An Analysis Of Symbols In Dan Brown’s Novel Angels And Demons

AN ANALYSIS OF SYMBOLS IN DAN BROWN S NOVEL ANGELS AND DEMONS

A THESIS BY

MUHAMMAD SAVRIZAL REG.NO: 090705011

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,

First of all, praise is due to almightly Allah SWT with His compassion and blessing to allow me finishing this thesis. Salawat and salam to the Prophet and the most noble Messenger, our Prophet Muhammad, along with his family and his companions.

I would like to thank to Dr.H.Syahron Lubis as the dean of faculty Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara. Also, I would like to thank to Dr.H.Muhizar Muchtar, M.S as the head of Department of English, the secretary of Department of English, Dr.Hj.Nurlela, M.Hum. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum and my co-supervisor Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama. Thank you for the patience and motivation to guidance me to write and to finish the thesis and thank you for the incredible knowledge that you ve given to me. I could not have imagined having the best supervisors in my study.

For my family especially my father and mother, I also want to say thank you for your support, advice, love in my days, for your taught for me to be always patient and your pray to make me a better person to everybody. Thank you to my beloved brother, Faris Narestya for your support and your laugh who always make me feel being your best brother ever.

To all my friends, thank you for understanding and encouragment in many precious moments in my life. My special thank is dedicated to my bestfriends : Yuda Riski gunawan for crazy weirdo moments that we created together and special thank goes as well to my soulmate : Yaumil Rizki Adinda who supports me in everything that I ve done. Thank you for every craziness things that we spend together for Nur

Alfi Syahri, Ade Adrina, Arief Moenandar, Bayu Surya Pratama, Rini Rahma Dewi. A massive thank you to Reza Andika for the support.

I would like to give many thanks to all my loved bro and sis : Thanks to Mustaqim, the spiritual mentor, Special thanks to Kak Kajol for Susuk , Aazedodo who turn me being Good Boy Gone Bad. Thanks to Bang mau, Bang Gullit, Bang Hadi, Bang Dodi, Bang Zarot, Kak Cica, Kak Nurul, Bang Adi 91, Bang Eri, Uncle Idik, Bang Kiki, Kak Sari thank for your kindness and your good advice, Kak Fitri, thanks to wonderful advice to me as chief of IMSI in my period. Thank you to Bang Am for your kindness, May Allah Swt gives the best place in heaven.

My deepest respects and thanks to all lovely friends : Cena, Dewi, Sinta, Zarlina, Tesya, Yolanda, Eta, Winda, and friends in 2009. To best crazy juniors : Aldi kiteng , Ulan, Ebi, Anok, Vivi, Dini, Filza, Annis, Emil, Nadia, Aton, Ninis, Yudi, Maji who took my throne as The Chief Of IMSI, Wina, Rizki Om , Ryan, Ridho, Fadil Karyo , Munardi, Indri, Febi, Rizki, Ayu, Puput, Piut, Ranny, Runi, Dedad, Fanni bencong , Sardew, Abel, Dimas, Zara, Wahyu Kekar , Kevin, Edo, Refi, Syayu, Ossy, Elsa, Windi, Ivan, Pitra.

I would like to thank the IMSI organizer Period 2012-2013, together we step together as big family of IMSI. And all of my friends in IMSI who cannot be mentioned one by one, my juniors, my seniors and alumni, also the lecturers in English Department.

Special thank goes to special buddies : Jivo Sulistiawan, Rajab, Ikhsan, Rendi, Nugroho, Koko, Akbar Ray, Akbar Tasbih , Taufik, Ugi, Renni, Ria, Intan, Tika, Kennedy, Ridwan, Teguh.

Finally, May this thesis be advantegous for the readers, May the grace and love of the Almighty Allah SWT be with us all forever. Amiin. And thank you so much for everybody being part of my life

Medan, 09 January 2013

Muhammad Savrizal

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini yang berjudul An Analysis Of Symbols In Dan Brown s Novel Angels And Demonsmerupakan sebuah analisis mengenai simbol-simbol dalam novel Angels and Demons dan pembagian simbol kedalam bagian-bagian tertentu serta mengidentifikasi makna makna simbol tersebut. Beberapa simbol dalam novel ini merupakan simbol Illuminati yang merupakan bagian dari proses komunikasi yang dilakukan setiap anggota didalam Illuminati untuk sesama anggota. Tujuan penulis menganalisis simbol-simbol dalam novel Angels and Demons untuk mengidentifikasi dan menginterpretasi setiap simbol yang ada didalam novel tersebut. Didalam tulisan ini penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang menjelaskan analisis sesuai dengan uraian hasil penelitian yang dikaitkan. Dan dari hasil analisis, penulis memperoleh kesimpulan bahwasanya setiap simbol mempunyai makna lain yang menjelaskan hal lain pula.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

TABLE OF CONTENT ... ii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background Of The Study ... 1

1.2 Problem Of The Study ... 7

1.3 Objective Of The Study ... 7

1.4 Scope Of Study ... 7

1.5 Significance Of The Study ... 7

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 9

2.1 Novel ... 9

2.2 Symbol ... 11

2.2.1 Conventional Symbol ... 13

2.2.2 Personal Symbol ... 14

CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH ... 16

3.1 Research Design ... 16

3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 17

3.3 Data Collecting ... 17

CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS AND FINDING ... 21

4.1 Word Symbol ... 21

4.1.1 Illuminati ... 21

4.1.2 Angel ... 24

4.1.3 Demon ... 25

4.1.4 Pentagram ... 25

4.2 Place Symbol ... 28

4.2.1 Altars of Science ... 28

4.2.2 Obelisk ... 30

4.3 Picture Symbol ... 31

4.3.1 An Eye Inside The Triangle ... 31

4.4 Numeral Symbol ... 34

4.4.1 503 ... 34

4.4.2 666... 36

4.5 Element Symbol ... 37

4.5.1 Earth ... 37

4.5.2 Air ... 40

4.5.3 Fire ... 41

4.5.4 Water ... 43

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 44

5.1 Conclusion ... 45

5.2 Suggestion ... 47

REFERENCES ... 48

APPENDICES ... 51

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini yang berjudul An Analysis Of Symbols In Dan Brown s Novel Angels And Demonsmerupakan sebuah analisis mengenai simbol-simbol dalam novel Angels and Demons dan pembagian simbol kedalam bagian-bagian tertentu serta mengidentifikasi makna makna simbol tersebut. Beberapa simbol dalam novel ini merupakan simbol Illuminati yang merupakan bagian dari proses komunikasi yang dilakukan setiap anggota didalam Illuminati untuk sesama anggota. Tujuan penulis menganalisis simbol-simbol dalam novel Angels and Demons untuk mengidentifikasi dan menginterpretasi setiap simbol yang ada didalam novel tersebut. Didalam tulisan ini penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang menjelaskan analisis sesuai dengan uraian hasil penelitian yang dikaitkan. Dan dari hasil analisis, penulis memperoleh kesimpulan bahwasanya setiap simbol mempunyai makna lain yang menjelaskan hal lain pula.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background Of Analysis

Literature is one of the great creative and universal means of communication. The basic process of communication begins when a fact or idea is observed by one person. That person (the sender) may decide to translate the observation into a message, and then transmit the message through some communication medium to another person (the receiver). The receiver then must interpret the message and provide feedback to the sender indicating that the message has been understood and appropriate action taken. Human beings can t live alone, human beings need to interact with others in the world by the way of communication but in the way of communication, it is needed a media which can express their thoughts and feelings. Through literature, human beings can communicate with others because literature is a media of communication.

Literature itself comes from the Latin Literra which refers to the written or printed work. It means that a communication by human beings which interpreted in literature especially nowadays generally through written media. In literature , the authors try to express their ideas about what they did through their experiences in their life and what was happening around them and tried to communicate to people in the way of written media, it called the process of communications by literature, the process of communications can divided into two : Oral and Written.

Oral is everyday spoken language meanwhile written is composed of written words, so combined as to express thoughts. The process of communication is about giving and receive information through any number of channels, listening and reading. Listening is a communication that happens by oral communication, a person talks to another and the other person tries to listen what the person talks. It s the process of communication by oral. It s more effective because a speaker has more ability to engage the audience psychologically and to use complex forms of non-verbal communication. Oral communication, while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, can also employ visual aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of meaning. Oral communication includes speeches, presentations, discussions, and aspects of interpersonal communication. As a type of face-to-face communication, body language and choice tonality play a significant role, and may have a greater impact upon the listener than informational content. This type of communication also garners immediate feedback.

Meanwhile written communication is how a person reads something such like article or book and gets something of it. The process of the communication happens when a person reads something from a person who writes some information or ideas through the written media. Writing is a medium of communication that represents language through the inscription of signs and symbols. The message of writing can be carefully prepared and then directed to people. The written messages can be edited and revised several times before they are sent so that the content can be shaped to maximum effect. The great effect of written communication in this era is people can communicate to others each other from across the island by text or Internet. It s easier in the process of communication through written media.

Literature is a product of a language, because language is used to express ideas, feelings, and opinions to exchange information, to do business, to absorb, to write a literature or works and keep in touch with others. Language is important way to transmit culture through language people can learn their cultural identify. Language can be described as a symbol system in which sounds and meanings are assigned to each other, allowing humans to communicate what people are thinking and how they are feeling. Language is a body of words system for the use common to people who are the same community or nation.

The most general genres in literature is divided into three major genres, they are drama, prose, and poetry. Drama is a work of literature which is design for performances by presenting actions or dialogues of a character or a group of character. Poetry is written forms who express a conversation or interchange and wide variety of subject. Prose is divided based on its period time. First old prose is such as myth, fairytale, folk tale, fable, saga and the second part is such as short story, novel, article and journal.

Novel is part of prose for the discussion of facts and topical reading as it is often articulated in free form writing style. A novel (lat.novella, new things) is an extended work of prose fiction, longer than a short story or medium-length fiction, called anovelette or novella(Whitla : 1934:155).

Novel is the further enlargement of romance. The novel renders reality closely and in comprehensive detail. It takes a group of people and set them going about the business of life. Augustan period is featured development of novel itself. (Samekto, 1976: 34). Some short essays from the author of the period ( Joseph Addison and Richard Steele) were the sign from birth of a novel especially Modern Novel.

In this thesis the writer would like to analyze symbols in Angels and Demons

Novel by Dan Brown. There are many symbols found in the novel that makes them being mysterious, interesting and unique to be analyzed about symbolism. Symbol is one of ways in understanding of a literature because symbol is an object which stands for something else, the way to communicate with others and explain more about something.

The novel introduces the character Robert Langdon as Symbologist , who is also the protagonist of Brown's subsequent 2003 novel, The Da Vinci Code, and 2009 novel, The Lost Symbol. He tries to stop the Illuminati, a legendary secret society, from destroying Vatican City with his partner, a scientist Vittoria Vetra. It also shares many stylistic literary elements with its sequel, such as conspiracies of secret societies, a single-day time frame, and the Catholic Church.

Ancient history, architecture, and symbolism are also heavily referenced throughout the book. Angels and Demons is basically a story about the historical conflict between religion (the Roman Catholic Church) and science. The Vatican has throughout history always been against science, repressing great scientific discoveries. A secret organization, the Illuminati, that tried to reconcile religion and science, has infiltrated the Vatican and now the Illuminati is longing for revenge.

A symbol creates a direct meaningful between object, action, ideas in life. Each symbol has its own objective identity, and may function at an ordinary level. According to Arthur Simon in The Symbolist Movement Literature, Symbolism is an attempt to reinvest language with its powers of ambivalence and mystery, to relieve it of the stulfying burden of representing factitious identity and clear-cut categories. (1899 : 490 491).

Symbol is something that is intended to stand for something else other than itself. The relationship between words and their meanings is (mostly) arbitrary, using arbitrary sounds in conventional ways with conventional meanings. The system of signs or symbols are considered in the language. Any set or system of such Symbols as used in a more or less uniform fashion by a number of people, who are thus enabled to communicate intelligibly with one another. It can be found as printed or speaking. Early literature was oral, meant to be memorized and recited and doing that by communication using language. Later was written down and read. It can conclude that the literature itself has widely definition

A symbol has a meaning that need to interpret or to explain into a new language or description which is easy to understand by studying the real meaning of a symbol and how the symbol has ability to influence society by its mysteries. Symbolism is not just about enabling a writer to say the same thing more concisely. It is about allowing them to say something more effectively. Angels and Demons is The Sequel novel of Dan Brown who tells about some symbols and tries to analyze each of symbols in the story. The writer wants to analyze how symbolism takes part in the story and interpret the meaning of every symbol.

Symbols are abstract and it s not easy to understand the real meaning of a symbol, a symbol is important in literary work as transferring meaning hidden behind the words or pictures and to share ideas feelings the authors and also author indirectly expressed his idea by using symbols. A symbol may to communicate with one another, something hidden to share our ideas and feelings. A symbol is not directly explained by someone or something. It can contain of object, figures, character where it represents. For example: White , to symbolize as pureness,

purity, spotness, and innocent. Because it knows based on the descriptions about symbols.

According to Klarer, there are two kinds of symbol. They are conventional and private symbol. Conventional symbol is symbols which are made through consensus, and its meaning has recognized by society. For example: crescent and star are the symbol of Moslem, meanwhile private symbol is the symbol which is made by an author in his own literary work. That s why the writer tries to analyze some symbols and divides to conventional or private symbols in the novel and trying to interpret the symbols and its meanings.

Based on all details above, the reason why the writer choose the novel and the theme because the writer thinks that it s important to understand the meaning of signs or symbols in the novel because it can increase our knowledge about the meanings of symbols and it s easier to understand symbols which a symbol tries to express something that can t be expressed easily in the way of communication in daily life.

In this novel, it s so interested how two opposite sides try to explain their existences by showing their symbols, trying to get some clues about the symbols and their meanings. Because some symbols that potrayed in the novel are often appear in the real life. The title itself consists of two opposites, Angels and Demons. Everything has an opposite. The plot of the book is between good and evil, being the church (religion) and science (Illuminati), standing side by side. It teaches that one could not exist without the other. It gives the universe the balance to move and function as one in the world.

1.2. Problem of the Study

In the thesis, the writer thinks that it s important to decide the problems are going to analyze. The problems of the analysis in this thesis are:

1. How are the symbols portrayed in the novel ?

2. How are the implied meaning of the symbols described in the novel ?

1.3. Objective of Study

The object of writing is important to achieve. The objective of the study in this analyze are :

1. To find out and indentify something as a symbol which written in words or portrayed as pictures

2. To interpret context of the meaning of a symbol in the novel

1.4. Scope of the Study

This research is focused on certain symbols that found in the novel. The scope of the study will be limited by analyzing some certain symbols which are portrayed in the novel. There many symbols in novel. They are using as picture or as words. But in this thesis the writer focuses to interprete the symbols by choosing some certain symbols not a whole symbols.

1.5.The Significance of the Study

Theoretically, this analysis to add the literary study of literature and also symbolism through the novel.

Practically, this thesis can be lessons especially to know about symbols, about the writer and to enrich the study of literature especially about symbolism. And also can be used for everyone who wants to understand symbolism of the novel.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Novel

Novel is one of literary work that represents the ideas or the thoughts of the author. The author expresses the feeling, the passion and the emotion that relates to the experiences of life. That s why the author needs a media to express the ideas, the thought and it s called literature as media of communication. Through literature, human beings can communicate with others because literature is a media of communication.

The most general genres in literature is divided into three major genres, they are drama, prose, and poetry. Prose can be divided into two categories, they are fiction and nonfiction. Fiction is created from the imagination of the author, not presented as fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation. While non-fiction is true writing that tells about real people, places and events. According to Nurgiyantoro (1998), The non-fiction works are autobiography, diary, essay, and history. On the other hand, the fiction works are tales, roman, short story, and novel.

Peck and Coyle (1986:102) say that Novel is prose story telling with a great amount of detail on every page, usually reveal human values .In analyzing a novel, there are two methods to understand all about the details on every page or in a literature, they are intrinsic and extrinsic approach. Kasim describes about extrinsic and intrinsic in his book entitled Theory Of Literature says :

Intrinsic method is one of the which focuses the analysis on the work itself, the text. It may analyze the rhytm, rhyme scheme, form, mood, or other elements of literary works without the help of other disciplines, such as the author s biography, psychology, religion, etc. As opposed to intrinsic

method of criticism is the extrinsic in which the analysis of literary work applies the above disciplines of knowledge or belief. This method of studying literature concerns itself with its environment and its external causes . (Kasim, Razali,7:2000)

In this analysis, the writer uses the intrinsic method to analyzing the data, because the writer will analyze from the text itself and the structure of the literary to find out the sense of mystery in the novel. Mystery is the condition of being secret or obscure which the caused or origin is hidden or impossible to understand. Mystery contains some secrets and hidden meaning that must be solved (Purwanti : 2009:6) the mystery elements in Carolyn Keene s Nancy Drew : The Email Mystery).

The mystery in this context is how a symbol as mystery things that needed to be solved and understand because the symbol itself is hidden and being secret. The way of an author in conveying the information, denotative, conotative meaning is called style. Style deals with the texture of writing, imagery, sound and meaning , irony, syntax and symbol. It focuses on text itself and structures which are created. Style, in literature, the mysterious yet recognize result of a succesful blending of form with content.

The writer uses intrinsic method, because the writer will analyze some symbols that hidden in the novel, Angels and Demons. An analysis through intrinsic approach is to analyze the literary work from the structure of literary itself such as theme, characters, setting, plot, symbols, point of view and language style. Symbol is one of mystery elements, the writer will observe some information or symbols that is unknown and must be explained. According to the Cambridge International Dictionary of English literature mystery is something strange or unknown which hasn t yet been explained or understood .

Today a mystery story is, loosely, any story containing a mystery. It may be, and frequently is, a tale of horror and terror, an affair of codes and ciphers and secret societies, a crime story, a symbol or a dozen other things involving an enigma . (Benton,1960:49)

In this thesis, the writer focuses on understanding symbols in the novel, Angels and Demons. It s important to understand the real meaning and the purpose of symbols irrelevant to get deep explanations and descriptions of the symbols in order to avoid the wrong explanation and comprehension of the meanings of symbol. Peck and Martin Coyle (1988:71) say that symbol is an object which stands for something else. It means that an object which is found as a symbol in novel, it doesn t merely means the object itself, but it has another wider meaning and has a function for certain intention. A symbol can t directly understood literally. It needs deep interpretation to total meaning of literary work.

2.2 Symbol

Etimologically, a symbol is something thrown together . The ultimate source is Greek,sumballein, it formed from the prefix sum- together and the suffix ballein throw . So symbol is something thrown together (Ayto:1990). The notion of throwing or putting things together led on to the notion of contrast and so

sumballein came to be used for compare . it was derived from sumbolon, which denoted an indentifying token because such tokens were compared with a counterpart to make sure that were genuine and hence an outward sign of something . (Ayto, Dictionary of word origins. Arcade,1990).

The word symbol who is derived from the Greek word symbolon in ancient Greece it was a custom to break a slate of burned clay into several pieces and give each individual in a group one piece as a mark of identification. When, at a later date, they met and fitted the pieces together (Greek symbollein) it confirmed that the persons were the same ones, or representatives of those, who had received the pieces of clay in the first place.

The use of the word symbol was widened to include the engraved shells that were employed by those initiated in the mysteries, both as marks of identification and as essential components in ritual gatherings. It was only a short step away to the word s eventual meaning, in which an object, either through a visual similarity or a common agreement between those using it, represented something other than itself.

Camte Goblet d'Alviella, in his book on The Migration of Symbols says a symbol is :

"Might be defined as a representation which does not aim at being a reproduction. Originally, as he points out, used by the Greeks to denote the two halves of the tablet they divided between themselves as a pledge of hospitality,"

It came to be used of every sign, formula, or rite by which those initiated in any mystery made themselves secretly known to one another. Gradually the word extended its meaning, until it came to denote every conventional representation of idea by form, of the unseen by the visible. (Literary Symbolism:9)

For example, Angel is a symbol of Hope, goodness, purity, protection, comfort and consolation. They also represent the spiritual nature of the being. A word, a phrase, or an image used with some kind of special reference (which is what

a symbol is usually taken to mean) are all symbols when they are distinguishable elements in critical analysis. From the word symbol came the concept of symbolism where one object is used to refer to something else. Even the letters a writer spells his words with form part of his symbolism in this sense: they would be isolated only in special cases, such as alliteration or dialect spellings, but we are still aware that they symbolize sounds. Criticism as a whole, in terms of this definition, would begin with, and largely consist of, the systematizing of literary symbolism. It follows that other words must be used to classify the different types of symbolism.

Symbolism is used in literature to give to the literary work meaning that goes beyond what is evident to the reader. Symbolism helps in giving the piece of writing feeling and mood without the writer having to actually spell out the same. By giving certain things human like characteristics and also defining them with certain qualities, the writer can manage to give the novel another level that may refer to things that are completely alien from what is mentioned in the piece of writing

A symbol, in a broadest use of term, is anything which signifies something else; in this sense, all words are symbols. As commonly used in criticism, however, symbol is applied only to a word or phrase signifying an object which itself has significance; that is, the object referred to has a range of meaning beyond itself. Some symbols are conventional and public, Klarer (1976:140) says a symbol is a thing that suggest more than its literal meaning in a literary text. He divides symbol into two kinds; they are conventional and private symbol.

2.2.1 Conventional Symbol

Conventional symbol is a symbol is easily that has an understood or widely accepted interpretation. There are some conventional symbols that are easily

recognizable, for example, a flag which is a physical, tangible representation of a country. Even as children people know that the flag isn t the country, but that it stands for a country. Conventional or traditional literary symbols work in much the same way, and because they have previously agreed upon meaning, they can be used to suggest ideas more universal than the physical thing itself. Conventional symbol has meaning that recognized by a society for example: Red can symbolize blood, passion, danger, or immoral character and stars are the symbols of Moslem. The following objects have been considered as conventional symbols for centuries, some of which are reflected in religious customs, mythical story and literature. The universal symbol usually have known by many people or groups in society that when a writer puts a symbol in the story and the symbol is known as universal symbol, the groups in society and some people have same perception of the meanings of symbol when they recognize the symbol firstly.

2.2.2. Personal Symbol

Personal symbol or private symbol is a symbol that made and put by the author in a literary works as individual works. The symbol isn t known by majority of a society, it s the one that requires special or private knowledge to understand the meaning of and according in the context of specific story. The problem with private symbol is the readers do not understand much about the symbol. It is a relation between the reader and the author because The author needs to present or create a symbol using the context of literary work and the reader understand the symbol according context of text, the reader must recognize an object or things as a symbol. That s why a reader must to relate the interpretation to the total meaning. For example, in Angels and Demons novel , Dan Brown symbolizes that angels are

people who involved in religion part, the priests. Meanwhile demons are some bad guys that join in Illuminati. Angels and Demons novel is about two parts that get conflict because there s something contrary between the both. It can concluded that symbol is the person , natural, man, man objects, words, phrase, setting and character which are used to represent abstract ideas and feeling.

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

In analyzing the data, the writer uses a qualitative descriptive method. In the qualitative method, analysis begins when the data collected. This method explain about how understanding structure and pattern from the data. Observing the data to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by the subjects of the research such as behavior, perception, motivation, action, etc (Moleong, 2007:6). Having the ability to understand language that used by the author in novel to analyzing the data and the world that author is created in the form of words and language. Because in this thesis, the writer uses novel to get the data and observe the data.

The data that observed by the writer is about symbol. To understand more about symbol or symbolism, the writer uses a method approach because just using the qualitative method too difficult to get the deep explanation or interpretation about symbol. Because symbol itself has complex meaning; it has not only "literal" meaning, but also additional meaning beyond the literal. Sometimes the literal meaning of a symbol is absurd, so that the symbolic meaning over-rides and cancels out the literal meaning. A symbol may have more than one meaning. In fact, the most significant symbols do convey an indefinite range of meanings. That s why the writer uses semiotic method approach. Semiotic is derived from Greek, Smione , which called a sign. Semiotic is a study about the process of sign, significance, communication, signs and symbols. According Sergers (2000:4) , semiotic is a study

that investigate and observe all aspects about communication that happens with some signs and sign system.

This thesis focuses on the symbols that hidden and have deep meanings that potrayed in the novel as words and pictures. So in analyzing the thesis, the writer uses intrinsic approach to analyze structure of the text and context of the text itself.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

Source of data is collected from the novel that entitled Angels and Demons by Dan Brown published by Pocket Books. In the process of collecting data, the writer divides the data into two, primary data and secondary data. The primary data is taken from words, phrase, sentences, actions, dialogue between characters or some quotation that related to symbolism in Angels and Demons novel. The secondary data is taken from articles, thesis, movie or another sources that supported to the topic, symbols. The writer collects the data from the movie, entitled Angels and Demons. On may 15 2009, a film adaptation was released directed by Ron Howard and based on the novel itself, Angels and Demons by the same name of the novel.

3.3 Data Collecting

Some steps that the writer starts to collecting the data :

1. Reading the novel Dan Brown, Angels and Demonsseveral times in order get full understanding about what the story is and watching the film, Angels and Demons to get more explanations about the data.

2. Identifying some symbols that hidden in words, phrase, sentence, dialogue in the novel.

3. Analyzing the data based on related books concerning to the subject matter.

3.4 Data Analysis

When all the data and information relates to the topic are collected. The analysis will be started by:

1. Analyzing the context of text that related to symbolism by observing words, sentences , pictures and dialogues in the novel. And they have another meaning that stand for something else.

2. Indentifying the real meaning of each symbols that portrayed in the novel.

These analysis are referred to the intrinsic element by Kasim Razali. In analyzing the data, the writer uses intrinsic approach. It focuses on the work itself, the text. Because from the text It can analyze the source data of the thesis. Because the source data comes totally from the novel, Angels And Demons. And using semiotic method to interpret the real meaning of a symbol. Semiotic is the theory of the production and interpretation of meaning. Pierce (1870) says semiotic is :

The sign as a triadic relations as something that stands for something, to someone in some capacity. The type of relation that holds the sign relation together as icons and symbol. A symbol is a sign that denotes its object sorely by virtue of the fact that it will be interpreted to do so. The symbol consists in a natural or conventional or logical rule, norm, or habit that lacks dependence on the symbolic sign s having a resemblance or real connection to the denoted objects.

After analyzing the data, the writer makes a conclusion for this thesis. Here are the steps of analyzing data as it can be seen from table 3.1.

1. The first step is researcher observes the novel Angels And Demons by Dan Brown and the movie.

2. Find the text related with the main topic about symbolism such as dialogue or quotes

3. Analyze the data selected and interpreted by descriptive qualitative method and semiotic method.

Table 3.1. Below is The process of analyzing data : The process of analyzing data :

Researcher 1. Source of data : a novel entitle

ANGELS AND DEMONS

Quote/selected text with the topic about symbolism

Data selected: Interpreted analysis by descriptive qualitative method and

semiotic approach Conclusion

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Word Symbol

Word Symbols take the form of words. The words generally stand for something else. A word represents something such like an object, an idea, an experience and an object, etc. The word snake generally stands for an animal class of reptile; if people say, "Look at that tree," people are directed to a specific meaning for the word.

4.1.1. Illuminati

According to Robert Langdon as one of characters in Angels And Demons novel said, the word of Illuminati means the enlightened ones , a name adopted by several mystical sects who maintained that they had received a special revelation or possessed a more intimate knowledge of holy things than was granted to the mass of Mankinds. Illuminati is the name of some sort of ancient brotherhood . It means that Illuminati is not just a word. It has wide meaning behind the word. It means that People who are illuminated or are called member of Illuminati, it has meaning that they are people who has received the light and great knowledge.

Illuminati is a secret organization that try to find their members around them and even in all around the world. They collect people from all races and take control from many aspects in the world such as in government, business, churches, charitable organizations, educational institutions, medicine, military, scientific institutions, law enforcement, etc. Their purpose is taking over the entire world and rule the world by

built their worldwide organization. Illuminati is an actual organization, founded by a Bavarian professor of law at the University of Ingolstadt, a man named Adam Weishaupt. He joined Freemasons, and then created the Illuminati as an organization within an organization, infiltrating numerous Masonic lodges and taking control of them, as well as the universities. The Illuminati is a progressive, secret sect of secular humanists, sometimes referred to by the world as "the bearers of the light". The bearers of the light were founded in Bavaria on May 1, 1776 by a university professor named Adam Weishaupt. Weishaupt, a scholar who was academically tutored and nurtured by the Jesuits, became rebellious of the Catholic Church and in his rebellion, created a society originally known as the Order of the Perfectabilists. The goal of the Perfectabilists was to oppose the power of the Church and State; their ultimate goal was the development of an egalitarian society. Freemasonry is a fraternal organization that exists in different forms all over the world but which share moral and metaphysical ideals, some of which conflict with Christian and Catholic beliefs. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry).

Freemasonry is a society of men concerned with moral and spiritual values. Their members are taught with moral lessons and self-knowledge. There are some different perspectives to Christian belief. For example Masons teach that man is not sinful, just rude and imperfect by nature . Human beings are able to improve their character and behavior in various ways, including acts of charity, moral living, and voluntary performance of civic duty. Humanity possesses the ability of moving from imperfection toward total perfection. Moral and spiritual perfection lies within men and women. The perspective is different with Christian perspective, because Christian s view is All humans are born with a sinful nature, are totally depraved, and need a savior from sin.

The Illuminati are widely believed to be a sect or faction of the Freemasons. The Freemason, hence the Illuminati, adopted their beliefs and teachings from the Knights Templar. The Knights Templar was originally a religious and military organization during the crusades. Its members became very rich through gifts of land and money from European rulers. By the 1300s, The Templar deemed themselves the "bankers of Europe," because of their enormous wealth and the breadth of their organization. They were hoping to "become wealthy enough to buy the world."

The king of France and the Pope then conducted arrests and investigations of the Knights Templar. The Pope suspected the king's investigation involved torturous methods and so held his own. During these investigations, the Knights confessed voluntarily to a variety of crimes including "spitting on the crucifix, committing obscenities, and practicing unnatural vices (sodomy)." As a result of these investigations, the Knights Templar was exposed as two-faced and evil. The Knights concealed one doctrine for only their masters - the one that proclaimed Lucifer as their god - and put forth a Christian front for the public.

The Pope abolished the order and it fled underground, continuing only among its most trusted members. Hundreds of years later, the Knights Templar surfaced as a "benevolent organization of good works." The Templar took over the stonemason guilds of Europe, which were then struggling to maintain their membership. The transition of the Templar into the Masons occurred smoothly; the public merely viewed the organization as a good one. It is at this point in history when Weishaupt, a Mason, formed a secret society (the Illuminati) within the existing secret society. (http://www.unc.edu/~ltolles/Illuminati/Introduction.html).

They grew very powerful, employing mysterious rites, deadly secrecy, vowing someday to rise again and take revenge on the Catholic Church. Their power

grew to the point where the church considered them the single most dangerous anti-Christian force on earth. The Vatican denounced the brotherhood as Shaitan. These statements that found on page: 34. Meanwhile on page : 31-31. It explains about how Illuminati forces the church, because The Illuminati thinks that the church hides some truths. And the statement is in the 1500s, a group of men in Rome fought back against the church. Some of Italy s most enlightened men physicists, mathematicians, astronomers began meeting secretly to share their concerns about the church s inaccurate teachings. They feared that the church s monopoly on truth threatened academic enlightenment around the world. They founded the world s first scientific think tank, calling themselves the enlightened ones. Some symbols that the writer will analyze about Illuminati, because the main topic is about Illuminati and religion. Especially in this novel on page 11. It clarifies that Illuminati is symbolic of satanic cult.

4.1.2. Angel

Angel has meanings deal to Messages, Divine awareness, Purity, Love, Faith, Courage, Compassion, Perseverance, Interrelating, Renewal, Protection, and Illumination. In the most basic, angels are symbolic of communication between higher energies and lower energies or, communication between God and human. In Angels And Demons novel, angel symbolizes as Roman Catholic Church. How Roman Catholic Church gets conflict with Illuminati to protect people being bad because of devil. Roman Catholic Church help people s souls achieve salvation through prayer.

4.1.3. Demon

Demon symbolizes an evil spirit, fiend, a wicked or cruel person. the demon has a job to tempt people to do negative things and fall people to the lost path. The demon tries to persuade human to ignore the almighty God because the demon hates people who serve God. In Angels And Demons novel, the Illuminati symbolizes as demon. Because the Illluminati s members are cruel person. They have a plan to destroy Vatican city and do some murder cases to get what they want.

4.1.4. Pentagram

Pentagram is known as a pentalpha or pentangle or a star pentagon. It is the shape of a five-pointed star drawn with five straight strokes. Pentagram comes from the Greek. Pente means five (as in Pentagon). Gram comes from the Greek verb graphein, to write . Pentagram can be found in ancient Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. Pentagram is a special symbol in pagan religion because Pentagram is used as a symbol of truth by paganism. Each point has its meaning. The upward point of the star is representive of the spirit. Meanwhile the other points represent an element such like earth, air, fire, and water.

In pagan, they believe that people who use Pentagram necklace are connected to the elements and respect the earth. It is often used in jewelry, cauldrons, and working tables or altars. An interesting fact is when you cut an apple in half through the middle, you will see a five pointed star. The apple has always been a sign of knowledge or wisdom. Think of the Adam and eve story. (http://pagansymbol.wordpress.com/)

The particular symbolism has insisted for centuries, and has greatly influenced theologies of diverse traditions. Many different meanings that try to interpret by many traditions such like Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist, Egypt and Mathemathician with different context. Pentagram has different meanings for different people, traditions and culture.

That s some explanations about the meaning of Pentagram according to some traditions, beliefs, and culture. But Pentagram also has different meaning according to form/shape of Pentagram itself. A Pentagram without a surrounding circle or Open Pentagram in pagan symbolic represent an active approach, prepared for conflict. And it has same meaning to some beliefs and traditions that the writer explains above (Sumeriana, Druids, Phytagoreans).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram

Meanwhile a Pentagram with circle has own meaning. Circle represent eternity and infinity, in pagan a spirit. A circle is sacred place, controls the four earthly elements or called protection.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram

There s one meaning interpretation about Pentagram with different shape that being so sensational. It is inverted Pentagram, in pagan the inverted Pentagram

represents dark side or evil. Because the inverted Pentagram is illustrated with a goat s head, a symbol adopted and made by Anton Szandor La Vey when in 1966 he started the Church of Satan in San Francisco. He needed a logo for his church that s why he took a description logo made by Eliphas Levi in his book The Key of Great Mysteries . In his book Levi describes the inverted Pentagram as representing the horns of a goat of the Witches sabbat:

It is the goat of lust attacking the Heavens with its horns. It is the sign execrated by the initiates of a superior rank, even at the sabbat,

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram

The Church of Satan decided to choose and to create the inverted Pentagram because it s easy to place the goat-head within the figure.

In addition, according to writers such as Levi, this was the "infernal" orientation, and thus seemed the appropriate orientation for Satanism. Finally, the point-down figure represents spirit subsumed by the four physical elements, rejecting the notion that the physical world is dirty and taboo and that the spirit should rise about it. Lévi's version of magic became a great success, especially after his death. That Spiritualism was popular on both sides of the Atlantic from the 1850s contributed to this success. His magical teachings were free from obvious

fanaticisms, even if they remained rather murky; he had nothing to sell, and did not pretend to be the initiate of some ancient or fictitious secret society. He incorporated the Tarot cards into his magical system, and as a result the Tarot has been an important part of the paraphernalia of Western magicians.

He had a deep impact on the magic of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and later on the ex-Golden Dawn member Aleister Crowley. He was also the first to declare that a Pentagram or five-pointed star with one point down and two points up represents evil, while a Pentagram with one point up and two points down represents good. It was largely through the occultists inspired by him that Lévi is remembered as one of the key founders of the 20th century revival of magic .And this is original design by Levi.

4.2. Place Symbol

Place symbol symbolizes some places which has certain meaning values. It depends on context of the place and direct to another meaning and history behind the place.

4.2.1 Altars Of Science

Altars of science symbolize about four churches of Illuminati. On page 179-186. Brown explains about Illuminati and its churches by creating an event that through by characters in the story. in this part, Robert Langdon and Vittoria went to the archive room to find some documents that can relate them to the Illuminati and they study about the altars of science. Because it s important clue to find what they are looking for. Altars of science are not just about altar or something else. It stands

for something else that needed to understand to get the real meaning of altars of science.

Altars of science are about Illuminati churches. They called the church of Illumination. A secret location to protect members of Illuminati from Vatican. Because Vatican forces Illuminati because they do some satanic tradition in their beliefs. In this secret place, they discuss some things forbidden by the Vatican. They are scientific who received the enlightenment. Many scientists from all around the world wanted to join Illuminati but the problem they didn t know where they could find the location and members of Illuminati to speak more.

Illuminati itself couldn t afford to risk their secrecy by reveal their location to meet with others. They found a solution from the problem. The Illuminati created a map to direct scientists to their secret place. The map contains some symbolic markers placed in around the city. One marker led to the next and eventually leading to the Illuminati lair. Altars of science are four churches that relates to four elements in the world.

Because early alchemists believed the entire universe was made up of only four substances: Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Illuminati artist created four pieces of art that looked religious, but were actually tributes to Earth, Air, Fire, and Water which located in certain churches in Rome. So altars of science symbolize four element churches that relates to four churches of Illuminati which tributes to Earth, Air, Fire, and Water element.

4.2.2 Obellisk

Obelisk is known as TEJEN in ancient Egyptian language that has meaning protection or defense . This symbol can be found on page: 259. Robert Langdon and Vittoria try to get some clues by understanding Illuminati and its ceremonials to find four cardinals that taken by member of Illuminati. But in the way , they find four cardinal then stop Illuminati, there is a stone which tall and narrow. A monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top. It has relation to Illuminati.

Obelisk is used to protect the temple. The top of obelisk has form of needle. The needle of stone has function dispersing negative forces that always threaten to accumulate, in the form of visible storms or invisible ones, and was placed over the temple as a symbol of a petrified ray. Obelisk comes from the Greek obeliskos, meaning a branch for roasting and was placed in the center of large open places in the temples of the solar god RA.

It has relation to solar cult to praise the sun god. In Egypt, the obelisk stood for the sun god The obelisk is composed of two parts:the body and the Pyramidon. The body is a long block of a conic trunk section and the Pyramidon symbolizes the rays of the sun. The top is the point of a pyramid formation which crowns the monolith and rested on a base. It was plated in gold, a metal which the Egyptians affirmed was the "flesh of the gods." Obelisk symbolize the stability and the creative force held by the Sun god, RA. Many Egyptians believe that the solar rays brought a great vivifying power even into the grave which would have an effect on the subsequent resurrection of the deceased.

The Symbolism regarding solar (sun) worship indicated by the point within the circle has many variations, but one of the most primitive and natural was the sun was to be regarded as the male generative power of nature. To the ancient

philosopher the origin and creation of life led to the contemplation of only one process, the generative act. The sun god was certainly the generator of life, light and heat, the male principle, and this was symbolically represented by the phallus or Lingam, which was some picture, more or less veiled, of the human male generative organ. The most frequent illustration was of a pillar set up in the center of a circle. The circle just as distinctively represented the earth or female principle. The sun was the great father, under his benign influence all nature germinated, and the earth was the universal mother in whose ample womb all these germs grew to maturity.

4.3. Picture Symbol

Picture symbol is the way how an image/picture try to communicate to convey a particular meaning and it s not just an object. The picture presents some messages to communicate to people who know the meaning of the picture symbol. It makes people communicate easily.

4.3.1. An Eye Inside The Triangle / Eye In The Pyramid / All-Seeing-Eye

Alterreligion.about.com

On page 111 in the Novel , there are some words whose deep meaning about the symbol. They are in the form of words and picture, the words have something meaning for something else. The words are an eye inside a triangle . Robert

Langdon relate the symbols ( eye inside a triangle) to the Illuminati. According to his statements on page 112 to Vittoria, when Vittoria doesn t has idea about the symbol :

Vittoria studied the bill. An eye inside a triangle. It s called thetrinacria. Have you ever seen that eye in a triangle anywhere else?

Vittoria was silent a moment. Actually, yes, but I m not sure

It s emblazoned on Masonic lodges around the world. The symbol is Masonic?

Actually, no. It s Illuminati. They called it their shining delta. A call for enlightened change. The eye signifies the Illuminati s ability to infiltrate and watch all things. The shining triangle represents enlightenment. And the triangle is also the Greek letter delta, which is the mathematical symbol for

Change. Transition.

Langdon smiled. I forgot I was talking to a scientist.

The eye inside the triangle can be found in ancient Egypt and Egyptian mythology. The eye is known as all-seeing-eye or the eye of Horus or Ra. Horus was a sky god whose eyes were said to be the sun and the moon. Horus is known as the Oldest god. He is attested from the beginning of dynastic period. The original form of Horus was probably that of a sky god, known as "lord of the sky". The Egyptian word " her" (hor, har), from which the god's name is derived means "the one on high", or "the distant one", probably in reference to the soaring flight of the hunting falcon, if not a reference to the solar aspect of the god. Mythologically, the god was imagined as a celestial falcon, whose right eye was the sun and left eye the moon.

Meanwhile Ra (Re) was the primary name of the sun god of Ancient Egypt. He was often considered to be the King of the Gods and thus the patron of the pharaoh and one of the central gods of the Egyptian pantheon. He was also described as the creator of everything. Ra was so powerful and popular and his worship was so

enduring that some modern commentators have argued that the Egyptian religion was in fact a form of veiled monotheism with Ra as the one god.

The Eye Of Horus has meaning to protection, royal power and good health in Egyptian symbol. Horus was the ancient Egyptian sky god who was depicted as a falcon. His right eye was associated with the sun RA. RA was the ancient Egyptian sun God. In later Egyptian dynastic times Horus and Ra join together become ONE, and they ruled all parts of the created world: The Sky, The Earth and The Underworld. It s hard to identify whether it is the Eye of Ra or the Eye of Horus. although the associations with Horus as a God who represents healing, protection and offerings makes it the most likely candidate for the greater majority of tomb representations, stelae, statues and amulets.

But there s one difference that easy to know the eye of Horus or Ra is The left hand eye was regarded as the moon or evening star and represented healing and completeness meanwhile The right hand eye is connected with the sun or morning star and represents power and perfection. Many Egyptians worship The Sun, it represents the light and the warmth. The Sun is known asmruler of all creations, because all creatures need a sun to grow and to live. RA is always described with a sacred sun on his head which represents enlightenment and connection to Divine Intelligence, and the concept is suitable to the Illuminati. Because this symbol/concept has been attributed to such wildly diverse sects as the lluminati.

Meanwhile the triangle is also the Greek letter delta, which is the mathematical symbol for a change or transition. It can conclude that the Illuminati uses this symbol to describe that they are people who has achieved enlightenment through various incarnations and has learned the mystery of God and to make a change or transition to a new world order.

And here picture the eye of Horus and Ra taken from : beforeitnews.com

The eye of Ra The eye Of Horus

4.4. Numeral Symbol

Numeral symbol is interpretation about numbers whose certain meanings behind the combination of numbers. It explains something else, they are just not numbers, they have variety meanings. For example, 1 stands for number one. 1 stands for in arithmetic (algebra) and calculus, the natural number that follows 0 and precedes 2 and the multiplicative identity of the integers, real numbers and complex numbers in mathematic but it has different meaning in sport, 1 is the lowest number permitted for use by players of the National Hockey League.

4.4.1. 503

503, these numbers have another meaning. It s not about numeral. On page 196, it explains about 503 stand for something else and have certain meanings. It s described by Dan brown through Robert Langdong s perspective. It starts to explain about how 5 is sacred number for Illuminati. It relates to Pentagram and five elements according to Paganism. It has connection to Galileo, one of famous scientist which unknown as member of Illuminati and his famous works ; Dialogo, Discorsi,

Diagramma. His works got some conflict with Vatican. Because their perspectives are different in the way to view something. But diagramma was Galileo s most secretive work. It is supposedly some sort of treatise on scientific facts he held to be true but was not allowed to share.

Like some of Galileo s previous manuscripts, Diagramma was smuggled out of Rome by a friend and quietly published in Holland. The booklet became wildly popular in the European scientific underground. Then the Vatican caught wind of it and went on a book-burning campaign (p:198). The number 503 in Roman numerals is DIII. DI and DII and DIII are very old abbreviations. They were used by ancient scientists to distinguish between the three Galilean documents most commonly confused. They are Dialogo, Discorsi and Diagramma. And DIII relates to the third works of Galileo, Diagramma. Diagramma is very secret work of Galileo. It contains some factual knowledge is known as truth but it s not allowed to know by many people.

Diagramma is the way how Galileo tells about the truth and enlightenment things. The vatican tried to burn and destroy diagramma because some things in diagramma have contrary to the Church. Diagramma itself was printed on sedge papyrus, it just can stand for a century. Galileo did this way to protect his followers. This way any scientists caught with a copy could simply drop it in water and the booklet would dissolve. It was great for destruction of evidence, but terrible for archivists. It is believed that only one copy of Diagramma survived beyond the eighteenth century (p: 198) and it is located in Rome. It s enough obvious that 503 relate to Diagramma. It s not just numeral but it stands for something else. It s a work of Galileo, Diagramma.

4.4.2. Number 666

The number six hundred sixty six represents the name of the Beast in Revelation 13:18 :

"Here is wisdom, Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six."

The Bible teaches that the antichrist will gain total economic and religious control of the entire world. All people will worship him and receive a mark on their hands or upon their foreheads in order to buy or sell. Those who refuse to take the mark will be hunted down and eliminated.

When the name of Antichrist is known its Gematria (substituting numeric values for letters) will doubtless be found to be 666. But this number has a far deeper reference to and connection with the secret mysteries of the ancient religions, which will be again manifested in connection with the last great apostasy. 666 was the secret symbol of the ancient pagan mysteries connected with the worship of the Devil. It is today the secret connecting link between those ancient mysteries and their modern revival in Spiritualism, Theosophy, etc. Ancient pagan use numerology both for communicating secret information as well as for acquiring occult powers. It is in ancient occult numerology that the number 666 first originated. Pagan priests wore metal amulets calledSigilla Solis, or sun seals.

On the Sigilla Solis, appeared a grid containing all of the numbers from one to 36. Each column as well as each full diagonal, when added together, equaled 111.

Six columns of 111 equaled a grand total of 666, or 6 X 11 = 666. This number, originating in the ancient mystery religions of Sumer and Babylon, has come down through time and still contains meaning to those who understand its significance. It was for this reason that Yahuwah gave the number 666 in Revelation as an identifier

of an ancient persecuting religious power that would again arise and hold despotic sway at the very end.

4.5. Element Symbols

Element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler components by any non-nuclear chemical reaction. In this thesis, the writer doesn t explain about the definition of the element according to science. Because these elements especially classical elements : Fire, earth, water, air have different meanings. They symbolize something else, it s just not chemical way, because each element has different meanings such like for water symbolizes a life, purity, cleansing, being reborn, or the washing away of sins. It doesn t has connection even similarities things in how science explains about water. It has certain different meanings.

4.5.1. Earth

Earth usually represents a deep affinity with nature, because Earth provides the important resources for the life, a place to live and to grow. Earth symbolizes feminine, cold, dry, fertility, materiality, and potential. In this novel, the earth stands for something else such like a clue to find a church that relates to Earth element. The Earth element in this part symbolizes about Church whose connection to the earth element or a belief with Earth element. In this novel tells that Robert Langdon and

Vittoria have to find some clues to find some cardinals which were kidnapped by Illuminati. Illuminati would execute some cardinals on Altars of science.

That s why they need to follow the path of Illumination to point them to some churches that relates to four elements of science that used by Illuminati in their beliefs because the killer had sworn each cardinal would be branded with a different symbol according to four elements that they believe (p:177) . But the first is about Earth element. It points to Altar of Science: Church of Santa Maria del Popolo, the first altar of science. This church can find inside Chigi Chapel. In this place, the cardinal was found dead waist-buried, throat stuffed with earth, and his chest was branded with the earth ambigram.

It can conclude that Earth symbol in this novel symbolizes an Earthly church or church whose history or connection to Earth element by Illuminati s perspective. This church, Santa Maria del Polopo has connection to earth because it can understand by knowing the real meaning behind the poem that written in Galileo s work. It contains some words are , From Santi s earthly tomb with demon s hole . The poem is crystal clear that the adventure began at Santi s tomb. Santi is the last name of of one of the most famous Renaissance artists ever to live (p:222). His first name, Raphael is very famous in the world. An talented child who at the age of twenty-five did comissions for Pope Julius II, and when he died at thirty-eight, his greatest collection of frescoes the world had ever seen. Santi was known as a behemoth in the art world by his first name, Raphael.

Illuminati had chosen Raphael s thomb as kind of their tribute and relating to Earth element. Illuminati considered great artist and sculptors honorary brothers in enlightenment (p:223). According Langdon, Raphael is a suspected closet atheist. Langdon and Vittoria in the story got mistake understanding about the clue. They

thought the clue was located in pantheon, where Raphael was buried. The pantheon itself relates to earth because the name comes from the original religion practiced there, Pantheism. It s the worship of all gods, specifically the pagan gods of Mother Earth (p:224). the next clue points Langdon and Vittoria to Santa Maria del Polopo, because they are wrong about the clue. Because Raphael wasn t buried in Penthaon, he moved to Urbini not in Rome. But it s impossible, because the altars of science were in Rome (p:249).

Santi was an architect, so the right destination is not in pantheon but in Chigi Chapel in Santa Maria del polopo. Because santi designed the tomb with the demon hole. It only can be found in Chigi Chapel. Tomb of Agostino Chigi and his brother, wealthy patrons of the arts and sciences. It relates to the concept of Altar of Science. it s first clue according to the poem, From Santi s earthly tomb . Then the next clue is with the Demon hole , Demon hole is buco diàvolo as literally. It refers to an undercroft.

On page 252, Vittoria explains about this statement : Yes, but a specific kind of crypt. I believe a demon s hole is an ancient term for a massive burial cavity located in a chapel (p:252). It s obvious clear that the chapel is the right location as the first altar of science. because they found the cardinal inside the demon hole/ a hole in the floor was dead waist-buried, throat stuffed with earth, and his chest was branded with the earth ambigram. It s the first trial that Illuminati led to the path of Illumination.

4.5.2. Air

Air is the second symbol that needed to interpret to get clue to point to another place by Robert Langdon and Vittoria. They need to know what the real meaning behind this symbol to point them to a cardinal who kidnapped and will be excecuted by the killer on altars of science. so it can conclude that the Air element is the second altar of science. Air usually symbolizes about mind, thinking, intellects and wisdom. They are symbolized according to the culture in some traditions.

In this novel, air element symbolizes to a church/place whose connection to Air element itself. It s Saint Peter s Square, the largest catholic church in the world. This clue can be known and found in Chapel chigi, Langdon realizes that the one and only scruplture in The chapel is obvious clue to next point. The scruplture is

Habukkuk and the angel, The prophet who predicted the annihilation of the earth (p:288) with their arms outstretched and were pointing into the distance. Even they are they are contradicting each other. The angel is pointing one way, and the prophet the other. But Langdon can understand than Vittoria. Because Langdon understand the clue considering the poem before from Galileo s work, Let angels guide you on your lofty quest? .

It s sure the clue to point them to another place. On page 295, it explains about the clue who is interpreted by Langdon. It said: Relief, Langdon said, is the other half of sculpture! Sculpture is the art of shaping figures in the round and also in relief . The relief is a tile who called West Ponente but in Italian it s called Respiro di Dio,breath of God. The second altar of science is St. Peter s Square, The second cardinal was found dead in the square, lying by a fountain with his chest was branded with the AIR ambigram. So the air element that being symbol in this

novel, it symbolizes a place whose a connection to air element, it s St Peter square. Air element is placed on the ground at St Peter s Square. It is circular, and represents an angel breathing out a powerful gust of wind. This symbol provides Dan Brown with the setting for the murder of a Cardinal by means of punctured lungs.

4.5.3. Fire

Fire is the third element that the writer tries to interpret about this symbol. This symbol usually symbolizes anger, rage, desire and negative emotion. It depends on its culture how the fire symbolizes for something. Most people assume that the fire is dangerous, it can burn and destroy something, that s why it can symbolize as rebellion or something negative.

But in this novel. Fire is not about all about the meaning above fully. It s second clue to symbolize a church of Illuminati. A church where some cardinals excecuted by the killer which admitted as member of Illuminati. The third altar of science is Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria. The first clue that Langdon and Vittoria try to figure it out, it s about obellisk, four towering beacons rising over Rome to mark the altars of science. It s hard to find the clue that point to this third altar of science, the third church. Langdon and Vittoria found some references about Benini s works whose connection to fire element.

Langon and a guard went the Vatican Secret Archives to find some documents about Bernini s work. Langdon got next clue, The Ectasy of St. Teresa. It s famous Brenini s sculpture. it had been moved from its original location inside the Vatican. Pope Urban VIII had rejectedThe Ecstasy of St. Teresaas too sexually explicit for the Vatican. He had banished it to some obscure chapel across town (p:336). Because it s pornographic, The statue depicted St. Teresa on her back in the

throes of a toe-curling orgasm. It s Hardly Vatican fare. St. Teresa was a nun sainted after she claimed an angel had paid her a blissful visit in her sleep. Critics decided it s about more sexual than spiritual.

In the reference book, Langdon read more about Benini s work and tried to analyze the clue about St. Teresa. At the bottom of page that explain about St.Teresa and the angel. There are some words that describe about the picture, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa with an angel. Langdon was sure, the angel was clue to the third church. The words :

. . . his great golden spear filled with fire plunged into me several times penetrated to my entrails a sweetness so extreme that one could not possibly wish it to stop. (p:338)

It s totally obvious clue to point to fire element, because of the picture, it describes angel s spear tipped with point of fire, angel s head emanating rays of fire, and woman inflamed by passion s fire. The statue was located in Santa Maria della Vittoria. It explains more that the next clue is in Santa Maria della Vittoria. Inside the church, the cardinal is found hung in mid-air with arms tied to the cables and fire beneath him, flames burning him alive with fire ambigram branded on his chest. So the writer can conclude that Fire symbol in this novel actually symbolizes the third church or the third altars of science, Santa Maria della Vittoria.

4.5.4. Water

Water is the final element that the writer wants to interpret and try to find another meaning of water as symbol, it s not just an element. It stands for something else. Water usually symbolizes as emotion, love, sorrow and spiritual purity. In some religion water is used for spiritual or religion teachings. But in this analysis in the novel, the writer doesn t analyze water as simple as above meanings. It has more deep meanings, in this analysis water symbolizes the fourth altar of science, a church whose relation or history to water element. It s Fountain of Four Rivers, Piazza Navona. It s a glorification of water that Bernini have carved outside the church of St. Agnes In Agony, it s located at center of Piazza Navona (p:339).

The final altar of science is The Fountain of the Four Rivers. A flawless tribute to water, Bernini s Fountain of the Four Rivers glorified the four major rivers of the Old World The Nile, Ganges, Danube, and Rio Plata. The four rivers represent the four continents then known: the Danube (Europe), the Rio de la Plata (the Americas), the Nile (Africa) and the Ganges (Asia). To complete the four allegorical characters, Bernini sought the help of several sculptors: Claude Poussin for the Ganges, Giacomo Antonio Fancelli for the Nile, Antonio Raggi il Lombardo for the Danube and Francesco Baratta for the Rio della Plata.

The Danube, symbolizing Europe, is represented by a figure with this hear tied back, turned towards a horse, with a huge fish beneath him. Why Bernini chose the Danube over the Tiber to represent Europe and the center of Catholicism remains a mystery. The Rio de la Plata (silver river), holding his arm up, symbolizes submission, due to the fact that the American continent had been recently colonized. It seems as if he is blinded by the light emanating from the central obelisk, which represents the supremacy of Christianity over the four parts of the world. Atop the

obelisk is a bronze dove and olive-branch, the emblem of the Pamphili family (the Pope s family) and symbolic of the civic generosity of the Church, as the fountains were often the only source of water. The pile of coins beside the Rio de la Plata is a reference to the riches of the New World. The word plata means silver , but also money in South-American spanish. The face of the Nile is veiled, as its source was still unknown at those times. The lion and the palm tree represent the African continent. The Ganges, cradle of very ancient civilizations is personified by a bearded figure, holding an oar, sitting is an austere position with an elephant beneath him.

Langdon is very sure about the clue because the top of fountain stood a towering obelisk, one of Illuminati belief. And in the end, he realizes that the top of the obellisk, there is a dove object, a statue. The lone dove is the pagan symbol for the Angel of Peace (p:424). The dove is an angel, and it relates to the poem in Galileo s work, Let angels guide you on your lofty quest . The dove atop the obelisk mounted above the fountain faces northwest and is said to point across ancient Rome to the Illuminati lair.

So the writer can conclude that the fourth altar of science is symbolized as water, the fountain of the four rivers that carved by Bernini as the Illuminati s unknown master. Bernini designed the Illuminati marks as sculptures to lead to the Illuminati lair. The explanation about Bernini s influences in Illuminati can be found on page: 282-286

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

After analyzing some symbols in Angels And Demons, the writer can conclude that Dan Brown uses some symbols by using perspective of a character, Robert Langdon. Dan Brown uses many conventional symbols because he just wants to give explanation more about the mystery and find the real meaning of the symbols. Dan brown doesn t create some new symbols. He just explains some symbols that exist for a long time ago and being mystery.

Some symbols in the novel of Angels And Demons are very interesting. They have mystic meaning that needed to find the real meaning so that people who read the interpreting of symbols know about the meaning behind a symbol and try to communicate or send message by a symbol. The hidden meanings create mystery and mystery creates interest. There is mystery thing that create interest to the writer to interpret and find the meaning of symbol considering some things. They have meaning that relate to culture, history and social. It means that when the writer try to interpret a symbol, the writer needs to understand or study about the culture, history and social that create a symbol.

In this novel, symbol is used to communicate between members to Illuminati to meet in a certain place together. By understanding the symbol, they know what they need to do, because they have known about the meaning of the symbols. They don t need to speak more about the things. They just need to know the meaning of the symbol for them.

On this point the writer has found out chooses thirteen symbols and they are conventional symbols, because the symbols have known by many people or groups in society. Symbols have good or bad values which hidden in symbol considered what the symbol used for. The symbol connects people with something else as a system is one manifestation of culture in addition to the social system. A symbol is known as good symbol becuase the symbol is made for good purpose in the way of communication. Good value that hidden in symbol explains good behaviour and good thing that happens in society and people in society know about the symbol as good symbol or good value that hidden in symbol. Meanwhile the bad value that represents as bad symbol explains about some bad things, bad condition, bad culture or tradition that happens in society. People know about the symbol as bad symbol because the symbol has dark meaning or bad meaning that hidden behind the symbol. Bad symbol is made for certain symbol and it directs to bad or dark things. It s known as conventional symbol because many people know about the symbol.

Illuminati is a secret society. It means that many people especially who become member of Illuminati have known about the symbol.

Finally the novel itself is a reference to understand about symbol especially Illuminati s symbols. It increases knowledge of reader about symbols and it can be important knowledge about symbol because it makes the reader to think and to consider something by understand another aspect of an object and to enlarge knowledge about an object understanding.

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APPENDICES I. Biography And Works

Dan Brown was born on June 22, 1964 in Exeter. Brown grew up as the eldest of three children in Exeter, New Hampshire and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy, a decidedly up-market school where his father was employed as a math teacher, in 1982. His mother, Constance, was a professional musician principally involved in performing sacred music. Although Dan Brown actually attended local public, (i.e. open-enrollment), schools until the ninth grade he nonetheless lived with his family on the Exeter campus and participated in a college related life that was also informed by Christian values- singing in the church choir and attending church camp.

Brown's interest in secrets and puzzles stems from their presence in his household as a child, where codes and ciphers were the linchpin tying together the mathematics, music and languages in which his parents worked. The young Brown spent hours working out anagrams and crossword puzzles, and he and his siblings participated in elaborate treasure hunts devised by their father on birthdays and holidays. On Christmas, for example, Brown and his siblings did not find gifts under the tree, but followed a treasure map with codes and clues throughout their house and even around town to find the gifts.

In Tahiti in 1993, Brown read Sidney Sheldon's novel The Doomsday Conspiracy, and was inspired to become a writer of thrillers. He started work on Digital Fortress, setting much of it in Seville, where he had studied in 1985. He also co-wrote a humor book with his wife, 187 Men to Avoid: A Guide for the Romantically Frustrated Woman, under the pseudonym "Danielle Brown." The

book's author profile reads, "Danielle Brown currently lives in New England: teaching school, writing books, and avoiding men." The copyright is attributed to Dan Brown.

In 1996 Brown quit teaching to become a full-time writer. Digital Fortress was published in 1998. His wife, Blythe, did much of the book's promotion, writing press releases, booking Brown on talk shows, and setting up press interviews. A few months later, Brown and his wife released The Bald Book, another humor book. It was officially credited to his wife, though a representative of the publisher said that it was primarily written by Brown. Brown subsequently wrote Angels & Demons and Deception Point, released in 2000 and 2001 respectively, the former of which was the first to feature the lead character, Harvard symbology expert Robert Langdon.

Brown's first three novels had little success, with fewer than 10,000 copies in each of their first printings. His fourth novel, The Da Vinci Code, became a bestseller, going to the top of the New York Times Best Seller list during its first week of release in 2003. It is now credited with being one of the most popular books of all time, with 81 million copies sold worldwide as of 2009. Its success has helped push sales of Brown's earlier books. In 2004 all four of his novels were on the New York Times list in the same week, and in 2005 he made Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the year. Forbes magazine placed Brown at No. 12 on their 2005 "Celebrity 100" list, and estimated his annual income at US$76.5 million. The Times estimated his income from Da Vinci Code sales as $250 million.

Brown's third novel featuring Robert Langdon, The Lost Symbol, was released on September 15, 2009. According to the publisher, on its first day the book

sold over one million in hardcover and e-book versions in the U.S., the U.K. and Canada, prompting the printing of 600,000 hardcover copies in addition to the five million first printing. The story takes place in Washington D.C. over a period of 12 hours, and features the Freemasons. Brown's promotional website states that puzzles hidden in the book jacket of The Da Vinci Code, including two references to the Kryptos sculpture at CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia, give hints about the sequel. This repeats a theme from some of Brown's earlier work. Brown's fourth novel featuring Robert Langdon, Inferno is a mystery thriller novel released on May 14, 2013, by Doubleday. It immediately became a bestseller. In a 2006 interview, Brown has stated that he had ideas for about 12 future books featuring Robert Langdon.

Characters in Brown's books are often named after real people in his life. Robert Langdon is named after John Langdon, the artist who created the ambigrams used for the Angels & Demons CD and novel. Camerlengo Carlo Ventresca is named after "On A Claire Day" cartoonist friend Carla Ventresca. In the Vatican Archives, Langdon recalls a wedding of two people named Dick and Connie, which are the names of his parents. Robert Langdon's editor Jonas Faukman is named after Brown's real life editor Jason Kaufman. Brown also said that characters were based on a New Hampshire librarian, and a French teacher at Exeter, Andre Vernet. Cardinal Aldo Baggia, in Angels & Demons, is named after Aldo Baggia, instructor of modern languages at Phillips Exeter Academy.

In interviews, Brown has said that his wife is an art historian and painter. When they met, she was the Director of Artistic Development at the National Academy for Songwriters in Los Angeles. During the 2006 lawsuit over alleged copyright

infringement in The Da Vinci Code, information was introduced at trial that showed that Blythe did research for the book. In one article, she was described as "chief researcher.

II. Summary of The NovelANGELS AND DEMONS.

Robert Langdon is a symbologist form harvard. Robert Langdon is summoned to a Swiss research facility to analyze a mysterious symbol. It seared into the chest of a murdered physicist. he discovers evidence of the unimaginable, the resurgence of an ancient secret brotherhood known as the Illuminati, the most powerful underground organization ever to walk the earth. The Illuminati has surfaced from the shadows to carry out the final phase of its legendary vendetta against its most hated enemy, the Catholic Church.

Langdon's worst fears are confirmed on the eve of the Vatican's holy conclave, when a messenger of the Illuminati announces he has hidden an unstoppable time bomb at the very heart of Vatican City. With the countdown under way, Langdon jets to Rome to join forces with Vittoria Vetra, a beautiful and mysterious Italian scientist, to assist the Vatican in a desperate bid for survival.

Embarking on a frantic hunt through sealed crypts, dangerous catacombs, deserted cathedrals, and even to the heart of the most secretive vault on earth, Langdon and Vetra follow a 400-year old trail of ancient symbols that snakes across Rome toward the long-forgotten Illuminati lair. a secret location that contains the only hope for Vatican salvation. An explosive international thriller, Angels & Demons careens from enlightening epiphanies to dark truths as the battle between science and religion turns to war.