base—basify internal—internalize not internalify
city—citify interpol—interpolate not interpolify
cert—certify international—internationalize not
internationalify modif—modify
modern—modenize not modernify code—codify
moral--moralize not moralify beat—beatify
motor—motorize not motorify zombie—zombify
normal—normalize not normalify pure—Purify
orchestra—orchestrate not orchestrify jolly—jollify
origin—originate not originify scare—scarify
module—modulate not modulify null—nullify
2. Blocking because of Morphological Factor
According to Katamba’s theory, besides phonological factor, another linguistic aspect that can frustrate affixation of English words is morphological
factor. There are some morphological rules involved in this case, according to Katamba’s theory. They are application of suffixing {-ant}, velar softening rules,
application of suffixing {-ion}, application of suffixing {-cation}, and application of suffixing {-hood}.
For the first analysis of blocking because of morphological factor, the writer will analyze the blocking case occur on the words with Latin origin listed
on the table from number 74-83, such as attend, protest, penetrate, depend, depress and attract .
The blocking case occurring on those words is related to the application of suffix {-ant} that is a suffix taken from Latin. In this case, this
suffix can only be added to such those words above words taken from Latin, and
this suffix cannot be added to words not taken from Latin such write, run, read, ride, etc
. It means, English speakers can form words such as attendant, protestant,
penetrant, dependant, depressant, and attractant, but they cannot form words such as writant, runant, readant, ridant,
etc Furthermore, the blocking process above occurs because the rule of
suffixing {-ant}. According to Katamba’s theory, some affixes are typically added either to native bases or to bases of foreign origin. Related to that theory, the
writer can see from the table that the origin of those words above is Latin; on the other words, those words are taken from Latin words. That is why suffix {-ant}
that are suffix taken from Latin can only be attached on words that their base are
Latin origin such as those words attend, protest, penetrate, discriminate, depend, depress and attract
. That is also why suffix {-ant} cannot be added to
words such write, run, read, and ride because those words are words with native
origin not Latin origin. For further description, see table below; Table 5. Blocking Process Occurring on noun derived from verb by adding suffix
{-er} A verb can be change to a noun by adding suffix {-er}, but for verbs with bases of
French or Latin origin, they are only suffixed by suffix {-ant} agent noun same as {-er}
Unblocked Words Blocked Words
Nouns taken not from French or Latin
defend---defendant write—writer not writant
attend---attendant build---builder not buildant
protest---protestant kill---killer not killant
communicate---communicant hunt---hunter not huntant
penetrate---penetrant strike---striker not strikant
discriminate---discriminant keep---keeper not keepant
execute---executant drive---driver not drivant
depend---dependant love---lover not lovant
Unused word
determine---determinant read---reader not readant
depress---depressant murder---murderer not murderant
The same type of blocking with application of suffix {-ant} occurs also on application of suffix {-hood}. This suffix is suffix with native origin, so this suffix
can only be added to words that their base is native origin. That is why this suffix can be added to words listed in the table above from number 140-147, and it
cannot be added to words listed in table from number 129-139. Moreover, Suffix {-hood} can be added to words listed in the table from number 140-147 such as
sister sisterhood, brother brotherhood, knight knighthood, priest priesthood, child childhood, man manhood, and woman womanhood, because the base of
those words are native origin same as suffix {-hood}. While, suffix {-hood} cannot be inserted into listed words in the table from number 129-139 such as
governor governorhood, author authorhood, student studenthood, teacher teacherhood, labor laborhood, prisoner prisonerhood, army armyhood,
general genaralhood, writer writerhood, and director directorhood
, because the base of those words is not native origin. For further description, see
the table below; Table 6. Blocking Process Occurring on addition of suffix {-hood} on noun
Suffix {-hood} normally co-occurs only with native roots
Unblocked Words nouns with native root
Blocked Words Nouns that are not native roots
sister---sisterhood governorhood governor
knight---knighthood ministeshood minister
