13 five approaches. They are traditional approach, formalist approach, mythological
approach, historical approach and psychological approaches. The psychological approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate
certain recurrent patterns. It uses various theories of psychology to explain the characters, motivation, and behaviour pattern.
This psychological approach is used by the researcher to study the main character as seen in Ho’s Sing to the Dawn. Through this psychological approach,
the researcher tries to interpret the novel. Using this approach helps the researcher to find out the meaning of each line stated in the novel that aims to understand the
description of the character the researcher wants to analyse.
2.1.4 Theory of Motivation
Theory of motivation is used in this study. It aims to find out Dawan’s
motivation in keeping her intention to get her rights to study, even though she has to break the old tradition that women can only be a wife and mother and better not
to get a higher education than the men. To find out what kinds of Dawan motivation here are some theories of motivation according to some experts.
Motivation defines as an enthusiasm for doing something or there must be the need or reason for doing something. According to Herbert 1981 in his book
Motivation: Theory and Research defines that motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct
behaviour.
14 Smith 1969 states that motivation is defined as an internal process that
influences the direction, persistence, and vigour of goal directed behaviour p. 282. Having motivation leads a human to be more focus on his or her goals and
behaves in a specific behaviour so that he or she is still on the right track to get his or her goals. In achieving their goal, humans have to be persistent in doing their
work or job to achieve the goal. Being persistent is the key to success and being motivated is the key for human to stick to their goals or achievement.
Murray
1964
defines that motivation is desire, which related to behaviour because it is involved in all kind of behaviour: learning, performing, perceiving,
attending, remembering, forgetting, thinking, creating, and feeling. In this case motivation is as a booster which encourages a person to behave in a certain
manner and to strive for his or her goals p. 7. According to Kalish
1973,
motivation is something that cannot be seen, heard and touched, but it must be inferred or assumed p. 30. Just like what Petri
1981
in Motivation; Theory and Research stated that motivation is the concept we used when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate
and direct behaviour.” In addition, Petri also says, “we often use the concept of motivation t
o indicate the direction of behaviour.” p. 3. Perrine 1974 says that in a story the character takes the actions based on
their certain strong reasons. The reasons motivate the character to act or to behave in a certain way. The character in a story must be clearly motivated in whatever
they do, especially when there are some changes on their behaviours of personalities p. 69.
15 Maslow 1969 states that any comprehensive theory of human motivation
must take into account the individual as a whole p. 301. He had developed a motivational theory that emphasizes the striving to reach one’s full potential as
basic to human motivation. A motivation of Maslow is known as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. According to Maslow 1970 in his The Hierarchy Needs of
Motivation: there are five levels of human needs such as psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization pp.38-43.
Figure 2.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
1.1.4.1 Psychological Needs.
Psychological needs are categorized as a basic need of human life like the need of air, sexual desire, hunger, and thirst. These needs are obvious because
they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body simply cannot continue to function.
Safety Needs
Protection, security, order, law, stability, etc
Social Needs
Family, affection, relationships, group, etc
Esteem Needs
Achievement, status, reputation
Physiological Needs
The need of air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc
Self-Actualization
Personal growthfulfillment
16
1.1.4.2 Safety Needs
According to Maslow as cited by McClelland 1985, safety needs are the needs for security and protection from pain, fear anxiety, and disorder, need for
order, lawfulness, and discipline p. 41. It is obvious that everybody needs to feel secure, safe and out of danger. People need this need for a peaceful life that they
will feel safe.
1.1.4.3 Social Needs
The thir d layer of human needs based on Maslow’s hierarchy is social
needs. Social needs are the need of love and the need of feeling a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as
clubs, office culture, religious groups, professional organizations, sport teams, or small social connections such as family members, intimate partners, mentors and
close colleagues. Meanwhile, love is a healthy loving relationship between two persons that include mutual trust. By having a good relationship, there are lack of
fear and dropping defences. The absence of love will stifle growth and the development of potential. This love and belonging needs can overcome the
physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure. For example, a girl may ignore the need to eat and security of health for a feeling
of control and belonging.
1.1.4.4 Esteem Needs
Esteem needs are the need for achievement, respect, and approval. These needs are one-step above belongingness and love. There are two types of esteem
needs. First is self-esteem, which includes the needs of desire for confidence,
