Answers to Selected Exercises
ANS-5
10. Several states have abolished the insanity defense against criminal responsibility.
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This may be popular with voters, but it is morally indefensible.
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Insanity removes moral responsibility, and
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it is wrong to punish someone who is not morally re-
sponsible for his crime. Moreover,
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it is pointless to punish the insane because
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punishment has no deterrent effect on a person who cannot appreci-
ate the wrongfulness or criminality of his or her actions.
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13.
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If today is Saturday, then tomorrow is Sunday.
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If tomorrow is Sunday, then we’ll be having pasta for dinner.
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If we’ll be having pasta for din- ner, then I should pick up some red wine today
because
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in this state wine can be purchased only at liquor stores, and
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the liquor stores are closed on Sundays.
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Today is Saturday. Therefore,
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I should pick up some red wine today.
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II. 1. Since
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our feelings, desires, and preferences can be either beneficial or harmful, noble or ignoble,
praiseworthy or damnable, and since
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they can be either in harmony or in conf lict with other people’s
feelings, desires, and preferences,
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they are obvi- ously not accurate tools for analysis of moral issues
or trustworthy guidelines to action.
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4.
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School tests should be abolished.
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Tests intro- duce competition where it does not belong.
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They deny the individuality of students’ talents and inter-
ests.
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They degrade education by encouraging pas- sivity, mindlessness, and triviality. Finally,
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they 34. Weak analogy.
37. Hasty generalization. 40. Slippery slope.
II. 1. Loaded question.
4. False alternatives. 7. False alternatives.
10. Questionable cause. 13. Equivocation.
16. Hasty generalization. 19. False alternatives.
22. Hasty generalization. 25. Weak analogy.
28. Appeal to ignorance.
C
H APT ER
7
E
X E R C I S E
7.1
I. 1.
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Bertie probably isn’t home.
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His car isn’t in the driveway, and
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there are no lights on in his house.
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4.
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Affirmative action in higher education is mor- ally justifiable because
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it compensates for past discrimination,
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provides valuable role models for women and minorities, and
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promotes multi- cultural understanding.
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7.
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Only three people could have stolen the CD: Danny, Stacy, or Patrick. But
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Stacy couldn’t have stolen the CD because
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she was out riding her bike.
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Patrick couldn’t have stolen the CD because
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he was at a friend’s house. Therefore,
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Danny must have stolen the CD.
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ANS-6
Answers to Selected Exercises 16.
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All students should study a foreign language.
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It improves mastery of English.
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It helps to avoid cultural provincialism by expanding the cul-
tural experience of students.
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It is useful for travel and commerce.
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It makes it possible to do ad- vanced work in a foreign language, including the
study of the major literary works in that language. Finally,
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the ability to read, speak, and think in a second language is a source of pleasure and satisfac-
tion even if this language is not used for travel and business and even if it does not become a field of
further study.
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19.
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Lefty Grove was the greatest pitcher of all time, period.
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The one best indicator of a pitcher’s abil- ity is his ERA, and
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Lefty Grove led leagues in earned run average nine times.
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No one else even approaches this record.
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The second-best indica- tor of a pitcher’s ability is his winning percentage.
Guess what?
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Grove also led the league in that more times than anyone else.
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E
XERCISE
7.2
1. Most Californians are friendly. 4. Human beings are the only rational creatures on
Earth. 7. Having a lot of money is not the secret to true
happiness. 10. Because a well-regulated citizen militia is neces-
sary to the security of a free state, the right of in- dividual citizens to keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed. [ Not: The right of the individual citi- zens to keep and bear such arms as are necessary for
the maintenance of well-regulated citizen militias shall not be infringed.]
13. Common sense tells us that long-established gov- ernments should not be changed without compel-
ling reasons. That is why, as all experience shows, people tend to be willing to endure political abuses,
while those abuses are tolerable, rather than cor- rect them by abolishing the forms of government
to which they are accustomed. But when a long series of abuses and injustices, all with the same
purpose, makes clear that the government is at- tempting to establish a complete dictatorship, it is
their right and duty to throw off the government send the wrong messages about what is valuable in
education and in life.
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7.
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Everything eternal is necessary. But
➁
whatever God wills, he wills from eternity, for
➂
otherwise His will would be mutable. Therefore,
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whatever He wills, He wills necessarily.
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10.
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Education implies teaching.
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Teaching implies knowledge.
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Knowledge is truth.
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The truth is everywhere the same. Hence
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education should be everywhere the same.
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13.
➀
Planetary exploration has many virtues.
➁
It permits us to refine insights derived from such
Earth-bound sciences as meteorology, climatol- ogy, geology, and biology, to broaden their pow-
ers and improve their practical applications here on Earth.
➂
It provides cautionary tales on the alternative fates of worlds.
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It is an aperture to future high technologies important for life here
on Earth.
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It provides an outlet for the tradi- tional human zest for exploration and discovery,
our passion to find out, which has been to a very large degree responsible for our success as a spe-
cies. And
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it permits us, for the first time in his- tory, to approach with rigor, with a significant
chance of finding out the true answers, questions on the origins and destinies of worlds, the begin-
nings and ends of life, and the possibilities of other beings who live in the skies—questions as basic to
the human enterprise as thinking is, as natural as breathing.
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