priest---priesthood directorhood director
Not exist words
brother---brotherhood prisonerhood prisoner
child---childhood generalhood general
man---manhood armyhood army
woman---womanhood teacherhood teacher
authorhood author studenthood student
laborhood labor writerhood writer
Then, the next morphological rule that can constrain affixation is every verb that its stem ending in the suffix -ify can be turned into a noun only by
adding -cation. Other deverbal nominal suffixes, such as -ment, -al, and -age, are ruled out by this morphological restriction imposed on -ify derivatives. It means
English speakers, in turning a verb into a noun, can only inserted suffix {-cation} to verb that its stem ending in suffix {-ify} such as words listed on the table from
number 120-128 purify purification,
modify modification,
certify
certification, classify
classification, codify
codification, versify
versification, fortify
fortification, personify
personification, signify
signification and beautify beautification. On the contrary, it also means they,
in turning a verb to a noun, cannot add other suffixes that can change a verb to a noun such as –ment, -al, -age, etc. Therefore, English speakers cannot form words
such as purifement, certifement, versifal, verifal, signifage, fortifal, beautifement, personifage
, etc. for further description, see the table below;
Table 7. Blocking Process Occurring on verbs Ending in the Suffix {-ify}
Unused form
Every verb ending in the suffix {-ify} can be turned into a noun only by adding {-cation}. Other deverbal nominal suffixes, such as {-ment}, {-al}, and {-age},
are ruled out by this morphological restriction imposed on {-ify} derivatives
Unblocked Words Blocked words
purify---purification purifement
modify---modification modifal
certify---certification certifement
versify---versification versifal
verify---verification verifal
fortify---fortification classifement
classify---classification personifage
ppersonify---personification signifage
signify---signification beautifement
beautify---beautification fortifal
Then, there is also another morphological rule that can frustrate affixation of English words. It is every verb that its stem ending in the suffix -ize can be
turned into a noun only by adding -ation. Other deverbal nominal suffixes, such as -ment, -al, and -age, are ruled out by this morphological restriction imposed on -
ize derivatives. This rule can constrain us in forming noun from verb that its stem ending in suffix {-ize}. Based on this rule, English speakers can only add suffix
{–ation} if they want to turn a verb that its stem ending in suffix {-ize} to a noun,
such as words listed in the table from number 111-119 organize organization, optimize
optimization, neutralize
neutralization, nationalize
nationalization, naturalize naturalization, colonize colonization, immunize immunization, ionize ionization, and stabilize stabilization. On the other
hand, this rule constrain English speakers to add other deverbal nominal suffixes to those words except suffix {-ation} if they want to turn such those verbs into a
noun. Hence, they cannot form words such as organizement, optimizement,
neutralement, nationalement, colonializage, stabilizement
, etc. for futher description, see the table below;
Table 8. Blocking Process Occurring on verb Ending in the Suffix {-ize} Every verb ending in the suffix {-ize} can be turned into a noun only by adding {-
ation}. Other deverbal nominal suffixes, such as {-ment}, {-a}l, and {-age}, are ruled out by this morphological restriction imposed on {-ize} derivatives
Unblocked Words Blocked Words
organize---organization organizement
optimize---optimization optimizement
neutralize---neutralization neutralement
nationalize---nationalization nationalement
naturalize---naturalization colonializage
colonialize---colonialization immunizal
immunize---immunization ionizal
ionize---ionization stabilizement
stabilize—stabilization naturalizement
The last morphological factor related to blocking of affixation of English words is morphological factor related to velar softening rule. However, the
blocking in this case is not related to the form of affixed words, but it is related to pronunciation of affixed words. That is, The velar softening rule is a rule which
turns k usually spelled with letter c to s or g to dʒ if these sounds k or g
Not exist words
meet with the suffix commencing with a front vowel e.g [I], [i:], [e]. However, according to Katamba’s theory, this rule is essentially restricted to words of Latin
and French origin. Thus, it only works on words listed in the table from number 97-110, but it doesn’t work on words listed in the table from number 84-96.
