provides the information of phonetics transcription of each word. Forth column contains the information of class of words. Fifth column contains the information
of meaning of each word. Sixth column provides the information of the origin of each word, and seventh column provides the information of pages in Longman
Dictionary where they were collected. In addition, each number in the table below contains a word as the data, but especially for number 147-167, each number
contains a pair of word that consist of a word and its antonym 147-153, and actual words and potential word from the actual words 154-167.
B. Data Analysis
As the writer has mentioned in technique of data analysis and data description above, the writer will use Katamba’s blocking theory in analyzing the
data; therefore, all of the data analysis below bases on Katamba’ blocking theory. Moreover, as the writer has explained explicitly on chapter 2.4, according to
Katamba, there are three causes why blocking can occur on affixation of English words. They are phonological factor, morphological factor and semantic factor.
1. Blocking because of Phonological Factor
It is a generally accepted explanation that English speakers can form a verb with an inchoative meaning expressing idea of starting from an adjective,
for example; {black} + {-en} adjective + suffix = {blacken} verb or {soft} + {-en} adjective + suffix = {soften} verb. However, according to
Katamba, that process is limited by some phonological rules. They are the base
must monosyllabic and the base must end in obstruent, which may be optionally preceded by a sonorant.
The base must monosyllabic means the non-affix lexical content morpheme, that is an adjective that will be transformed to a verb by adding suffix
{-en}, consists of a syllable such as black, damp, tough, soft, white, hard, red, wide, sick, etc. All of those words can be transformed to verb by adding suffix {-
en}, and the results of their affixation are listed in any English Dictionaries, such as blacken, dampen, toughen, soften, whiten, harden, redden, widen, sicken.
While, the words listed in the table above from number 17-30 are not bases with monosyllable, but they consist of two or more syllables. Therefore, the words
adjective listed in the table from number 17-30 such as maroonmə ’ru:n, violet’vaIə lə It,
yellow’jelə ʊ , narrow
’nærə ʊ , golden’gə ʊ ldə n,
purple’pɜ :rpə l, brown’braʊ n,
hesitant’hezə Itə nt, aware
ə ’wer,
silver’sIlvə r, ashen’æʃ ə n, berserkbɜ :r’sɜ :rk, horny’hɔ :rni, banalbə ’nɑ :l,
cannot be transformed to verb by adding suffix {-en}, although it is possible based on semantic factor because their meaning is not completely different from words
that can be added suffix {-en}, such as word ‘black’ and word ‘yellow’, that are symbols of a color. It means the writer or anyone cannot find in any English
dictionaries words such as maroonen, violeten, yellowen, narrowen, silveren, ashenen, berserken, hornyen, banalen
, etc. Meanwhile, in order to explain the meaning of the base must end in
obstruent, which may be optionally preceded by a sonorant, firstly the writer will
Unused form
explain the meaning of obstruent and sonorant. In phonetics, articulation may be divided into two large classes, obstruent and sonorant. An obstruent is a consonant
sound formed by obstructing airflow, causing increased air pressure in the vocal tract. Obstruent are those articulations in which there is either a total closure of
the vocal tract, or a partial closure, i.e. a stricture causing friction; both groups being associated with a noise component. In English and many other languages,
this class maintains a distinctive opposition between voiceless and voiced types. Obstruent are subdivided into stops with total closure followed by an explosive
release of air – hence the equivalent term plosive, affricates with at first a stop- like total closure, followed by a more controlled, fricative-style release, i.e. a
stricture causing friction, and fricatives with only limited closure, i.e. no more than a steady stricture causing friction. Obstruent are prototypically voiceless,
though voiced obstruent are common. This contrasts with sonorant, which are much more rarely voiceless.
On the other hand, a sonorant is a speech sound that is produced without turbulent airflow in the vocal tract. Essentially this means a sound thats squeezed
out like z or spat out like t is not a sonorant. For example, vowels are sonorant, as are consonants like m and l. Other consonants, like d or s,
restrict the airflow enough to cause turbulence, and so are non-sonorant. In addition to vowels, phonetic categorizations of sounds that are considered
sonorant include approximants, nasal consonants, taps, and trills. In the sonority hierarchy, all sounds higher than fricatives are sonorant. Sonorant are those
articulations in which there is only a partial closure or an unimpeded oral or nasal
scape of air; such articulations, typically voiced, and frequently frictionless, without noise component, may share many phonetic characteristics with vowels.
