Blocking because of Morphological Factor

base—basify internal—internalize not internalify city—citify interpol—interpolate not interpolify cert—certify international—internationalize not internationalify modif—modify modern—modenize not modernify code—codify moral--moralize not moralify beat—beatify motor—motorize not motorify zombie—zombify normal—normalize not normalify pure—Purify orchestra—orchestrate not orchestrify jolly—jollify origin—originate not originify scare—scarify module—modulate not modulify null—nullify

2. Blocking because of Morphological Factor

According to Katamba’s theory, besides phonological factor, another linguistic aspect that can frustrate affixation of English words is morphological factor. There are some morphological rules involved in this case, according to Katamba’s theory. They are application of suffixing {-ant}, velar softening rules, application of suffixing {-ion}, application of suffixing {-cation}, and application of suffixing {-hood}. For the first analysis of blocking because of morphological factor, the writer will analyze the blocking case occur on the words with Latin origin listed on the table from number 74-83, such as attend, protest, penetrate, depend, depress and attract . The blocking case occurring on those words is related to the application of suffix {-ant} that is a suffix taken from Latin. In this case, this suffix can only be added to such those words above words taken from Latin, and this suffix cannot be added to words not taken from Latin such write, run, read, ride, etc . It means, English speakers can form words such as attendant, protestant, penetrant, dependant, depressant, and attractant, but they cannot form words such as writant, runant, readant, ridant,  etc Furthermore, the blocking process above occurs because the rule of suffixing {-ant}. According to Katamba’s theory, some affixes are typically added either to native bases or to bases of foreign origin. Related to that theory, the writer can see from the table that the origin of those words above is Latin; on the other words, those words are taken from Latin words. That is why suffix {-ant} that are suffix taken from Latin can only be attached on words that their base are Latin origin such as those words attend, protest, penetrate, discriminate, depend, depress and attract . That is also why suffix {-ant} cannot be added to words such write, run, read, and ride because those words are words with native origin not Latin origin. For further description, see table below; Table 5. Blocking Process Occurring on noun derived from verb by adding suffix {-er} A verb can be change to a noun by adding suffix {-er}, but for verbs with bases of French or Latin origin, they are only suffixed by suffix {-ant} agent noun same as {-er} Unblocked Words Blocked Words Nouns taken not from French or Latin defend---defendant write—writer not writant attend---attendant build---builder not buildant protest---protestant kill---killer not killant communicate---communicant hunt---hunter not huntant penetrate---penetrant strike---striker not strikant discriminate---discriminant keep---keeper not keepant execute---executant drive---driver not drivant depend---dependant love---lover not lovant  Unused word determine---determinant read---reader not readant depress---depressant murder---murderer not murderant The same type of blocking with application of suffix {-ant} occurs also on application of suffix {-hood}. This suffix is suffix with native origin, so this suffix can only be added to words that their base is native origin. That is why this suffix can be added to words listed in the table above from number 140-147, and it cannot be added to words listed in table from number 129-139. Moreover, Suffix {-hood} can be added to words listed in the table from number 140-147 such as sister sisterhood, brother brotherhood, knight knighthood, priest priesthood, child childhood, man manhood, and woman womanhood, because the base of those words are native origin same as suffix {-hood}. While, suffix {-hood} cannot be inserted into listed words in the table from number 129-139 such as governor governorhood, author authorhood, student studenthood, teacher teacherhood, labor laborhood, prisoner prisonerhood, army armyhood, general genaralhood, writer writerhood, and director directorhood  , because the base of those words is not native origin. For further description, see the table below; Table 