ANS-4
Answers to Selected Exercises description of women’s work is relevant to the point
suggested in the final sentence. We’re not sure it is.
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5.1
1. Positively relevant. 4. Logically irrelevant.
7. Negatively relevant. 10. Positively relevant. Although the premises don’t
provide evidence for God’s existence, they do pro- vide prudential, or self-interested, reasons for belief
in God. Whether these prudential reasons are prop- erly convincing is, of course, another question.
13. The first premise is negatively relevant, and the second premise is positively relevant.
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5.2
I. 1. Bandwagon argument.
4. Straw man. 7. Begging the question.
10. Two wrongs make a right. 13. Equivocation.
16. No fallacy. 19. No fallacy.
22. Straw man. 25. Red herring.
28. Attacking the motive. 31. Bandwagon argument.
34. Bandwagon argument. 37. Red herring.
40. No fallacy.
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6.1
I. 1. Inappropriate appeal to authority.
4. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 7. Hasty generalization.
10. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 13. Weak analogy.
16. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 19. No fallacy.
22. Hasty generalization. 25. Inappropriate appeal to authority.
28. Inconsistency. 31. False alternatives.
V. 1. Too broad.
4. Lacking in context. 7. Circular.
Knowledge is used in the definition of knowledge.
10. Lacking in context. 13. Too broad.
16. Slanted. Only a Catholic would agree that the pope is the “infallible Vicar of Christ.”
19. Obscure.
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4 .4
I. 4. Possible choices: begged, pleaded, requested, implored,
insisted, and demanded. Begged, pleaded, and implored suggest that the speaker is dependent on the listener
or that she is desperate. Demanded shows that she has more power over the listener, making “please” in
the sentence merely courteous or perhaps sarcastic.
7. Possible choices: gripped, grabbed, clutched, seized,
and squeezed. A word like gripped connotes aggres- sion or dominance; a word such as clutched might
suggest fear or protection. 10. Possible choices: cold, hard-hearted, apathetic, callous,
insensitive, and unsympathetic. These words are all
close in meaning, but callous might imply a rough- ness developed after many disappointments, whereas
apathetic suggests indifference and a lack of concern. 13. Possible choices: accepted, okayed, endorsed, praised,
admired, and celebrated. These words all have dif- ferent meanings, but they share the notion of
approval. However, some of the words praised, cel- ebrated suggest something far more positive than
others accepted, okayed .
II. 1. Emotive words and phrases in the advertisement
include charming, cozy code for “small”?,
older neighborhood, lower-level recreation room basement?,
modern, and tender loving care needs lots of work?. All of these words are used to create a warm and
receptive attitude in the prospective buyer. 4. This passage does not have the obvious kinds of
emotive language that critical thinking students get accustomed to looking for—the blatant emotional
appeals, sarcastic slanting, and name-calling char- acteristic of the preceding passages. We think it’s
important to let students know that some writing such as you find in literary essays contains more-
subtle emotional appeals. The emotive words and phrases in this passage include family herd, grandma’s
practiced eye, desperate families, flooded, seeking, bundle, toddlers, hang, unswaddle, and species. Students might
be asked how Kingsolver carefully sets up her final sentence with a subtle, emotionally charged passage.
They might also comment on whether the historical
Answers to Selected Exercises
ANS-5
10. Several states have abolished the insanity defense against criminal responsibility.
➀
This may be popular with voters, but it is morally indefensible.
➁
Insanity removes moral responsibility, and
➂
it is wrong to punish someone who is not morally re-
sponsible for his crime. Moreover,
➃
it is pointless to punish the insane because
➄
punishment has no deterrent effect on a person who cannot appreci-
ate the wrongfulness or criminality of his or her actions.
➁ ⫹ ➂
➀ ➄
➃
13.
➀
If today is Saturday, then tomorrow is Sunday.
➁
If tomorrow is Sunday, then we’ll be having pasta for dinner.
➂
If we’ll be having pasta for din- ner, then I should pick up some red wine today
because
➃
in this state wine can be purchased only at liquor stores, and
➄
the liquor stores are closed on Sundays.
➅
Today is Saturday. Therefore,
➆
I should pick up some red wine today.
➀ ⫹ ⫹
⫹ ⫹
➁ ➂
➆ ➅
➃ ➄
II. 1. Since
➀
our feelings, desires, and preferences can be either beneficial or harmful, noble or ignoble,
praiseworthy or damnable, and since
➁
they can be either in harmony or in conf lict with other people’s
feelings, desires, and preferences,
➂
they are obvi- ously not accurate tools for analysis of moral issues
or trustworthy guidelines to action.
➀ ➂
➁
4.
➀
School tests should be abolished.
➁
Tests intro- duce competition where it does not belong.
➂
They deny the individuality of students’ talents and inter-
ests.
➃
They degrade education by encouraging pas- sivity, mindlessness, and triviality. Finally,
➄
they 34. Weak analogy.
37. Hasty generalization. 40. Slippery slope.
II. 1. Loaded question.
4. False alternatives. 7. False alternatives.
10. Questionable cause. 13. Equivocation.
16. Hasty generalization. 19. False alternatives.
22. Hasty generalization. 25. Weak analogy.
28. Appeal to ignorance.
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7.1
I. 1.
➀
Bertie probably isn’t home.
➁
His car isn’t in the driveway, and
➂
there are no lights on in his house.
➁ ➀
➂
4.
➀
Affirmative action in higher education is mor- ally justifiable because
➁
it compensates for past discrimination,
➂
provides valuable role models for women and minorities, and
➃
promotes multi- cultural understanding.
➁ ➂
➀ ➃
7.
➀
Only three people could have stolen the CD: Danny, Stacy, or Patrick. But
➁
Stacy couldn’t have stolen the CD because
➂
she was out riding her bike.
➃
Patrick couldn’t have stolen the CD because
➄
he was at a friend’s house. Therefore,
➅
Danny must have stolen the CD.
➀ ⫹
⫹ ➁
➃ ➅
➂ ➄