Thus, the writer can see from the place and manner articulation of English consonant on the table below, those phonemes such as p, b, t, d, k g, f, v, tʃ ,
dʒ , θ, ð, s, z, ʃ , ʒ , h are obstruent, and those phoneme such as l, m, n, ŋ, ɹ , w, j are sonorant.
Table 1. Consonant Phonemes of English from Wikipedia.com
46
Bilabi al
Labi o-
denta l
Dent al
Alveol ar
Post- alveol
ar
Palat al
Vela r
Glott al
Nasal m
n ŋ
Plosive p b
t d k g
Affricative tʃ dʒ
Fricative f v
θ ð
s z ʃ ʒ
x h
Approxima nt
r j
w Lateral
l
Based on explanation above, the writer may conclude that the meaning of the base must end in obstruent, which may be optionally preceded by a sonorant is
the base must end with consonants sound which are obstruent, and may be optionally preceded by sonorant phoneme such as l, m, n, ŋ, ɹ , w, j.
Therefore, besides the base must monosyllabic, the base, adjectives that can be transformed to verb by adding suffix {-en}, must end with consonants that
46
www.Wikipedia.com
are obstruent and may be optionally preceded by sonorant phoneme. It means all adjectives that their base end with vowel sounds or consonant sounds that are
sonorant cannot be changed to verb by adding suffix {-en}, although they have monosyllabic base.
It is why words adjectives in the table from number 1-16, such as
green gri:n, blueblu:, pinkpiŋk, smallsmɔ :l, slimslim, thinθIn, slowslə ʊ ,
gray greI, young jɅŋ, wrong rɒ ŋ, wanwɑ :n, teenti:n, lameleIm, plain
pleIn, dimdIm, cannot be changed to verb by adding suffix {-en}, although their
base is monosyllable. All of those words have monosyllabic base, but they cannot be change to verb by adding suffix {-en} because their base ends in sonorant such
as greengri:n, thinθIn, smallsmɔ :l, graygreI, young jɅŋ, or ends with vocal sound such as blueblu:. For further description, see the table below;
Table 2. Blocking process occurring on verbs derived from adjective by adding suffix {-en}
Verbs with inchoative meaning derived from adjectives by adding suffix –en must be non-monosylabic and not end in an obstruent and optionally preceded by a
sonorant
Unblocked words Blocked words
Non-monosyllabic
Not end in an obstruent and optionally
preceded by a sonorant
redredden maroon
green blackblacken
Violet blue
deepdeepen Yellow
pink largelargen
narrow small
softsoften golden
slim hardharden
Purple thin
whitewhiten Brown
slow shortshorten
hesistant gray
roughroughen Aware
young toughtoughen
Silver wrong
quietquieten Ashen
wan fastfasten
berserk teen
weakweaken Horny
lame sicksicken
Banal lax
loudlouden plain
widewiden dim
Another blocking process of affixation because of phonological factor is blocking process occurring on affixation of adding suffix {-ly} to an adjective to
form an adverb. As generally English speakers know, derivational suffix {-ly} is attached in a highly predictable manner to adjectives to form adverbs such as
{serious} + {-ly} adjective + suffix = {seriously} adverb or {wise} + {- ly} adjective + suffix = {wisely} adverb. However, according to Katamba’s
blocking theory, there is certain adjectives that cannot be changed to an adverb by adding suffix {-ly} because there is a phonological factor that frustrates its
affixation. The certain adjectives are adjectives that end in {-ly} li. It can occur on adjectives that end in {ly} because suffixing {-ly} on that kind of adjective
would result a dispreferred -lili sequence in the derived adverb. In addition, this phonological constrain can occur because languages, including English, seem to
have rule of ‘euphony’ pleasant sound which tend to bar certain jarring sound sequences in word formation.
Therefore, the words listed in the table above from number 31-52, such as
friendly’frendli, sisterly’sIstə rli,
brotherly’brɅðə rli, fatherly’fɑ :ðə rli,
motherly’mɅðə rli, elderly’eldə rli,
ghostly’gə ʊ stli, masterly’mæstə rli,
burly’bɜ :rli, oily’ɔ Ili, ugly’Ʌgli, girly’gɜ :rli, manly’mænli, godly’gɑ :dli, pearly’pɜ :rli,
portly’pɔ :rtli, comely’kɅmli,
goodly’gʊ dli, womanly’wʊ mə nli, cannot be changed to adverb by suffixing {-ly} because
they are adjectives ending in –ly lI. This circumstance explains also why the writer or everyone can find word ‘beautifully’ in any English dictionaries, but the
wirter or anyone cannot find word ‘uglyly’ in any English dictionaries in this world. This can happen because the phonological constrain above that frustrates
its suffixing process. For further description, see the table below; Table 3. Blocking process occurring on adverbs derived from adjective by
adding suffix {-ly} Adverbs derived from adjectives by adding suffix –ly are not taken from adjectives
end in -ly
Unblocked Words Blocked Words
Adjectives end in –ly
Shortly silly
Slowly miserly
Politely sisterly
Lovely friendly
Lately bimonthly
Whitely brotherly
Hotly fatherly
Hugely motherly
Mostly elderly
Mainly ghostly
Logically masterly
Analytically burly
Massively oily
Lowly ugly
Highly girly
Attractively manly
Lamely godly
Badly gnarly
pearly Portly
The last phonological constrain that can frustrate affixation of English words is the rule of suffixing {-ify} on noun or adjective to form a verb. The verb-
forming English suffix -ify attaches only to monosyllables, to words stressed on the last syllable, and to words stressed on the penultimate syllable and ending in
I. Therefore, English speakers can form a verb by adding suffix {-ify} to words
such as null nullify, scare scarify, beat beatify, pure purify, base basify, verse
versify, cert certify, fort fortify, class classify, and code codify
because they are monosyllabic words. Besides, English speakers can also form a
verb by adding suffix {-ify} to words such as city citify, jolly jollify, dignity dignify, zombie zombify, very verify, dandy dandify, revive revivify,
beauty beautify, and person personify because those words are words stressed
on the last syllable, and to words stressed on the penultimate syllable and ending in I.
On the other hand, English speakers cannot applied suffixing {-ify} to
words listed in the table above from number 53-73, such as colonialkə ’lə ʊ niə l, neutral’nju:trə l,
natural’nætʃ ə rə l, national’næʃ nə l,
different’dIfə rə nt, accent’æksə nt,
grade’greId, hospital’hɒ spItl,
human’hju:mə n, industrialIn’dɅstriə l,
internalIn’tɜ :rnl, interpol’Intə rpɒ l,
international ,Intə r’næʃ ə nə l,
modern’mɒ :də rn, moral’mɒ rə l,
motor’mə ʊ tə r, normal’nɔ :rmə l, orchestra’ɔ :rkə Istrə , origin’ɔ :rə Idʒ æIn, and module’mɒ dju:l, because those words are not monosyllabic words, not
words stressed on the last syllable, and not words stressed on the penultimate syllable and ending in I.
This is why in any English dictionaries in this world; the writer finds words such as colonize, neutralize, naturalize, nationalize, differentiate,
accentuate, graduate, hospitalize, humanize, industrialize, internalize, interpolate, internationalize, modernize, moralize, motorize, normalize, orchestrate, originate,
and modulate, but the writer cannot find words such as colonify, neutralify, naturalify, nationalify, differentify, accentify, graduatify, hospitalify,
humanify, industrialify,
internalify, interpolify,
internationalify, modernify, moralify, motorify, normallify, orchestratify, originify, and
modulify
. For further description, see table below; Table. 4. Blocking process occurring on attachment of vebr-forming
English suffix {-ify} The verb-forming English suffix -ify attaches only to monosyllables, to words
stressed on the last syllable, and to words stressed on the penultimate syllable and ending in I
Unblocked Words Blocked words
dignity—dignify matrix—matriculate not matrixify
beauty—beautify colonial—colonize not colonialify
person—personify neutral—neutralize not neutralify
class—classify natural—naturalize not naturalify
fort—fortify national—nationalize not nationalify
revive—revivify different—differentiate not differentify
ugly—uglify accent--accentuate not accentify
dandy—dandify grade—graduate not gradualify
glory—glorify hospital—hospitalize not hospitalify
verse—versify human—humanize not humanify
very—verify industrial—industrialize not indurtialify
Unused form
base—basify internal—internalize not internalify
city—citify interpol—interpolate not interpolify
cert—certify international—internationalize not
internationalify modif—modify
modern—modenize not modernify code—codify
moral--moralize not moralify beat—beatify
motor—motorize not motorify zombie—zombify
normal—normalize not normalify pure—Purify
orchestra—orchestrate not orchestrify jolly—jollify
origin—originate not originify scare—scarify
module—modulate not modulify null—nullify
2. Blocking because of Morphological Factor