6. Blocking Process Occurring on addition of suffix {-hood} on noun Suffix {-hood} normally co-occurs only with native roots Unblocked Words nouns with native root Blocked Words Nouns that are not native roots sister---sisterhood governorhood governor knight---knighthood ministeshood minister priest---priesthood directorhood director Not exist words brother---brotherhood prisonerhood prisoner child---childhood generalhood general man---manhood armyhood army woman---womanhood teacherhood teacher authorhood author studenthood student laborhood labor writerhood writer Then, the next morphological rule that can constrain affixation is every verb that its stem ending in the suffix -ify can be turned into a noun only by adding -cation. Other deverbal nominal suffixes, such as -ment, -al, and -age, are ruled out by this morphological restriction imposed on -ify derivatives. It means English speakers, in turning a verb into a noun, can only inserted suffix {-cation} to verb that its stem ending in suffix {-ify} such as words listed on the table from number 120-128 purify purification, modify modification, certify certification, classify classification, codify codification, versify versification, fortify fortification, personify personification, signify signification and beautify beautification. On the contrary, it also means they, in turning a verb to a noun, cannot add other suffixes that can change a verb to a noun such as –ment, -al, -age, etc. Therefore, English speakers cannot form words such as purifement, certifement, versifal, verifal, signifage, fortifal, beautifement, personifage  , etc. for further description, see the table below; Table 7. Blocking Process Occurring on verbs Ending in the Suffix {-ify}  Unused form Every verb ending in the suffix {-ify} can be turned into a noun only by adding {-cation}. Other deverbal nominal suffixes, such as {-ment}, {-al}, and {-age}, are ruled out by this morphological restriction imposed on {-ify} derivatives Unblocked Words Blocked words purify---purification purifement modify---modification modifal certify---certification certifement versify---versification versifal verify---verification verifal fortify---fortification classifement classify---classification personifage ppersonify---personification signifage signify---signification beautifement beautify---beautification fortifal Then, there is also another morphological rule that can frustrate affixation of English words. It is every verb that its stem ending in the suffix -ize can be turned into a noun only by adding -ation. Other deverbal nominal suffixes, such as -ment, -al, and -age, are ruled out by this morphological restriction imposed on - ize derivatives. This rule can constrain us in forming noun from verb that its stem ending in suffix {-ize}. Based on this rule, English speakers can only add suffix {–ation} if they want to turn a verb that its stem ending in suffix {-ize} to a noun, such as words listed in the table from number 111-119 organize organization, optimize optimization, neutralize neutralization, nationalize nationalization, naturalize naturalization, colonize colonization, immunize immunization, ionize ionization, and stabilize stabilization. On the other hand, this rule constrain English speakers to add other deverbal nominal suffixes to those words except suffix {-ation} if they want to turn such those verbs into a noun. Hence, they cannot form words such as organizement, optimizement, neutralement, nationalement, colonializage, stabilizement  , etc. for futher description, see the table below; Table 8. Blocking Process Occurring on verb Ending in the Suffix {-ize} Every verb ending in the suffix {-ize} can be turned into a noun only by adding {- ation}. Other deverbal nominal suffixes, such as {-ment}, {-a}l, and {-age}, are ruled out by this morphological restriction imposed on {-ize} derivatives Unblocked Words Blocked Words organize---organization organizement optimize---optimization optimizement neutralize---neutralization neutralement nationalize---nationalization nationalement naturalize---naturalization colonializage colonialize---colonialization immunizal immunize---immunization ionizal ionize---ionization stabilizement stabilize—stabilization naturalizement The last morphological factor related to blocking of affixation of English words is morphological factor related to velar softening rule. However, the blocking in this case is not related to the form of