2.2.9 Language Features
According to Jenny Hammond for Special Purposes 1992:96 Descriptive often uses “be” and “have”. Tense which is often used is Simple Present Tense. However,
sometimes it uses Past Tense if the thing to be described doesn’t exist anymore.
2.3
Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan KTSP
Curriculum is often defined as the courses offered by a school, but it is rarely used in such a general sense in school. Depending on how broadly educators define or
employ the term, curriculum typically refers to the knowledge and skills students are expected to learn.
2.3.1 Syllabus
Syllabus is a form of support for the teaching activity that is planned in the classroom and a form of guidance in the construction of appropriate teaching materials.
2.3.2 Lesson Plan
Stiliana Milkova 2014:1 in her paper states that Lesson plan is the instructor’s road map of what students need and how it will be done effectively during the class time.
A productive lesson plan is not one in which everything goes exactly as planned, but one in which both students and instructor learn from each other.
Figure 2.2 Steps on educational research and development based on Dick and Carey instructional design model
It is an Instructional Systems Design ISD model shown in the figure above can be applied in conducting educational research and development. In the first step is
analysis phase, instructional problem is clarified, the instructional goals and objectives are established and the learning environment and learners existing
knowledge and skills are identified. Below are some of the questions that are addressed during the analysis phase:
a. Who is the audience and their characteristics? b. Identify the new behavioural outcome?
c. What types of learning constraints exist? d. What are the delivery options?
e. What are the online pedagogical considerations? f. What is the timeline for project completion?
The second step is Design Phase. The design phase deals with learning objectives, assessment instruments, exercises, content, subject matter analysis, lesson
planning and media selection. The design phase should be systematic and specific. Systematic means a logical, orderly method of identifying, developing and evaluating
a set of planned strategies targeted for attaining the projects goals. Specific means each element of the instructional design plan needs to be executed with attention to
details. Next is, Development Phase. The development phase is where the developers
create and assemble the content assets that were created in the design phase. Programmers work to develop andor integrate technologies. Testers perform
debugging procedures. The project is reviewed and revised according to any feedback given.
After a researcher done with designing the product, then it is the time to implement. During the implementation phase, a procedure for training the facilitators
and the learners is developed. The facilitators training should cover the course curriculum, learning outcomes, method of delivery, and testing procedures.
Preparation of the learners include training them on new tools software or hardware, student registration. This is also the phase where the project manager ensures that the
books, hands on equipment, tools, CD-ROMs and software are in place, and that the learning application or Web site is functional.
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CHAPTER III METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
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