ANS-4
Answers to Selected Exercises description of women’s work is relevant to the point
suggested in the final sentence. We’re not sure it is.
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5
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X E R C I S E
5.1
1. Positively relevant. 4. Logically irrelevant.
7. Negatively relevant. 10. Positively relevant. Although the premises don’t
provide evidence for God’s existence, they do pro- vide prudential, or self-interested, reasons for belief
in God. Whether these prudential reasons are prop- erly convincing is, of course, another question.
13. The first premise is negatively relevant, and the second premise is positively relevant.
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5.2
I. 1. Bandwagon argument.
4. Straw man. 7. Begging the question.
10. Two wrongs make a right. 13. Equivocation.
16. No fallacy. 19. No fallacy.
22. Straw man. 25. Red herring.
28. Attacking the motive. 31. Bandwagon argument.
34. Bandwagon argument. 37. Red herring.
40. No fallacy.
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6
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6.1
I. 1. Inappropriate appeal to authority.
4. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 7. Hasty generalization.
10. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 13. Weak analogy.
16. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 19. No fallacy.
22. Hasty generalization. 25. Inappropriate appeal to authority.
28. Inconsistency. 31. False alternatives.
V. 1. Too broad.
4. Lacking in context. 7. Circular.
Knowledge is used in the definition of knowledge.
10. Lacking in context. 13. Too broad.
16. Slanted. Only a Catholic would agree that the pope is the “infallible Vicar of Christ.”
19. Obscure.
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X E R C I S E
4 .4
I. 4. Possible choices: begged, pleaded, requested, implored,
insisted, and demanded. Begged, pleaded, and implored suggest that the speaker is dependent on the listener
or that she is desperate. Demanded shows that she has more power over the listener, making “please” in
the sentence merely courteous or perhaps sarcastic.
7. Possible choices: gripped, grabbed, clutched, seized,
and squeezed. A word like gripped connotes aggres- sion or dominance; a word such as clutched might
suggest fear or protection. 10. Possible choices: cold, hard-hearted, apathetic, callous,
insensitive, and unsympathetic. These words are all
close in meaning, but callous might imply a rough- ness developed after many disappointments, whereas
apathetic suggests indifference and a lack of concern. 13. Possible choices: accepted, okayed, endorsed, praised,
admired, and celebrated. These words all have dif- ferent meanings, but they share the notion of
approval. However, some of the words praised, cel- ebrated suggest something far more positive than
others accepted, okayed .
II. 1. Emotive words and phrases in the advertisement
include charming, cozy code for “small”?,
older neighborhood, lower-level recreation room basement?,
modern, and tender loving care needs lots of work?. All of these words are used to create a warm and
receptive attitude in the prospective buyer. 4. This passage does not have the obvious kinds of
emotive language that critical thinking students get accustomed to looking for—the blatant emotional
appeals, sarcastic slanting, and name-calling char- acteristic of the preceding passages. We think it’s
important to let students know that some writing such as you find in literary essays contains more-
subtle emotional appeals. The emotive words and phrases in this passage include family herd, grandma’s
practiced eye, desperate families, flooded, seeking, bundle, toddlers, hang, unswaddle, and species. Students might
be asked how Kingsolver carefully sets up her final sentence with a subtle, emotionally charged passage.
They might also comment on whether the historical
