to print media and publishing industry. Others ASEAN Country beside Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia also move into Digital way. Indonesia still on transitionn progress.
The igure show to us Print Media Business today. We cannot imagine the prospect of future print media and book publishing since information technology inluenced this industry. This changes tend to
us become innovative, creative and have own market. Printing Industry also got impact directly from this technology revolution. Printing Company will survive if they have their own product and unique,
innovative and creative. One of printing house in Thailand, they was old, since 1974 and fourth biggest printing industry in Thailand. Sritong Name Plate Company, this company basic is screen printing but
they produce speciic product and have RD department for make many innovations in their main product. This Company is the example of printing company who has speciic product based on research
and development. They produce name plate that only them capable to made it. This company have strong RD and speciic product that always innovate. From That company we learn if education is a
must. No bargain and no other options. Printing Industries never dies, innovation will be a challenge to this industry, technology aplication
and upgrade human resources become big consideration to keep this industry survive. Thailand success with this industry revolution, all sectors was supported among each sectors. At Saraburi Province that
Research and Development Departement that belong of Chulalongkorn University shown to us. How
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important education in Industry today. We cannot avoid that development since technology growth very fast. Indonesia must develop on education sector irst before develop in product. Today many printing
houses in Thailand leave Labor Aspect models, they no need to hire so many inappropriate human resources. They replaced by technologies and hire smart and matched person in ield.
Indonesia Today
Indonesia industry especially printing industry, today we call it Creative Industry still need more development in many aspects. The opportunity in Indonesia printing industry market is high. It should be
become Indonesia Government concern in Creative Industry. Many young and productive ages Golden Ages in Indonesia still unemployement. Creative Industry give challenge and opportunity on it. Firstly
upgrade the quality of education and inluence them become innovator and creator in this industry. It need new breakthrough, revolution breakthrough to change their mindset become entrepreneur in this
industry. Although our workshop and research in Thailand just for one week, it give us clearly vision about the real opportunity into this industry by building strong match education. Engineering, Scientist,
Informatics Technologis much more needed compare by Economic and Social Major. Stage of transition development show to us Indonesian need fast and new breakthrough into Innovation and Technology
era. The opportunity still strong, based on demography and the industrial capacity. Labor concern model should be leave and change to Innovation model which Information Technology Based.
International market tend to that era, all customize no mass production anymore. The concept driven to us become more creative. Skill worker must be created from education side.
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Thai industries developed and create so many native skill worker, in the past around 5 years ago, many foreign skill worker work in local company, today no longer foreign skill worker, all become
native worker. Comparing with Indonesia, the industry still dominant with foreign skill worker, it happen because the quality education didn’t follow what the Industry need today. Now become Academic
concern how to boost the quality of Indonesian skill worker. Polimedia and UNISBANK develop networking with many foreign student in order to boost the quality of Indonesian Human Resource
possible have same standard with foreign worker in ASEAN. This is big home work for all Indonesian University and Polytechnic.
The igure show to us, trend of Indonesia market, in 2009 – 2010 education component increase signiicant and give contribution to Indonesia Competitiveness. However it occuring new problem,
Indonesia lack of engineering and science skill lecture on it. This is become big homework for Indonesia Minister of Education and Indonesia Government. Now Minister of Technology Research who
responsible with University level of education stimulate many lectures and university to develop research and they support fund for research and study abroad. Suggest many university make collaboration with
foreign univesity for research, study, and curriculum standarization. The industry growth signiicantly but inbalance with human resource. For the industry better they pay foreign human resource to run their
business rather than using local worker and still send to them training etc. This our Industry faces.
After we go to Thailand, train with Chulalongkorn University and go to industry, now we realize how important education is. We lack engineering and scientist, Indonesia has so many economic and
social graduates but rare in speciic engineering and science. In Thailand today engineering and science become big concern in education also industry. They prepare this area since 15 years ago to make
balance in human resource and education standard. It also happen at other country at ASEAN beside Indonesia, they changes to create engineering and scientist in order to produce many skill worker in
order to support innovation and information technology changes.
The igure above based in Indonesian Statistic Data 2013, shown Creative Industry Sector and positioning. Printing include in
industri kreatif Creative Industry igure. It support Indonesia income. Indonesian Creative become Indonesian government concern since President Joko Widodo. Indonesia
is a country in Southeast Asia, situated at the equator, and located between Asia and Australia as well as between the Paciic and Indian Ocean. It sits between two continents and two oceans. Comprising
of 17,508 islands, Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world. With a population of 222 million people in 2006, Indonesia is also the fourth most populous country in the world. It ranked
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44th of 139 countries on the Global Competitiveness Index, a survey conducted by one of the leading institutions based in Europe. A number of materials can become the elements of the competitiveness,
including institutions, infrastructure, macro economy, health, education, market eficiency, technological readiness, business, and innovation.In 2005 the country only sat at 69th position, and in 2002 it was at
54th position.
181 Figure 1. Indonesia Demographic Condition Source: Indonesian Coordinating Ministry for the Economy 2010. Currently Indonesia is not considered as advanced industrial countries in the world
because there are still many problems in developing its industry, one of which is the number of new entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Only as many as 440 thousand entrepreneurs or approximately 0.2 of
the total Indonesian people who are entrepreneurs, compared with advanced industrial countries like the United States 20, Japan 18, and the UK 18. Even among developing countries, the rate
of entrepreneurs in Indonesia is still considered low, for example Singapore 10, China 5, and India 5. This is a dilemma because entrepreneurs have a major contribution in the development
of industry.
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Indonesian Income Growth One interesting indings in the Global Competitiveness Report 2010- 2011 was the fact that the competitiveness of developed countries and developing movement towards
182 a single point. The World Economic Forum released a progress report each year of competitiveness which is based on a survey on business leaders and the latest economic indicators show the importance
in Indonesia’s competitiveness globally. Its rank climbed 10 levels to rank 44 of 139 countries. This is mainly due to an increase in macroeconomic indicators, health, and basic education, according to the
report. The quality of overall infrastructure has increased from 96 to 90. The protection of intellectual property rights IPRs has increased from 67 to 58; the national savings rate has increased from 40 to
16, the effectiveness of antimonopoly policy has risen from 35 to 30, and the impact of taxation has ascended from 22 to 17. Meanwhile, business sophistication index has also increased, including the
number of local suppliers, from 50 to 43, while the distribution value chain has decreased, from 35 to 26; the control of international distribution has declined, from 39 to 33, and the sophistication of the
production process has also dropped, from 60 to 52. The ranking was based on a comprehensive survey on each the state. Indonesia was behind Portugal 46th, Italy 48th, India 51st, South Africa 54th,
Brazil 58th, Turkey 61st, Russia 63rd, Mexico 66th, Egypt 81st, Greece 83rd, and Argentina
87th. Among ASEAN countries, Indonesia was ranked the ifth after Singapore 3rd, Malaysia 26th, Brunei Darussalam 28th, Thailand 38th, Vietnam 59th, Philippines 85th, and Cambodia 109th.
Thailand’s economy depends on labor-intensive manufacturing sector for decades, but now the country is in a stage of development of creative industries driven by 177 knowledge and information.
Knowledge-based economy is considered as the basis for the development of creative economy. Thailand has sought to enhance its role in international trade with a more proactive and have shifted the focus to
the knowledge and creativity-based production with the aim to add more value to his country. Thailand considers knowledge management as an important factor to promote economic development, in addition
to managing the infrastructure and services, develop knowledge and technology, and promoting RD and innovation to commercialization. Software, animation, and games industry in Thailand is still
small compared with other types of creative industries. Software market in Thailand was worth THB 67 billion in 2010, while animation and games respectively were worthTHB 10 billion and THB 12
billion. The industry currently does not make a signiicant contribution to the GDP of the country, because they face problems related to inancial supports, target markets, and human resources. However,
it is believed that the software, animation, and games will play an important role in the future for the creative economy, because they are considered a real cluster in each type of industry and creativity of
Thailand. In addition, the Software Industry Promotion Agency under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology has been spearheading a national scheme to support
industries ranging from inancial support, marketing, and professional training programs. Currently, the
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government announced the creative economy as a national agenda. Thus the industry is still growing, even during the global economic recession. The needs of creative economy, public and private partnerships,
international cooperation, government stability, government policies, and strong private sector will make the animation softwareand games become the main export products nationwide. Thailand was
ranked 17 of top 20 exporters of creative goods in 2005. Although not recognized as a major exporter
in this ield, Thailand is developing itself to become one of the signiicant exporters of creative goods and services. According to the Thailand governmenteconomic and social development plan as well as
increased creativity is considered as part of measures for economic restructuring.
Comparing between Indonesia and Thailand Creative Industry, at this chapter printing and graphic art industry, Indonesia below Thailand. Thailand has well prepared on it.
The contribution Indonesia Creative sub sector is mainly vary, the chart below shown each sector contribution on it. Printing Industry at Indonesia also give contribution on In Indonesian GDP. Now
our concern and mind set should be changed on it. The industry still give high opportunity on it. Now depend on us how to utilize that opportunity.
Conclusions
This paper give us very clearly about Thailand Creative Industry especially related with our course major, Graphic Arts and Imaging Printing. In order to change from labor based to innovation and
technology based. Our priority is listed. Education is important, without enough and standard education, all just lew like a dream. Concerning in education ield, engineering, science, chemical and information
technology next 10 years willl be rare. Since today try to concerning at that ield in order to support creative industry. Social and Business Economic is too many and over produce. Engineering ields
become decrease. Now since we workshop from Thailand together with Chulalongkorn University, we realize how important all major in balance. Our home work are,
1. Upgrading the lecture on this major by sending study abroad in linear major This must concern on related ield that support the Industry, Today cannot sell the graduated just
like is. Now Univesity, polytechnic must concern on what industry would like it? University must provide their product ready to work with industry, not ready to think. Practically based should be
higher percentage rather that theoretical based. Giving them the newest curricullum and product. Sending staff and lecture study or training abroad is important. In order to upgrade Indonesian
education standarization. Especially related with Creative Industry. Packaging, Publishing, Media and Commercial Printing are part of Creative Industry.
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2. Standarization ASEAN curriculum in this major Graphic Arts and Imaging Printing. Curriculum is the basic and guidance what kind product that University give to them. Our major is
Graphic Arts and Imaging Printing. It means we cannot give them old models, Today all informatic technology based, mostly all continent tend to teach IT based. What is the trend and future trend.
Technology always develop and growth past. IT era must the newest. Standarization is needed for curriculum among university in ASEAN. After the curricullum has been same with others, hopefully
the quality of skill workers also standard. In the future ASEAN Country Industry under Native control, not foreign.
3. Creating many young peoples, innovative, and creative. SMEs in creative industry, especially in Printing still have high opportunity and chance. Compare
with other major, printing still favorable, studying printing can give chance in SMEs, for example, material supplier, consultant, printing house, digital printing, product design, etc. University must
prepare them not only have high grade also entrepreneurship too. This tend to them more innovative and creative. Customatization order much more favorable compare with mass production in small
quantity job order. In the Future, SMEs become regenerate and the industry still running on.
4. Creating many entrepreneurs which has speciication on this industry
Related with poin number 3, entrepreneurs will be support the industry life cycle, the industry will always regeneration and develop. Without any SMEs or young entrepeneur the industry possible
going down. Based on Indonesia experience when economuc crisis 1998, almost all big companies colaps, only SMEs survive at support the Indonesia economic running. Innovation and Creativity is
needed. Now how the education can support and effort? Giving them the best education.
5. Tend to innovative, creative and technology based, no more labor based with conventional models. Innovation, creativity, IT based become consideration for industry. Labor based was leave it no
more hire so many labor in one company in order to bost production capacity with high operational cost. Many companies tend to reduce the operational cost by eficiency and effectivity concept.
Single mass producion product, today cannot give warranty for future. Today customization product push the company produce many product variations, especially in paper packaging and lexible
packaging. Unique product was favorable, seems like product design with art touch. Thailand printing industries mostly innovation and technology based. They investing technology and hire
smart skill workers, multitalent skill worker. Reducing the operational cost but the company income
increased by produce speciic and special product. For example Sritong Nameplate Company, Ltd. Their product only them can produce with export quality. Research and Develepment Department
now needed in industry. Building RD Department need smart and skill worker who has research based soul. This is push the education to build it in together with industry. Chulalongkorn University
has suceed on it.
6. Getting support from Indonesia Government on this creative industry. Government concern and support is the key of success in any industries, without their support
and concern is impossible the industry can growth. Getting Government attention should be from Education and Industry synergy and working together. Thailand Government can mix between
Education and Industry with their printing association in the middle and make communication bridge among 3 parties. Thai Gasma have important role in this. Now after we did workshop in
Thailand it become our case sample how to optimize Indonesian Printing Association PPGI seems like THAI-GASMA in order to get pay attention from Indonesian Government stronger.
7. Enhancing International network, academic and industry. Networking also have very important key roles in the development, not only the education, also
industry and trade sectors. Academic Education need international network for standarization and upgrade their human resource and curricullum. Industry and Trade sector need to enhance
International network in order to get International concern and market for local product, knowing
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international standard and needed. Education side possible make MOU with foreign university who have high grade in education. UNISBANK and POLIMEDIA developing the cooperation with
CHULA in many aspect, especially in Imaging Printing which become our concern. Industry also developing G to G cooperation and with association.
Without any international netwok, the industry could be stuck without any information for outside.
References
1. Simatupang, T. M., S. Rustiadi and D. B. M. Situmorang 2012, ‘Enhancing the Competitiveness of the Creative Services Sectors in Indonesia’ in Tullao, T. S. and H. H. Lim eds., Developing
ASEAN Economic Community AEC into A Global Services Hub, ERIA Research Project Report 2011-1, Jakarta: ERIA, pp.173-270.
2. Hermantoro, Hengky, “Creative Industry in Indonesia” in The Malaysia Intelectual Property Cooperation, My IPO, Kuala Lumpur 12-13 December 2013.
3. http:www.slideshare.netimultimediacreative-industry-in-indonesia, “Creative Industry in Indonesia”
4. Ministry of Cordinator and Economic Affairs, “A challenge for Indonesia”, 2013 5. PIRA International LTD, “Global Retail – Ready Packaging Consumption, 2010.
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UTILIZATION OF PAPER MILL REJECTS WASTE AS A RAW MATERIAL OF COMPOSITE PARTICLE BOARD CPB
Yusup Setiawan
1
, Aep Surachman, Kristaufan Joko Pramono, Sri Purwati, Henggar Hardiani
Center for Pulp and Paper CPP Jl. Raya Dayeuhkolot No. 132 Bandung-Indonesia
1
yusupsetiawan60yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Rejects waste of paper mill using recycled paper as a raw material contain iber of 50.75 and HDPE plastic of 49.25. It can be utilized as a raw material on the preparation of composite particle board
CPB as a cheap building material. The CPB was prepared by mixing from rejects waste with either Maleic Anhydride MA or HDPE plastic pellet. Addition of MA or HDPE plastic pellet into rejects
waste was varied in the dose of 2.5 to 10 and 2.44 to 9.09, respectively. CPB was molded in hot press machine at the constant pressing pressure of 25 kg
f
cm
2
with the varying the temperature of 150, 165 and 180
o
C for 5, 10 and 15 minutes, respectively. CPB was analyzed for physical properties such as density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption, and mechanichal property such as
internal bond according to Indonesian quality standard for particle board SNI 03-2105-2006 and Japan Industrial Standard JIS A 5908-2003. Heavy metal content of CPB such as Chromium Cr, Cadmium
Cd, Copper Cu and Lead Pb was also analyzed. Results indicates that CPB had the density of 0.80 - 0.91 gramcm
3
, the moisture content of lower than 2, the thickness swelling of 0.19 – 11.16, and the internal bond of 2.43 – 3.79 kg
f
cm
2
. These physical and mechanical properties of CPB have complied with the Indonesian quality standard and Japan Industrial Standard. CPB had very low content of heavy
metal 0.08 mgL so that it is safe for environment. Keywords: paper mill; reject waste; hot press; composite particle boards
Introduction
Composites particle board CPB is composites containing a wood component in particle form and a polymer matrix from thermosets or thermoplastics materials. The most often used polymers for CPB
are polypropylene PP, polyethylene PE and polyvinyl chloride PVC Yadav, 2015. There is a tendency of waste recycling and using it for producing the CPB, recently. Use of renewable materials
for manufacturing CPB could contribute the solution of raw material shortage for the particle board industry Ghalehno and Nazerian, 2011; Muruganandam, 2016. Environmentally friendly or green
building materials are becoming more widely used in industrial production practices. These materials are nontoxic and are made from renewable or recyclable resources Anderson et al., 2005; Atuanya
et al., 2015. CPB has been manufactured from different types of raw materials in the form of small particles which is impregnated with resins as binders. It is also reinforced with heat and pressure during
molding Youngquist, 1999; Muruganandam, 2016. The plastic polymers act as a matrix in binding of wood powders or other natural powders. The reinforcement of wood powders is the main key in
providing high strength and stiffness as well as resistance to bending of composites product Bhaskar et al., 2012. Some literature reported that CPB can be made from many materials such as bark, sawdust
Poges et al., 1981, wheat straw Cheng et al., 2004, waste wood chips Wang et al., 2007, recycle paper Nourbakhsh and Ashori, 2010, bamboo waste Laemlaksakul, 2010, kenaf particles Juliana
and Paridah, 2011, mixture of baggase and industrial wood particles Tabarsa, 2011, rosella stalks Ghalehno and Nazerian, 2011, baggase and industrial wood particles Dahmardehghalehno and
Bayatkashkoli, 2013. CPB have many desirable properties such as high density, high surface hardness, abrasion resistance, high durability, etc. Composites particle board can be manufactured in different
sizes, shapes, thickness and densities and it can be utilized for housing, industries and in commercial buildings as partition walls, window entryway boards, table tops, board sheets Kavitha et al., 2015 ;
www.espace.library.uq.edu.au, 2016..
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In the paper industry using recycle paper as raw materials, reject waste is generated from the decomposition of the iber in the amount of 5 – 10 paper production Setiawan et al., 2014. Now
a day, reject waste is generally discarded as a land ill. Haynes et al. 2009 reported that reject waste component is consisted of 45 plastic, 21 paper, 10 metal, and 24 other materials. According
to Setiawan et al . 2014 composition reject waste after metal separation is 50.75 ibers and 49.25
plastics, where the plastic components is more than 99 HDPE plastic type Setiawan and Surachman, 2015. These ibers and plastics component in reject waste of paper industry has potency to be utilized
as a raw material for manufacturing of CPB. The objective of study is to investigate the properties of the CPB made from reject waste of paper
industry. The quality of CPB resulted is compared with the quality standard of particle board. Heavy metal content in water soaking of CPB is also analyzed and studied.
Materials and Methods Materials
Reject waste with a moisture content of 40 - 50 was taken from a paper mill’s production process of corrugating medium and kraft liner paper made from recycled paper. The reject waste was dried in the
sun to heat it up, resulting in a moisture content of less than 10. Maleic Anhydride MA was used as a coupling agent and High Density Polyethylene HDPE plastic pellets with the length of 2-3 mm and
a diameter of 1-1.5 mm as a matrix additional.
Methods
The dried reject waste was shredded with a knife of shredding machine. The shredding machine has a holes screen of around 4 mm for the output of the shredding results. Shredded reject waste 250
to 500 g or mixture of shredded reject waste with either MA 2.5 to 10 wt or HDPE plastic pellets 2.44 to 9.09 wt was inserted into iron molds having a size of 20 cm length, 20 cm width and 1 cm
thickness which is based stainless steel plate and telon sheet. Materials was lattened and given the pressure to become solid. Then the material in a mold was covered with telon sheet and stainless steel
plate. It was then inserted into the hot press machine. In the hot press machine, the material was heated at each temperature of 150
o
C, 165
o
C and 180
o
C at a pressure of 25 kg
f
cm
2
for 5, 10 and 15 minutes, respectively. After completion of hot compression, the composite particle board resulted was removed
from the hot press machine and cooled at room temperature. The composite particle board resulted was test for physical properties including density, moisture
content, thickness swelling and water absorption, and testing of the mechanical properties was internal bond. Density of CPB was calculated by equation 1.
Density gcm
3
= WaVa 1 W
a
= air dried weight V
a
= air dried volume Moisture content of CPB was calculated by equation 2.
Moisture content = Wa - WoWo 100 2 W
a
= air dried weight W
o
= Oven dried weight of the particle board Water absorption test was done by immersed of specimen in distilled water in a glass vessel at room
temperature of 25
◦
C. Water absorption of CPB was calculated by equation 3. Water absorption = W
f
– W
i
W
i
100 3 W
f
= inal weight W
i
= initial weight
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Thickness swelling test was done by immersed of specimen in distilled water at room temperature of 25
◦
C. Thickness swelling of CPB was calculated by equation 4. Thickness swelling = T
f
- T
i
T
i
100 4 T
i
= initial thickness T
f
= inal thickness Internal bond test is a mechanical test performed on packaging materials to determine the maximum
load that can be applied to a material before it ruptures or tears. Tensile testing machine is used to calculate the tensile strength. The sample was placed on the machine and anchored at both ends. As the
machine was pumped manually, both tensioned ends were stretched till it failed. Failure occurred by splitting. The internal bond was calculated by equation 5.
δt = W
t
bt 5 δt = Tensile stress Nmm²,
W
t
= Failure tensile load N b = Breadth of the specimen mm
t = Thickness of the specimen mm All testing procedure of CPB is according to the Indonesian National Standard, SNI 03-2105-2006
Anonymous, 2006 or Japan Industrial Standard, JIS A 5908-2003 Anonymous, 2003. Heavy metal such as Chromium Cr, Cadmium Cd, Copper Cu and Lead Pb concentrations in the soaking
water of composite particle board for soaking time of 120 hours was also analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy AAS methods.
Results and Discussion
In this study, the effect of press time, raw material weight and press temperature, MA addition, HDPE plastic pellet addition to the CPB properties, and heavy metal concentration in water soaking was
described as the following.
Effect of Press Time to CPB Qualities
The quality of CPB made from 250 g of reject waste in varying of press time of 5, 10, and 15 minutes is shown in Table 1. This table shows that CPB made by different press time does not indicates
signiicant differences in their density 0.82 – 0.83 gcm
3
. All of CPB has low moisture content 0.88 – 2.01. Press time affect to the thickness swelling and water absorption of CPB. The lowest of thickness
swelling and water absorption of CPB at 2 hrs and 4 hrs water immerssion is made by press time of 10 minutes. This value of thickness swelling affect to the internal bond properties of CPB as indicated
in Table 1. The highest of internal bond properties of CPB 3.73 kg
f
cm
2
was made at press time of 10 minutes. Internal bond strength is one of the properties which have lot of signiicance to determine
the maximum load that can be applied to a material before it ruptures or tears Muruganandam, 2016. Comparing to the quality standard of particle board, the quality of CPB made from reject waste has
complied with Indonesian and Japan standard, except CPB made by press time of 5 minutes.
Effect of Reject Waste Weight and Press Temperature to CPB Qualities
The quality of CPB made from reject waste in varying of reject waste weight of 250 g, 375 g, 500 g, and varying of press temperature of 165
o
C and 180
o
C at 10 minutes of press time is shown in Table 2.
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Table 2. Effect of reject waste weight and press temperature to CPB qualities
No Sample code
Testing results Density
gcm
3
Moisture content
Thickness swelling
Water absorption Internal
Bond kg
f
cm
2
2 hrs 24 hrs
2 hrs 24 hrs
1 R-250-165-10
0.83 2.01
5.07 6.08
22.42 28.01
3.73 2
R-375-165-10 1.00
0.90 16.38
16.38 12.69
20.16 2.55
3 R-500-165-10
1.03 0.41
7.13 8.16
6.03 12.38
2.44 4
R-250-180-10 0.90
1.38 6.43
7.30 25.90
28.50 2.36
5 R-375-180-10
0.99 1.20
6.11 8.01
12.09 21.01
2.33 6
R-500-180-10 1.01
0.85 5.60
7.35 11.31
21.62 2.22
SNI 03-2105-2006 0.4 - 0.9
14 25
- 1.5
JIS A 5908-2003 0.5 – 0.9
5 – 13 12
- 1.5 – 3.1
The increasing of the weight of reject waste as a raw materials used could be a CPB more compact. It has effect in increasing of the density of CPB. It increased from 0.83 gcm
3
to 1.03 gcm
3
and from 0.90 gcm
3
to 1.01 gcm
3
with the increasing of reject waste weight used 250 – 500 g in each press temperature of 165
o
C and 180
o
C, respectively. On the other hand, it decreased the water absorption properties both for 2 hrs and 24 hrs of water immersion. The decreasing of to the water absorption of
CPB was 22.42 to 6.03 and 28.01 to 12.38. At press temperature of 180
o
C, both for 2 hrs and 24 hrs of water immersion, water absorption of CPB decrease from 25.90 to 11.31 and 28.50 to
21.01, respectively. While effect the increasing of the weight of reject waste as a raw materials used to the internal bond properties of CPB was insigniicant. The highest of internal bond properties of CPB
of 3.73 kg
f
cm
2
and 2.36 kg
f
cm
2
was made of press temperature of 165
o
C and 180
o
C, respectively. Comparing to the quality standard of particle board, the physical properties and internal bond of all CPB
made from reject waste has complied with Indonesian and Japan standards.
Effect of MA Addition into Reject Waste to CPB Qualities
The quality of CPB made from reject waste of 250 g mixed with the varying of MA concentration of 2.5 – 10 at press temperature of 165
o
C and press time of 10 minutes can be seen in Table 3. Table 1. Effect of press time to CPB qualities
No Sample code
Testing results Density
gcm
3
Moisture content
Thickness swelling
Water absorption
Internal Bond
kg
f
cm
2
2 hrs 24 hrs
2 hrs 24 hrs
1 R-250-165-5
0.82 1.12
9.12 11.44
43.65 50.74
1.06 2
R-250-165-10 0.83
2.01 5.07
6.08 22.42
28.01 3.73
3 R-250-165-15
0.83 0.88
7.97 9.21
42.02 45.87
2.92 SNI 03-2105-2006
0.4 - 0.9 14
25 -
1.5 JIS A 5908-2003
0.5 – 0.9 5 – 13
12 -
1.5 – 3.1
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Table 3. Effect of MA additional into reject waste to CPB qualities
No Sample code
Testing results Density
gcm
3
Moisture content
Thickness swelling
Water absorption
Internal Bond
kg
f
cm
2
2 hrs 24 hrs
2 hrs 24 hrs
1 RMA2.5
0.84 1.05
6.11 13.58
16.40 38.37
1.49 2
RMA5 0.82
1.22 2.35
13.51 12.35
19.84 2.43
3 RMA7.5
0.83 0.82
1.57 5.07
8.24 18.63
3.79 4
RMA10 0.81
0.50 1.28
1.47 9.42
21.11 3.38
SNI 03-2105-2006 0.4 - 0.9
14 25
- 1.5
JIS A 5908-2003 0.5 – 0.9
5 – 13 12
- 1.5 – 3.1
The addition of MA as coupling agent into reject waste is intended to homogenize mixture of iber having hydrophilic property and HDPE plastic having hydrophobic property. CPB made by MA addition
of 7.5 gave thickness swelling and water absorption which is lower than of without MA addition as seen in Table 1. In this case, MA has a function as coupling agent in homogenized a mixture of iber
having hydrophilic property and HDPE plastic having hydrophobic property. Internal bond property of CPB is rather high than of without MA addition. This CPB quality has complied with Indonesian and
Japan standard.
Effect of HDPE Plastic Pellet Addition into Reject Waste to CPB Qualities
The quality of CPB made from reject waste of 250 g mixed with HDPE plastic pellet of 2.44 – 9.09 at press temperature of 165
o
C and press time of 10 minutes can be seen in Table 4. The addition of HDPE plastic pellet into reject waste is intended to add binder matrix of iber contained in reject waste.
Results indicated that the quality of CPB is increase for the density. But their thickness swelling, water absorption and the internal bond are not improved well. The possibility of this case is the HDPE plastic
pellet which is added too big size so that it is not mix well in rejects waste.
Table 4. Effect of PE additional into reject waste to CPB qualities
No Sample code
Testing results Density
gcm
3
Moisture content
Thickness swelling
Water absorption
Internal Bond
kg
f
cm
2
2 hrs 24 hrs
2 hrs 24 hrs
1 RPE-2.44
0.91 0.93
10.21 13.87
44.01 47.88
0.89 2
RPE-3.85 0.86
1.03 7.95
13.15 52.72
57.56 1.37
3 RPE-6.98
0.90 0.76
9.43 12.00
40.03 43.56
1.58 4
RPE-9.09 0.83
0.82 8.90
12.63 41.50
44.93 2.70
SNI 03-2105-2006 0.4 - 0.9
14 25
- 1.5
JIS A 5908-2003 0.5 – 0.9
5 – 13 12
- 1.5 – 3.1
Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Soaking of CPB
Concentration of heavy metal for Cr, Cd, Cu and Pb in soaking water of CPB after 120 hours soaking time is shown in Table 5. This table shows that heavy metal for Cr, Cd and Cu is not detectable
in CPB. CPB is only contains Pb in the concentration of 0.07 – 0.08 mgL. Low concentration of heavy metal in CPB might be caused by heavy metal retained in CPB or low heavy metal content in
recycled paper used by paper mill. The concentration of heavy metal of CPB is almost similar with
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glass-iber reinforced cement GRC sold comercially in Indonesia. Comparing to Indonesian Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure TCLP standard, it has complied with this standard. Therefore
CPB is safe for environment.
Table 5. Heavy metal concentration in water soaking of CPB
No Sample code
Heavy metal concentration mgL Cr
Cd Cu
Pb 1
R-165-15 nd
nd nd
0.08 2
RPE-9.09 nd
nd nd
0.07 3
GRC nd
nd nd
0.08 Indonesian TCLP standard
2.5 0.15
10 0.50
Note : nd = not detectable
Conclusions
Composite particle board CPB can be made from reject waste of paper mill using recycle paper as a raw material at the press temperature of 165 – 180
o
C and press time of 10 minute having the physical properties density, thickness swelling and the mechanic property internal bond complied
with Indonesian and Japan Industrial standards. Reject waste of paper mill can be utilized as a raw material for CPB as a building material. The addition of MA or HDPE plastic pellets into reject waste
is insigniicant in improvement of the CPB quality. CPB contains a low of heavy metal content 0.07 – 0.08 mgL so that it is safe for environment.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank to all technician of testing laboratory, Center for Pulp and Paper CPP the Ministry of Industry, for their assistance. I would also like to thank to Director of CPP the Ministry of
Industry, for his support so that the research project is completed.
References
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