Moreover, it works on words listed in the table from number 97-110 because as the writer can see from the table, all of those words are words of Latin
and French origin. While, it doesn’t work on words listed in the table from number 84-96 because as the writer can see from the table, all of those words are
not words of Latin and French origin. For more explicit description, see the table below;
Table 9. Blocking Process Occurring on Application Velar Softening Effect Velar softening effect k →
s or g → ʤ before a suffix commencing with a
non-low and front vowel e.g. [I], [i:], [e] → {-id}, {-ism}, {-y}, {-icide}, {-
ies}, {-ed} etc. that is restricted to words of Latin and French origin
Unblocked Words Blocked Words
Words that should be applied velar softening effect because they are taken
from Latin or French Words should have been applied
velar softening effect but it is frustrated because they are not
taken from Latin or French
logic---logician ’lɒ dʒ Ik---lə ’dʒ Iʃ ə n
bag---baggies ’bæg---’bægIə z
politic---politician ’pɒ lə ItIk---’pɒ lə ItI ʃ ə n
bug---buggies ’bɅg--- bɅgIə z
critic---criticism ’krItIk---’krItə IsIzə m
leak---leaky ’lik---’liki
regal---regicide ’ri:gə l---’redʒ ə IsaId
punk---punkism ’pɒ ŋk---’pɒ ŋkIzə m
Analogue--- analogy ’ænə lɒ g---’ænə lɒ dʒ i
leipzig---leipzigism ’laIpsIg-’laIpsIgIzə m
rigor--- rigid ’rIgə r---’rIdʒ ə Id
lick---licking ’lIk---’lIkIŋ
medical---medicine ’medIkə l---’medə Isə n
luck---luckily lɅk---lɅkIli
electrical-electricity I’lektrIkə lI’lek’trIsə Iti
fog---foggy ’fɒ :g---’fɒ :gi
fanatic- fanaticism fə ’nætIk---fə ’nætə IsIzə m
moggy---moggies ’mɑ :gi---’mɑ :gIə z
ascetic--- asceticism ə ’setIk--ə ’setə IsIzə m
dog---doggies ’dɒ :g---’dɒ :gIə z
skeptic—skepticism ’skeptIk-’skeptə IsIzə m
muggy---muggiest ’mɅgi---’mɅgIə z
cynic--- cynicism ’sInIk---’sInə IsIzə m
mug---mugging ’mɅg---’mɅgIŋ
linguistic---linguistician lIŋ’gwIstIk-lIŋ’gwIstIʃ ə n
snick---snicking ’snIk---’snIkIŋ
3. Blocking because of Semantic Factor
The last linguistic aspect involved in blocking of affixation of English words is semantic factor. According to Katamba, There are several rules related to
semantic that can frustrate affixation of English words. The first rule is if there are two adjectives with opposite meanings, one of which has a more positive meaning
than the other, normally the negative prefix un- attaches to the positive adjective. This rule can affect to the addition of prefix {un-} on words listed in the table
from number 147-153. For those words, English speakers can add prefix {un- }only to the opposite meaning of those words that has positive meaning listed in
column a in the table. Then, it also means English speakers cannot add prefix {un-}only to the opposite meaning of those words that has negative meaning
listed in column b in the table. That is why they cannot find words such as unsad, unill, unhated, unfoolish, undirty
in any English dictionaries, but they can find words such as unhappy, unwell, unloved, unwise, unclean these
Unused form
words are the opposite meaning of those unused words that have positive meaning in any English dictionaries. Thus, the writer can conclude that the
existence of opposite words that have positive meaning can block the addition of prefix {-un} to the opposite words that have negative meaning. See the table
below, for clearer description; Table 10. Blocking Process Occurring on Addition prefix {-un} to adjectives
If there are two adjectives with opposite meanings, one of which has a more positive meaning than the other, normally the negative prefix un- attaches to the
positive adjective
Unblocked Words Blocked Words
unhappy unsad
Unwell unill
Unloved unhated
Unwise unfoolish
Unclean undirty
Unallowed unprevented
Uninteresting unboring
The next rule related to semantic that can frustrate affixation of English words is the existence of actual words can frustrate potential words with the same
meaning. Furthermore, according to Katamba, words can be divided into two kinds; actual words and potential words. Actual words are base words that have
usually been listed in dictionary or it can be defined as non-affix lexical content morpheme. While, potential words are stem words or affixed words by
derivational affixes. Related to the potential words, as the writer know, speakers of English word can coin a new word from a word by adding affixes. For instance,
they can form a noun subject ‘reader’ from a verb ‘read’ or they can form a plural noun ‘pens’ from a singular noun ‘pen’. However, this process cannot be
applied if the meaning of the potential words words affixed by derivational affixes is the same with the meaning of actual words base words or non-affix
lexical content morpheme. Therefore, words listed in the table from number 154- 167 in column a are used; while, words listed in the table from number 154-
167 in column b are not used. See the table below for further description; Table 11. Blocking Process Occurring on Appearance Possible Words
Existence of actual words frustrate potential words with the same meaning
Actual Words That Block Potential Words
Potential Words That Their Affixation Process Blocked by Actual
Words
Bad ungood
Pessimistic unoptimistic
wound v wound n---woundize
woolly adj woolly n---woolliful
witness n witness v---witnesser
Children childs
Arrival arrivement
Thief Stealer
Sang Singed
Dull Unsharp
Purple v enpurple
The last blocking related to the semantic is English speakers cannot apply suffixed words with suffix {-ee} to non human. For example they cannot use
words ‘amputee’ to refer to an amputated animal. It occurs because according to Katamba, derivatives in –ee must denote sentient entities, so suffix –ee only attach
to certain words, and it can cause an effect that amputee cannot refer to an amputated an animal. This rule also affect to other suffixed words with suffix {-
ee}, such as words listed in the table from number 168-175. As additional description, see the table below;
Table 12. Blocking Process Occurring on Application Derivatives in {-ee} derivatives in –ee must denote sentient entities, so suffix {-ee} only attach to
certain words, so it can cause an effect that amputee cannot refer to an amputated an animal
Words that can be added suffix {-ee}
employ---employee amputate---amputee
less---lessee deport---deportee
consign---consignee biography---biographee
attend---attendee barge---bargee
Afterwards, based on the research findings of this research above, the writer can conclude that blocking process occurring on affixation of English
words is caused by three linguistic aspects; they are phonological aspect, morphological aspect, and phonological aspect. Moreover, based on the writer’s
analysis that uses Katamba’s blocking theory, in phonological aspect blocking can occur if affixation meets three conditions related to phonological aspect of
language. First, process of suffixing {-en} to adjective to form verb are frustrated if the adjective is not monosyllable and not ends in obstruent. Second, process of
suffixing {-ly} to adjective to form adverb are blocked if the adjective ends in {- ly}. Third, process of suffixing {-ify} to noun or adjective to form verb are
blocked if the words noun or adjective is not monosyllable, not stressed on the last syllable, or not stressed on the penultimate syllable and ending in I.
Then, in morphological aspect, blocking can occur if affixation of English words meets five conditions related to morphological aspect of language. First,
blocking can occur on suffixing {-er} to a verb to form a noun subject of the verb if the noun has French or Latin origin taken from French or Latin, and for
those words verb taken from French or Latin and cannot be added by suffix {-er} can be turned into noun its subject form by adding suffix {-ant}, which is
taken from Latin. Second, process of suffixing {-hood} to noun to state something related to quality, group, or condition is blocked if the noun is not native origin
{not taken from English}. Third, verbs that their stem ends in {-ify} are blocked from adding any suffixes to form noun except suffix {-cation}. Forth, verbs that
their stem ends in {-ize} are blocked from adding any suffixes to form noun except suffix {-ation}. Fifth, Velar softening effect that change sound k into s
or g into ʤ before a suffix commencing with a non-low and front vowel e.g. [I], [i:], [e] →
{-id}, {-ism}, {-y}, {-icide}, {-ies}, {-ed} etc. works only to words of Latin and French origin, and if the words is not Latin or French origin,
the velar softening effect are blocked to occur. Lastly, in semantic aspect, blocking process can occur in affixation of
English words if affixation meets three conditions. First, if there are two adjectives with opposite meanings, one of which has a more positive meaning
than the other, normally the negative prefix un- attaches to the positive adjective, and prefixing {-un} to the opposite words words that have negative meaning is
blocked or frustrated. Second, related to semantic, blocking can occur on affixation of English words if the affixation results affixed words potential
words that have the sam aspect, blocking in affix
non-human because der more explicit explanatio
please see the corpus bel
Fig. 2. The Cause of Blo Blocking
Unblocke
Verbs with inchoative m from adjectives by addin
that are monosylabic a obstruent and optionally
sonorant Adverbs derived f
that dont end adding suf
The verb-forming Engli that attaches to monosyl
stressed on the last sy words stressed on the
syllable and endi
Phonological Factor
same meaning with actual words. Third, based on fixation can occur on suffixing {-ee} to words tha
derivatives in –ee must denote sentient entities. tion of conclusion of the research findings of this
below;
Blocking Occuring on Affixation of English Words ing Process Involving Phonological Factors
Phonological Factor
ked Blocked
e meaning derived dding suffix {-en}
bic and end in an onally preceded by a
ant Verbs with inchoative meaning
from adjectives by adding suf that are non-monosylabic and
in an obstruent and optionally by a sonorant
ed from adjectives nd in -ly li by
suffix{-ly} Adverbs derived from adjec
end in -ly li by adding suff English suffix {-ify}
onosyllables, to words syllable, and to
the penultimate nding in I
The verb-forming English su that attaches to non-monosyl
words not stressed on the las and to words not stressed
penultimate syllable and not e I
the Cause of Blocking Occuring on Affixation of English Words
cal Morphological
Factor Semanti
d on semantic ds that refer to
es. Then, for this research,
ordsTable 13.
ning derived suffix {-en}
nd don’t end nally preceded
jectives that uffix {-ly}
sh suffix{-ify} osyllables, to
last syllable, ed on the
not ending in
Semantic Factor
Table 14. Blocking Process Involving Morphological Factors
Morphological Factor
Unblocked Blocked
Nouns derived from verbs that are not taken from French or Latin by adding
suffix {-er}, and nouns derived from verbs that are taken from Latin or
French by adding suffix {-ant} Nouns derived from verbs that are
taken from French or Latin by adding suffix {-er} not suffix {-ant}
Adding suffix {-hood} to native roots noun
Adding suffix {-hood} to non-native roots noun
Every verb ending in the suffix {-ize} that are turned into a noun by adding
suffix {-ation}
Adding all deverbal nominal suffixes to every verb ending in {-ize}. except
adding deverbal nominal suffix {-ation} Velar softening effect k →
s or g →
ʤ before a suffix commencing with a non-low and front vowel e.g.
[I], [i:], [e] → {-id}, {-ism}, {-y},
{-icide}, {-ies}, {-ed} etc. to words of Latin and French origin
Velar softening effect k → s or
g → ʤ before a suffix commencing
with a non-low and front vowel e.g. [I], [i:], [e] →
{-id}, {-ism}, {-y}, {-icide}, {-ies}, {-ed} etc. to words of
non-Latin or non-French origin Every verb ending in the suffix {-ify}
that are turned into a noun by adding suffix {-cation}
Adding all deverbal nominal suffixes to every verb ending in {-ify}, except
adding deverbal nominal suffix {- cation}
Table 15. Blocking Process Involving Semantic Factors
Semantic Factor
Unblocked Blocked
Adding negative prefix {un-} to adjectives that have a more positive
meaning than the other if there are two adjectives with opposite meaning
Adding negative prefix {un-} to adjectives that have a more negative
meaning than the other if there are two adjectives with opposite meanings
Affixation to form potential words affixed words that results affixed
words that have different meaning from actual words
Affixation to form potential words affixed words that results affixed
words that have the same meaning with actual words
Suffixing {-ee} to sentient entities Suffixing {-ee} to non-sentient entities
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS