Struggle Rights Definition of Terms

11 2. Character as seen by others The author describes the character through the eyes and opinions of others. The readers can get the point by knowing the other characters tell what they see of and think about the character. 3. Speech The character can be recognized by knowing what he or she says. Whenever, in conversation with another or puts forward an opinion, he or she gives clues to his or her own character. 4. Past life The character is described by letting the readers learn something about his or her past life. The author gives us a clue to the events that have helped to create his or her character. 5. Conversation of other characters The author describes a person’s character through the conversations of other characters with the things they say about him or her. It can give us the clues to know a person’s character through this method. 6. Reaction In this method, the author describes a person’s character by letting us know how she or he reacts to the various situations and events. Reaction means the way that a person cries, laughs, or angry. 7. Direct Comment of the author The author describes or comments on a person’s character directly. 12 8. Thoughts In this method, the author gives us direct knowledge by letting us know what a person is thinking about and tells us about the different people’s thoughts. 9. Mannerism In this method, the author describes a person’s mannerism, which means a person’s traits, habits or idiosyncrasies, and ways of life in order to tell the readers something about his or her personality pp. 161-173.

2.1.3 Theory of Psychological Approach

According to Rohrberger and Woods 1971, there are five kinds of approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural- historical approach, mythopoeia approach, and psychological approach p. 13. According to Guerin, Morgan, Labor, Reesman and Willingham 2011 various ideas in a novel will get various responses from the readers. The readers, sometimes, face their life experiences in the novel in order to get the message. However, the experiences which have been got by the readers are not suitable to what is delivered in the literary work pp. 389-392. The readers need special ability to analyse or judge a literary work. The readers can use critical approach to reveal the fascination and appreciation of the literary work by many perspectives. Guerin, Morgan, Labor, Reesman and Willingham 2011 in A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature mention