affixed words, but it is related to pronunciation of affixed words. That is, The velar softening rule is a rule which turns k usually spelled with letter c to s or g to dʒ if these sounds k or g Not exist words meet with the suffix commencing with a front vowel e.g [I], [i:], [e]. However, according to Katamba’s theory, this rule is essentially restricted to words of Latin and French origin. Thus, it only works on words listed in the table from number 97-110, but it doesn’t work on words listed in the table from number 84-96. Moreover, it works on words listed in the table from number 97-110 because as the writer can see from the table, all of those words are words of Latin and French origin. While, it doesn’t work on words listed in the table from number 84-96 because as the writer can see from the table, all of those words are not words of Latin and French origin. For more explicit description, see the table below; Table 9. Blocking Process Occurring on Application Velar Softening Effect Velar softening effect k → s or g → ʤ before a suffix commencing with a non-low and front vowel e.g. [I], [i:], [e] → {-id}, {-ism}, {-y}, {-icide}, {- ies}, {-ed} etc. that is restricted to words of Latin and French origin Unblocked Words Blocked Words Words that should be applied velar softening effect because they are taken from Latin or French Words should have been applied velar softening effect but it is frustrated because they are not taken from Latin or French logic---logician ’lɒ dʒ Ik---lə ’dʒ Iʃ ə n bag---baggies ’bæg---’bægIə z politic---politician ’pɒ lə ItIk---’pɒ lə ItI ʃ ə n bug---buggies ’bɅg--- bɅgIə z critic---criticism ’krItIk---’krItə IsIzə m leak---leaky ’lik---’liki regal---regicide ’ri:gə l---’redʒ ə IsaId punk---punkism ’pɒ ŋk---’pɒ ŋkIzə m Analogue--- analogy ’ænə lɒ g---’ænə lɒ dʒ i leipzig---leipzigism ’laIpsIg-’laIpsIgIzə m rigor--- rigid ’rIgə r---’rIdʒ ə Id lick---licking ’lIk---’lIkIŋ medical---medicine ’medIkə l---’medə Isə n luck---luckily lɅk---lɅkIli electrical-electricity I’lektrIkə lI’lek’trIsə Iti fog---foggy ’fɒ :g---’fɒ :gi fanatic- fanaticism fə ’nætIk---fə ’nætə IsIzə m moggy---moggies ’mɑ :gi---’mɑ :gIə z ascetic--- asceticism ə ’setIk--ə ’setə IsIzə m dog---doggies ’dɒ :g---’dɒ :gIə z skeptic—skepticism ’skeptIk-’skeptə IsIzə m muggy---muggiest ’mɅgi---’mɅgIə z cynic--- cynicism ’sInIk---’sInə IsIzə m mug---mugging ’mɅg---’mɅgIŋ linguistic---linguistician lIŋ’gwIstIk-lIŋ’gwIstIʃ ə n snick---snicking ’snIk---’snIkIŋ 3. Blocking because of Semantic Factor The last linguistic aspect involved in blocking of affixation of English words is semantic factor. According to Katamba, There are several rules related to semantic that can frustrate affixation of English words. The first rule is if there are two adjectives with opposite meanings, one of which has a more positive meaning than the other, normally the negative prefix un- attaches to the positive adjective. This rule can affect to the addition of prefix {un-} on words listed in the table from number 147-153. For those words, English speakers can add prefix {un- }only to the opposite meaning of those words that has positive meaning listed in column a in the table. Then, it also means English speakers cannot add prefix {un-}only to the opposite meaning of those words that has negative meaning listed in column b in the table. That is why they cannot find words such as unsad, unill, unhated, unfoolish, undirty  in any English dictionaries, but they can find words such as unhappy, unwell, unloved, unwise, unclean these  Unused form words are the opposite meaning of those unused words that have positive meaning in any English dictionaries. Thus, the writer can conclude that the existence of opposite words that have positive meaning can block the addition of prefix {-un} to the opposite words that have negative meaning. See the table below, for clearer description; Table 10. Blocking Process Occurring on Addition prefix {-un} to adjectives If there are two adjectives with opposite meanings, one of which has a more positive meaning than the other, normally the negative prefix un- attaches to the positive adjective Unblocked Words Blocked Words unhappy unsad Unwell unill Unloved unhated Unwise unfoolish Unclean undirty Unallowed unprevented Uninteresting unboring The next rule related to semantic that can frustrate affixation of English words is the existence of actual words can frustrate potential words with the same meaning. Furthermore, according to Katamba, words can be divided into two kinds; actual words and potential words. Actual words are base words that have usually been listed in dictionary or it can be defined as non-affix lexical content morpheme. While, potential words are stem words or affixed words by derivational affixes. Related to the potential words, as the writer know, speakers of English word can coin a new word from a word by adding affixes. For instance, they can form a noun subject ‘reader’ from a verb ‘read’ or they can form a plural noun ‘pens’ from a singular noun ‘pen’. However, this process cannot be applied if the meaning of the potential words words affixed by derivational affixes is the same with the meaning of actual words base words or non-affix lexical content morpheme. Therefore, words listed in the table from number 154- 167 in column a are used; while, words listed in the table from number 154- 167 in column b are not used. See the table below for further description; Table 11. Blocking Process Occurring on Appearance Possible Words Existence of actual words frustrate potential words with the same meaning Actual Words That Block Potential Words Potential Words That Their Affixation Process Blocked by Actual Words Bad ungood Pessimistic unoptimistic wound v wound n---woundize woolly adj woolly n---woolliful witness n witness v---witnesser Children childs Arrival arrivement Thief Stealer Sang Singed Dull Unsharp Purple v enpurple The last blocking related to the semantic is English speakers cannot apply suffixed words with suffix {-ee} to non human. For example they cannot use words ‘amputee’ to refer to an amputated animal. It occurs because according to Katamba, derivatives in –ee must denote sentient entities, so suffix –ee only attach to certain words, and it can cause an effect that amputee cannot refer to an amputated an animal. This rule also affect to other suffixed words with suffix {- ee}, such as words listed in the table from number 168-175. As additional description, see the table below; Table 12. Blocking Process Occurring on Application Derivatives in {-ee} derivatives in –ee must denote sentient entities, so suffix {-ee} only attach to certain words, so it can cause an effect that amputee cannot refer to an amputated an animal Words that can be added suffix {-ee} employ---employee amputate---amputee less---lessee deport---deportee consign---consignee biography---biographee attend---attendee barge---bargee Afterwards, based on the research findings of this research above, the writer can conclude that blocking process occurring on affixation of English words is caused by three linguistic aspects; they are phonological aspect, morphological aspect, and phonological aspect. Moreover, based on the writer’s analysis that uses Katamba’s blocking theory, in phonological aspect blocking can occur if affixation meets three conditions related to phonological aspect of language. First, process of suffixing {-en} to adjective to form verb are frustrated if the adjective is not monosyllable and not ends in obstruent. Second, process of suffixing {-ly} to adjective to form adverb are blocked if the adjective ends in {- ly}. Third, process of suffixing {-ify} to noun or adjective to form verb are blocked if the words noun or adjective is not monosyllable, not stressed on the last syllable, or not stressed on the penultimate syllable and ending in I. Then, in morphological aspect, blocking can occur if affixation of English words meets five conditions related to morphological aspect of language. First, blocking can occur on suffixing {-er} to a verb to form a noun subject of the verb if the noun has French or Latin origin taken from French or Latin, and for those words verb taken from French or Latin and cannot be added by suffix {-er} can be turned into noun its subject form by adding suffix {-ant}, which is taken from Latin. Second, process of suffixing {-hood} to noun to state something related to quality, group, or condition is blocked if the noun is not native origin {not taken from English}. Third, verbs that their stem ends in {-ify} are blocked from adding any suffixes to form noun except suffix {-cation}. Forth, verbs that their stem ends in {-ize} are blocked from adding any suffixes to form noun except suffix {-ation}. Fifth, Velar softening effect that change sound k into s or g into ʤ before a suffix commencing with a non-low and front vowel e.g. [I], [i:], [e] → {-id}, {-ism}, {-y}, {-icide}, {-ies}, {-ed} etc. works only to words of Latin and French origin, and if the words is not Latin or French origin, the velar softening effect are blocked to occur. Lastly, in semantic aspect, blocking process can occur in affixation of English words if affixation meets three conditions. First, if there are two adjectives with opposite meanings, one of which has a more positive meaning than the other, normally the negative prefix un- attaches to the positive adjective, and prefixing {-un} to the opposite words words that have negative meaning is blocked or frustrated. Second, related to semantic, blocking can occur on affixation of English words if the affixation results affixed words potential words that have the sam aspect, blocking in affix non-human because der more explicit explanatio please see the corpus bel Fig. 2. The Cause of Blo Blocking Unblocke Verbs with inchoative m from adjectives by addin that are monosylabic a obstruent and optionally sonorant Adverbs derived f that dont end adding suf The verb-forming Engli that attaches to monosyl stressed on the last sy words stressed on the syllable and endi Phonological Factor same meaning with actual words. Third, based on fixation can occur on suffixing {-ee} to words tha derivatives in –ee must denote sentient entities. tion of conclusion of the research findings of this below; Blocking Occuring on Affixation of English Words ing Process Involving Phonological Factors Phonological Factor ked Blocked e meaning derived dding suffix {-en} bic and end in an onally preceded by a ant Verbs with inchoative meaning from adjectives by adding suf that are non-monosylabic and in an obstruent and optionally by a sonorant ed from adjectives nd in -ly li by suffix{-ly} Adverbs derived from adjec end in -ly li by adding suff English suffix {-ify} onosyllables, to words syllable, and to the penultimate nding in I The verb-forming English su that attaches to non-monosyl words not stressed on the las and to words not stressed penultimate syllable and not e I the Cause of Blocking Occuring on Affixation of English Words cal Morphological Factor Semanti d on semantic ds that refer to es. Then, for this research, ordsTable 13. ning derived suffix {-en} nd don’t end nally preceded jectives that uffix {-ly} sh suffix{-ify} osyllables, to last syllable, ed on the not ending in Semantic Factor Table 14. Blocking Process Involving Morphological Factors Morphological Factor Unblocked Blocked Nouns derived from verbs that are not taken from French or Latin by adding suffix {-er}, and nouns derived from verbs that are taken from Latin or French by adding suffix {-ant} Nouns derived from verbs that are taken from French or Latin by adding suffix {-er} not suffix {-ant} Adding suffix {-hood} to native roots noun Adding suffix {-hood} to non-native roots noun Every verb ending in the suffix {-ize} that are turned into a noun by adding suffix {-ation} Adding all deverbal nominal suffixes to every verb ending in {-ize}. except adding deverbal nominal suffix {-ation} Velar softening effect k → s or g → ʤ before a suffix commencing with a non-low and front vowel e.g. [I], [i:], [e] → {-id}, {-ism}, {-y}, {-icide}, {-ies}, {-ed} etc. to words of Latin and French origin Velar softening effect k → s or g → ʤ before a suffix commencing with a non-low and front vowel e.g. [I], [i:], [e] → {-id}, {-ism}, {-y}, {-icide}, {-ies}, {-ed} etc. to words of non-Latin or non-French origin Every verb ending in the suffix {-ify} that are turned into a noun by adding suffix {-cation} Adding all deverbal nominal suffixes to every verb ending in {-ify}, except adding deverbal nominal suffix {- cation} Table 15. Blocking Process Involving Semantic Factors Semantic Factor Unblocked Blocked Adding negative prefix {un-} to adjectives that have a more positive meaning than the other if there are two adjectives with opposite meaning Adding negative prefix {un-} to adjectives that have a more negative meaning than the other if there are two adjectives with opposite meanings Affixation to form potential words affixed words that results affixed words that have different meaning from actual words Affixation to form potential words affixed words that results affixed words that have the same meaning with actual words Suffixing {-ee} to sentient entities Suffixing {-ee} to non-sentient entities

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS