SPELLING CHANGES OF ENGLISH LOAN WORDS TRANSLATION IN DAN BROWN’S ANGELS AND DEMONS AND ITS BAHASA INDONESIA VERSION.

IN

DAN BROWN’S

ANGELS AND DEMONS AND ITS BAHASA

INDONESIA VERSION

A THESIS

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

by :

Rizal Rustoni Maulana

10211144031

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

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Dedications

I dedicate this thesis to my Parents who always give me

supports, prayer and motivation.

A bunch of thanks is addressed to my beloved

Fia Nurasita Prastiwi

for giving me spirit, support and for being my best

partner in everything.

To all of my friends, I hope our brotherhood will last

forever. I believe someday we will make our dream come

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirrohmanirrohim, Alhamdulillah, in the Name of Allah, the most Gracious and the most Merciful. I am willing to express my thanks to everyone who has helped me, especially in finishing this thesis. All of honors are just for Allah Azza Wajalla, the Almighty.

I would not have been possible to finish this thesis without the help and support from my beloved parents, H. Moh Toni and Hj. Rustiningsih. I would like to thank them for the prayers, support, affections, advices, guidance, instruction and help in my life journey. They are my first love. I would also like to express my gratitude to all my beloved family members; my brother Bramanta Hamdi Rustoni and my sister Alisya Rahmawati,

I am deeply grateful to Dr. Faraz Umaya and Prof. Dr. Nahiyah Jaidi Faraz for supporting and giving me so much advice. Their help could never be replaced with anything.

Furthermore, I would like to address my deepest appreciation and gratitude to my first consultant, Drs. Suhaini M. Saleh, M.A. for his valuable guidance, encouragement, patience, correlation, advice, and suggestion which are very helpful for finishing this thesis. Then, I would also like to address my gratitude and appreciation to my second consultant, Yosa Abduh Al zuhdy, S.S., M.Hum. who always gives me motivation to do this thesis and who has always guided me with his worthy correction and suggestion to improve the quality of this thesis.

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I would also like to express my gratitude to all lecturers of English Literature Study Program, who transferred much knowledge and also for the guidance, inspiration, instruction and help during my study at the university.

I would like to thank my partner, Fia Nurasita Prastiwi, for her support, love and motivation and also for always being at my side whenever I need. I would like to thank my beloved brothers Muhammad Hanif, Oky Aditya, Medy Agung, Editya Noverdian, Aji Widiatmaja, Rizky Nanang Abadi for the friendship and all the cheerful days we spent together.

I would like to express my gratitude to the rest of classmates: Catur, Tria, Winda, Wulan, Qowy, Koko, Aga, Ririn, Amel, Risty for giving me a cheerful and joyful world and beautiful togetherness.

This thesis is far from being perfect, but it is expected that it will be useful not only for researchers, but also for the readers. For this reason, suggestions and criticisms will be appreciated to make this thesis better.

Yogyakarta, December 2016

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE ... i

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

RATIFICATION ... iii

PERNYATAAN ... iv

DEDICATIONS ... v

MOTTOS ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... xii

LIST OF FIGURES ... xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiv

ABSTRACT ... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Research ... 1

B. Research Focus ... 3

C. Objectives of the Research ... 4

D. Significance of the Research ... 4

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ... 6

A. Theoretical Reviews... 6

1. Translation ... 6

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b. Types of Translation ... 7

c. Translation Process ... 8

2. Loan Words ... 10

a. Notions of loan words ... 10

b. Types of Loan Words ... 13

3. English Loan Word Adaptation in Indonesian ... 15

a. Definitions ... 15

b. Types of Spelling Adjustment ... 15

4. Translation Method ... 21

a. Definitions ... 21

b. Types of Translation Method ... 21

B. On Novel ... 24

1. Definitions of Novel ... 24

2. Angels And Demon Novel ... 24

C. Conceptual Framework ... 27

D. Analytical Construct ... 29

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ... 30

A. Type of the Research ... 30

B. Data and Sources of Data ... 31

C. Research Instruments ... 31

D. Data Collections ... 32

E. Data Analysis ... 32

F. Trustworthiness ... 34

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 36

A. Findings ... 36

1. The Type of English Loan Words in the Novel ... 36

2. The Adjustment of English Loan Words in the Novel ... 37

3. The Translation Method Used to Translate the English Loan Words ... 37

B. Discussions ... 39

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c. Translated Word ... 41

2. The Spelling Adjustment of the English Loan Words in the Novel ... 42

a. Spelling Adjustment of Single Vowel ... 42

b. Spelling Adjustment of Double Vowels ... 45

c. Spelling Adjustment with Single Consonant ... 48

d. Spelling Adjustment of Double Consonants ... 51

e. Adjustment of Affixes ... 54

3. The Translation Method Used to Translate the English Loan Words in the Indonesian Version of Novel ... 55

a. Translation Method Closer to SL ... 55

b. Translation Method Closer to TL ... 56

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 57

A. Conclusion ... 57

B. Suggestions ... 59

REFERENCES ... 60

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LIST OF TABLE

Page

Table 1: Spelling Adjustment with Single Vowel ... 15

Table 2: Spelling Adjustment with Double Vowels ... 16

Table 3: Spelling Adjustment with Single Consonant ... 17

Table 4: Spelling Adjustment with Double Consonant ... 17

Table 5: Suffixes Adjustment in EYD ... 19

Table 6: Type of English Loan Words ... 37

Table 7: Type of Spelling Adjustment ... 37

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LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1: Larson’s Model of the Process of Translation ... 9

Figure 2: Types of Translation Method by Newmark ... 21

Figure 3: Novel Angels and Demons English Version ... 26

Figure 4: Novel Angels and Demons Bahasa Indonesia Version ... 26

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SW : Simple Word

CW : Complex Word

TW : Translated Word

1V : Single Vowel

2V : Double Vowel

1C : Single Consonant

2C : Double Consonant

CC : Consonant Cluster

AFF : Affixes

LT : Literal Translation

FT : Faithful Translation

ST : Semantic Translation

FRT : Free Translation

AD : Adaptation

IT : Idiomatic Translation

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SPELLING CHANGES OF ENGLISH LOAN WORDS TRANSLATION

IN DAN BROWN’S ANGELS AND DEMONS ANDITSBAHASA

INDONESIA VERSION

By:

Rizal Rustoni Maulana

10211144031

ABSTRACT

This study focuses only on the spelling changes of English loanwords translation in the Indonesian version of the Angels and Demons novel. The aims of the study are: (1) to describe the types of English loan words found in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel, (2) to describe the spelling changes on the English loan words found in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel, and (3) to describe the translation method used to translate the English Loanwords in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel.

The study applies the descriptive qualitative method applying the content analysis technique. The data are taken from the English and Indonesian version of

Angels and Demons novel. Corpuses of the data were in the forms of loan words in Indonesian.

The findings of the research show that: First, there are three types of loan words found in the Indonesian version of the novel, they are English loan word in the form of simple words with 61 occurrences or 61.00%, in the form of complex word has 38 occurrences or 38.00% and in the form of translated word has 1 occurrences or 1.00%. Second, there are six types of spelling adjustment used to translate the loan words in the novel, they are single vowel adjustment with 5 occurrences or 5.00%, double vowels adjustment with 10 occurrences or 10.00%, single consonant adjustment with 42 occurrences or 42.00%, double consonants adjustment with 25 occurrences or 25.00%, consonant cluster with 1 occurrences or 1.00%, and affix adjustment with 17 occurrences or 17.00%. Third, there are only five translation methods used to translate the loan words from SL to TL, they are literal translation method with 97 occurrences or 97.00%, faithful translation method with 0 occurrences, free translation with 0 occurrences, adaptation method with 0 occurrences, and communicative translation method with 3 occurrences or

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1

This chapter explains about four parts, first background of the research, research focus, objective of the research, and the last significance of the research. The background of the research describes about information why this research is conducted. After that, in the focus of the research, the problems are formulated into specific questions. Furthermore, the research objectives are to define about the types of loan words, describe about spelling changes of English loan words and to describe about the translation method used to translate the English loan words found in the Indonesia version of angels and Demons novel. Finally, the significance of the research describes about benefit of this thesis.

A. Background of the Research

A language plays significant roles in human life. People need a language to communicate and deliver or express feeling, ideas or thought. A language can also function as an identity of a nation. Therefore, there are hundreds of languages that become the identity of all nations in the world.

As a means of communication, the language needs to be mastered in order to exchange ideas, thought, feeling and many more. The functions of the language become more important in this modern era. It requires people to master languages other than their national language or mother tongue. There are some benefits if people can understand more than one language. The language is the window of information, knowledge, and culture from other countries as well as a means for commercial, political, and social relationship.

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However, not all people are able to speak and understand foreign languages. This contributes to create some gaps that occur through the communication in different languages. There are many reasons why people cannot understand what people say in other languages, such as lack of vocabulary mastery, lack of translation proficiency, bad listening and bad speaking skills. To overcome such problems, translation is needed.

Translation process is needed to help those who do not understand or master foreign languages. A translator translates a source language (SL) or foreign language into the Target Language (TL) or their own language so that the message can be understood by people in the target language. However, translation process is not easy either. A translator may find difficulties when translating a certain term like religious terms or cultural terms from SL to TL. That is why many translators using loan words to translate the TL into the SL to achieve the most equivalent and similar meaning.

The difficulties in translating certain terms are also experienced by the translator while transferring Angels and Demons into its Indonesian version

Malaikat dan Iblis. The problem that the translator often faces is the unavailability of the exact translation of the English term in the original novel into its Indonesian translation, such as the term chapel and tabernacle. To translate such terms, the translator uses loan words.

Therefore, the researcher is interested in the way the translator translates using English loan words procedure from the English version of the novel into its Indonesian version. The researcher is interested to study more about the use of loanword in translation, especially the spelling and the pronunciation changes that

happen during the translation processes. The example of English loan word used in the Indonesian version of a novel is “Kapel”. It is the loanword from the English term “Chapel”. From the comparison Chapel change into Kapel in Bahasa Indonesia, it can be seen that there are spelling and pronunciation changes in the translation process. So, the researcher is interested to study about this case.

To satisfy the researcher‟s interest, he decides to bring the novel into a

study entitled Spelling Changes of English Loan Words Translation in Dan Brown's Angels and Demons and its Bahasa Indonesia version.

B. Research Focus

Due to time and resource limitation, it is impossible for the researcher to cover all of problems. Therefore, the researcher focuses only on the spelling changes of English loan words translation in the Indonesian version of the novel. The researcher inspects any English loan words that are found in the novel and checks what the changes are.

Based on the background above, there are some problems that can be taken into a study. The first problem is related to the vocabulary. Some English words do not have exact translation in Indonesia. It makes problems when a native English speaker tries to translate English into Indonesian and vice versa. The second problem is the structure of the sentence. English has different sentence structure from Indonesia. The different sentence structure will affect the process of translating English to Indonesian and vice versa. The third problem is the spelling. There are some spelling changes that happen when a loan word is adapted into Indonesian such as “chapel” becomes “kapel”, “seminary” becomes “seminari” and “cardinals” becomes “kardinal”.

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Based on the descriptions in the previous part, the researcher formulates the research problems as follows.

1. What are the English loan words found in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel?

2. What is the spelling changes happened to the English loan words in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel?

3. What is the translation method used to translate the English loan words in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel?

C. Objectives of the Research

Based on the formulation of the problems above, the objectives of the research are as follows:

1. To describe the types of English loan words found in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel,

2. To describe the spelling changes of the English loan words found in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel, and

3. To describe the translation method used to translate the English loan words in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel.

D. Significance of the Research

In accordance with the formulation of the problems and the objectives of the research, this study is expected to give contribution to the following parties:

1. Students of the study program of English Language and Literature majoring in linguistics study. The result of this research will be used as contribution in understanding the translation using loan words.

2. Readers of this study. The result of the research is expected to provide data, information and examples of the translation technique, specifically the translation using English loan words.

3. Other researchers concerning on the study of loan word. The result of the study is expected will be useful as a starting point to conduct a further research.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter is consist into four parts, namely theoretical descriptions, conceptual framework, and analytical construct. The theorecital description covers the definition of translation, loan words, spelling adjustment, translation method and summary of Angels and Demons novel. The previous studies part describes brief explanation of studies related to loan words. The conceptual framework explains the theories applied by the researcher, while the analytical construct provides a concept map of the theories employed in this thesis.

A.Theoretical Reviews 1. Translation

a. Notions of Translation

Nowadays, there are a number of translation definitions made by translation experts. Newmark (1988:5) defines translation as transferring the meaning of the Source Language (SL) text into the Target Language (TL) in the way that the author intended the text. This idea is the same as what Larson (1984:3) conveys that translation is basically a change of form from the SL into the TL that refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentence, and paragraph etc, which is spoken or written. This means that in translating the text‟s meaning of the SL must be the same with that in TL.

Another expert, Nida (1991:33) states that translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence to the

message of the source language; both in the term of meaning and style. The definition made by Nida explains that translator has to be able to preserve the meaning though the source text consists of cultural message.

From all of definitions above, it can be concluded that basically translation is a process of transferring the message from one language (SL) into another language (TL) without changing the meaning. Meaning is the highest priority that should be concerned in reproducing the message. If the meaning is out of context, it is not considered as a good translation.

b. Types of Translation

Many scholars have defined translation in various ways. Furthermore, there are also some classifications of translation types by some experts. Roman Jakobson. (in Hatim and Mynday, 2004:5) classifies translation into three types which are put as follows:

1) Intralingual translation or rewording

Intralingual translation interprets verbal signs of language by means of other signs in the same language. The expressions translated into different expression or texts in the same language. Paraphrasing sentences, simplifying a novel, and rendering poems into prose are some examples of intralingual translation.

2) Interlingual translation or translation proper

Interlingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs of language by means of other languages; it can be bilingual or multilingual. Furthermore,

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Interlingual translation can be seen in the translation of literary works into different languages.

3) Intersemiotic translation or transmutation

Intersemiotic translation is an interpretation of verbal signs of language by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. It involves the use of signs or signals to communicate. Intersemiotic translation can be applied in some systems such as sign language or traffic signs.

c. Translation Process

As stated by Newmark (1988: 19), the translation process begins with choosing the method of approach. There are two approaches in the process of translating. First is starting to translate sentence by sentence in order to get the feel and the feeling tone of the text, and then deliberately sits back, reviews the position and reads the rest of the SL text. Second is reading the whole text two or three times, finding the intention, register, tone, marking the difficult words and passage and starting translating only when a translator has taken his bearing.

Newmark further adds that the danger of the first method is that it may leave the translator too much revision to do on the early part, and is therefore time wasting, while the second method can be mechanical. He suggests that alternatively, the first method is suitable for the literary text and the second one is for the technical or an institutional text. It can be resumed that the first approach is for relatively easy text, while the second one is for the harder text. To choose which one of the two methods is used may depend on the

translator temperament (for the first method) or the translator‟s competence of the analysis (for the second).

The process of the translation is formulated by Larson (1984: 4). The process can be described as follows:

Figure 1: Larson’s Model of the Process of Translation

The above figure shows that the process of translation is transferring the meaning or message of the source language into the target language from the form of source language to the form of target language by way of semantic structure. The meaning which is being transferred must be held constant, only the form is change. The form which the translation is made will be called the SL and the form onto which it is to be changed will be called the TL.

Translation is not an activity that is simply translating each word or phrase from the SL into the TL, but it is a complex process since it tries to find the equivalence of meaning or message in the TL. One of the reasons why there is a process of translating which becomes the guideline to make an appropriate translation is about how a translator has to give all his/her effort of capability even his/her cognitive aspect.

Text to Translate

Meaning

Discover the Meaning Re-Express the Meaning

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The process of translation itself is not simple. Some factors can influence this activity, and it turns, they will also influence the final product of translation process. The factors could be linguistic, cultural and personal factors. Larson writes:

Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the target language and its cultural context (Larson, 1984: 3) Each of these factors can seriously interfere with the translator‟s judgment and selection, and ultimately materialized in one form or another in the final translation. A clear systematic understanding of the existence and operation of these factors may help translator grasps the complicated nature of translating and design effective strategies to counter negative influences.

2. Loan Words

a. Notions of loan words

There are many theories about loanwords, one of them created by Mona baker. The phenomenon occurs when use loan words in the source text. The target language cannot find the equivalence of the terms in the target language. The source language sometimes has the term whose the concept is unavailable in the target language. Another difficulty may also occur when the loan word exists in the target language but has different meaning. It may happen since the term is the

target language develops. For example English has the word “oregano” that has no

Meanwhile, Robins (1989: 235) says loan words are words borrowed from one language to another. Words are generally loaned when two different cultures come into contact with each other. This might be because of immigration, trade, fashions or foods, the arts, technologies, or wars. Robins has pointed out that:

“Wherever there are culture contacts of any sort between the

speakers different languages, this means virtually everywhere, speakers will make use of words from other languages to refer to things, processes, and ways of behavior, organization, or thinking, for which words or phrases were not available or convenient in their own language hitherto. Some of the foreign words so used by individual speakers pass into general currency in the language, being altered in pronunciation in the process in the direction of the sounds and phonological patterns of the language acquiring them. These are known as loan words (1989:235).

Loan words are also called borrowings. In one of his early works Haugen (in Sure, 1993: 330) defines borrowing as the attempted reproduction in one language of patterns previously found in another language.

In language development, Bahasa Indonesia gets some influences from other languages such as Dutch, Spain, Arabic, French, and especially English. Sure defines that:

“When in two languages we find no trace of exchange of loan-words, one way or another, we are safe to infer that two nations have had nothing to do with each other. But if they have been in contact, the number of loan-words and still more the quality of the loan-loan-words, if rightly interpreted will inform us of their reciprocal relations, they will show us which of them has been the more fertile in ideas and in what domains of human activity each has been superior to the other.”(1993: 331 -332).

Hence, the effect of the influence that has occurred between Bahasa Indonesia and English reflects the cultural and social interactions between Bahasa

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Indonesia and English. Robins says any prolonged cultural contact, especially with speakers of a language who enjoy political power or prestige in any sphere, leads to a considerable amount of borrowing of vocabulary from that language in spheres concerned (1989: 235). Normally, loan words are assimilated to the phonetic sound classes and the phonological patterns of the borrowing language, the original consonants and vowels being replaced by consonants and vowels as close to them as are available. Thereafter, synchronically as opposed to historically, they are no longer recognizable by their form as loans.

However, Robins (1989: 236-237) says that in certain cases words continue to be recognized and treated as foreign in origin, and attempts are made to pronounce them as such, English coupon and restaurant, when pronounced with a final nasalized vowel, and rouge and garage, when pronounced with final / ʒ /, which does not occur finally except in a few loans. There is a tendency for doublets of such words to appear, assimilated and unassimilated, depending on the attitude or background of the speaker. He also says loan words occur by audio, which means by sense of hearing. A stranger says these loan words and then Indonesian people imitate it, according to what they heard. Because of the English phonological system is different with Bahasa Indonesia system, the imitations of their speech sounds based on the ability of tongue to pronounce it. Thus Dutch

domme krach when pronounced as dongkrak, Sanskrit utpatti pronounced as

upeti, Arabic mudharat pronounced as mudarat, Portuguese almari as lemari, and English real estate pronounced as realestat.

As previously described, the use of term “real estate” is caused by Indonesian people thought that there is no equivalent word in Bahasa Indonesia for its word. It is some common case if there are no equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia for some foreign words, so that Indonesian people refer to pronounce real estate into realestat. The word realestat is commonly used by Indonesian people who work on the field of entrepreneurship or industrial sector. Basically, the changing form caused by the lenition (the process of weakened articulation of a consonant that causing the consonant to become lost) of phonemes /e/ in the end of words, such as accurate, chocolate, and dictate which is pronounced with

akurat, coklat and diktat. For example: Realestat Bumi Serpong translates into

Bumi Serpong Realestat.

Based on the restrictions above, it can be seen that the loan words is the process of borrowing from another language and less adapted to loan the rules of language.

b. Types of Loan Words

Samsuri (1994:43) mentioned that there are three types of English loan words: simple words, complex words, and translated words.

1)Simple Words

The characteristics of English loan words in the form of simple word are: a. There is no change in the pronunciation of loan words. The only thing which

is adjusted into Indonesian is the spelling. This category can be seen in the word “group” → “grup”

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b. The pronunciation of English loan words is adapted to Indonesian, while the

spelling is not adjusted to Indonesian. The example is the word „audit‟: [„ ô : d I t]→ [a u d i t]

The use of English loan word above can also be combined with Indonesian affixes such as mengaudit from the word audit.

2) Complex Words

Here, both morphemes (letters) and phonems (sounds) of English loan words are adapted into Indonesian. The examples of this second category can be seen in the words solusi and relatif. The word solusi which is adapted from English deals with a change both in the spelling (solution→ solusi) and pronunciation:

[s ə „ l u : ∫ n]→ [s o l u s i]

The same thing happens with the word relatif, where there is a change in

the both spelling (relative→ relatif) and pronunciation

[„ r e l ə t I v]→[r é l a t i f]

English loan words in the form of complex words can also be combined with Indonesian affixes, for example solusinya.

3) Translated Words

Translated word can be defined as English expression which is translated into Bahasa Indonesia. The example of translated word is strategi bisnis which is translated from English business strategy. The word should be translated based on the Indonesian grammatical rule which is defined as word modifier that consists of head and modifier.

3. English Loan Word Adaptation in Bahasa Indonesia

a. Definitions

Sayogie (2009: 61) says that based on the level of its integration in the absorption of Bahasa Indonesia, it can be divided into three major categories. First, the element is no longer needed to change its spelling, such as trailer, audiogram, unit, etc. Second, the foreign elements that have not been fully absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia, like shuttle cock, real estate. These elements are used in Bahasa Indonesia context, but the pronunciation still follows foreign ways. Third, the foreign elements both of the pronunciation and writing rules were adapted into Bahasa Indonesia.

b. Types of spelling adjustment

In general the process of adaptation of the English loan words into Indonesian can be divided into three groups, they are:

1) Adjustment of Spelling

The foreign language spelling is changed as needed, so Indonesian form can be compared to its original form. For example, synonym becomes sinonim, ecology becomes ekologi, and syllabus becomes silabus.

The rules of foreign terms absorption in Bahasa Indonesia are described in the tables below (Alwi, 1988: 396 -399).

a) Spelling Adjustment with Single Vowel

Table 1 : Spelling Adjustments with Single Vowel

# Rules English Indonesian

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2 e which is not pronounced is released phoneme fonem 3 i does not change when appears at the beginning of a word before a vowel ion ion 4 u does not change structure struktur

b) Spelling Adjustment with Double vowels

Table 2 : Spelling Adjustments with Double Vowels

# Rules English Indonesian

1 If ae unvaried with e, the form does not change aerobe aerob 2 If ae varies with e, the form becomes e anaemia anemia 3 ai does not change trailer trailer 4 au does not change hydraulic hidraulik 5 ea does not change idealist idealis 6 ea when its pronunciation is /i/ is changed into i team tim 7 ei does not change eicosane eikosan 8 eo does not change stereo stereo 9 eu does not change euphony eufoni 10 ie does not change when its pronunciation is /i/ hierarchy hierarki 11 iu does not change calsium kalsium 12 oi does not change exploitation eksploitasi 13 oo is changed into u when its pronunciation is /u/ cartoon kartun 14 oo (double vowels) does not change coordination koordinasi 15 ou is changed into u when its pronunciation is /u/ coupon kupon 16 ua does not change aquarium akuarium 17 ue does not change consequent konsekuen 18 ui does not change conduite konduite 19 uo does not change quota kuota 20 uu is changed into phoneme /u/ prematuur prematur

c) Spelling Adjustment with Single Consonant

Table 3 : Spelling Adjustments with Single Consonant

# Rules English Indonesian

1 c before vowels a, o, u, or the consonant is changed into k vocal vokal 2 c before vowels e, i, oe, and y is changed into phoneme s central sentral 3 q is changed into k aquarium akuarium 4 f does not change fossil fosil 5 g does not change energy energi 6 t is changed into s, when it appears before vowel i and its pronunciation is

/s/ action aksi

7 v does not change television televisi 8 x does not change when it appears at the beginning of word xenon xenon 9 x at the other position, is changed into ks executive eksekutif 10 y, when its pronunciation is /y/, does not change yangonin yangonin 11 y is changed into i when its pronunciation is /i/ synonym sinonim 12 z does not change zenith zenith

d) Spelling Adjustment with Double Consonants

Table 4 : Spelling Adjustments with Double Consonants

# Rules English Indonesian

1 ph is changed into f phase fase 2 ps does not change psychiatry psikiatri 3 pt does not change pteridology pteridologi 4 cc before vowels o, u or the consonant is changed into k acculturation akulturasi 5 cc before vowels e or i is changed into ks accent aksen 6 ch and cch before vowels a, o, or the consonant are changed into k cholera kolera 7 ch when its pronunciation is /c/ is changed into c charter carter 8 ch when its pronunciation is /s/ or /sy/ is changed into s echelon eselon 9 gh is changed into phoneme /g/ when it appears before vowels sorghum sorgum 10 ng does not change congress kongres 11 rh is changed into phoneme /r/ rhapsody rapsodi

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12 sc before vowels a,o, u, or the consonant is changed into sk scandium skandium 13 sc before vowels e, i, and y is changed into phoneme s scenography senography 14 sch before vowels is changed into sk schema skhema 15 th is changed into t theocracy teokrasi 16 xc before vowels e or i, is changed into ks exception eksepsi 17 xc before vowels a, o, u, and the consonant, is changed into ksk excavation ekskavasi 18 Double consonants are changed into single consonant except when there are

consonants which can make difference in meaning accu aki

2) Adjustment of Consonant Clusters

The adjustment of consonant clusters are not translated and accepted into Bahasa Indonesia, if possible to maintain its visual form. For example:

3) Adjustment of Affixes

The adjustment of affixes can be classified in two groups; adjustment of suffix and adjustment of prefix. The adjustment of suffix is absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia as a part of full words. The words such as

standardisasi (Standar +disasi), implementasi (implement +tasi) and obyektif

(obyek +tif) are full absorbed, instead of standar, implemen, and obyek. The adjustment of prefix is as follows: aberration become aberasi, anemia become anemia.

Another expert, Kridalaksana, has a statement that the loan words used in Indonesia must be based on Ejaan yang Disempurnakan (EYD / The Standard Indonesian Spelling System). According to Kridalaksana (1993),

bl- Blastula  bl- blastula

cl- Clinic  kl- klinik

there are rules of using letter, spelling the letter, spelling the word, spelling the loan words, and using the punctuation mark. To enable people to understand the rules of English loan words spelling, there are two theories that discuss the spelling of English loan words, namely EYD (2001: 40-52) and Pedoman Pembentukan Istilah (The Guideline of Technical Terms (1990: 1171-1178).

The adjustments of English loan words into Indonesian based on EYD (2001: 40-52) are divided into two, the first one is the adjustment of spelling and adjustment of suffixes. In the matter of adjustment of spelling, the EYD

has great similarity to Alwi‟s spelling adjustment describes in the previous

part of this sub chapter above, but it adds more suffixes adjustments. The suffixes adjustment of English loan words according to EYD is as follows.

Table 5 : Suffixes Adjustments in EYD

# Rules English Indonesian

1 -acy or -cy is changed into -asi or -si democracy demokrasi 2 -age is changed into -ase drainage drainase 3 a-tion is changed into a-si Action aksi 4 -icle is changed into -ikel article artikel 5 -ism is changed into -isme mechanism mekanisme 6 -ist is changed into -is pessimist pesimis 7 -ity is changed into -itas activity aktivitas 8 -ive is changed into -if creative kreatif 9 -age is changed into -ase percentage persentase 10 -al does not change formal formal 11 -ant is changed into -an informant informan 12 -archy is changed into -arki anarchy anarki

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13 -tion is changed into -si production produksi 14 -ic, -ics, -ique is changed into -ik or -ika. logic, technique logika, teknik 15 -ein does not change casein kasein 16 -ism is changed into -isme terrorism terorisme 17 -ist is changed into -is egoist egois 18 -ive is changed into -if sensitive sensitive 19 -logy is changed into -logi technology teknologi 20 -logue is changed into -log catalogue catalog 21 -oir e is changed into -oar repertoire repertoar 22 -or does not change dictator dictator

Whereas the adaptation of English loan words in Indonesia based on

Pedoman Pembentukan Istilah (The Guideline of Technical Terms, 1990) is as follows:

a. The adjustment of the last consonants:

1. (-ck) is changed into (-k). Example: block → blok 2. (-ct) is changed into (-k). Example: contract→ kontrak 3. (-lf) remains. Example: Golf→ golf

4. (-ns) does not change. Example: ons → ons

5. (-nt) changes into (-n). Example: gradient→ gradien 6. (-rd) remains. Example: fjord→ fyord

7. (-nce) is changed into (-ns). Example: ambulance → ambulans.

b. The adaptation in the bound morpheme of English words:

2. (contra-) is changed into (kontra-) Example:contradiction → kontradiksi 3. (eco-) is changed into (eko-). Example: economy → ekonomi

In this study, the researcher bases the analysis on the English loan word adjustment theories above. The researcher finds that Alwi‟s explanation on English loan words is supported and enhanced by the EYD and the Pedoman Pembentukan Istilah.

4. Translation Method a. definition

A common problem of translating deals with whether the translator should translate the text literally or freely. Newmark (1988: 45-47) classifies the translation methods in the form of flattened V diagram below.

b. Types of Translation Method

As seen above, Newmark (1988: 45-47) uses eight terms in his classification. They are word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic, communicative, idiomatic, free, and adaptation. Those are further divided into two scopes –the methods closest to the source language and the methods closest to the target language. The meaning of the flattened V diagram above is as follows.

Communicative translation Word-for-word Translation

Literal Translation Faithful Translation

Semantic translation

Idiomatic Translation Free Translation Adaptation

SL Emphasize TL Emphasize

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1) The methods closest to the source language

a) Word-for-word Translation. The SL is translated word by word.

b) Literal Translation. The SL grammatical forms are converted to their nearest target language equivalent.

c) Faithful Translation. This method tries to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraint of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and faithfully follows the SL grammatical forms.

d). Semantic Translation. This method concerns the aesthetic value-that is the beautiful and natural sound of the SL text. In addition, the method compromises on an appropriate meaning.

However, the researcher only uses three out of four methods of translation suggested by Newmark above. The researcher does not use word-to-word translation because the data will be too similar to the result of literal translation.

This decision is also suggested by the researcher‟s consultant. 2) The methods closest to the target language

a) Free Translation. Free translation is the translation, which is not, bonded structure and manner. It produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.

b) Adaptation. This method is the freest form of translation. It is frequently used for plays (comedies) and poetry.

c). Idiomatic Translation. Idiomatic translation reproduces the message of the source text but tend to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms.

d). Communicative translation. This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

However, among those methods Newmark (1988: 5) highlights two effective methods of translation which are the most appropriate to any text, namely semantic and communicative translation. Both methods fulfill the two aims of translation; accuracy and style. In addition, generally, semantic translation is written at the author‟s linguistic level while communicative at the readership‟s level. A semantic translation is often used for expressive text and communicative translation used for informative and vocative text.

On the other hand, Larson (1984) divides the translation methods into two kinds of translation methods. First is Form-based translation or literal translation which attempts to follow the form of the source language. Second is Meaning- based translation which tries to convey the meaning of the source language in the natural forms of the target language is called idiomatic translation.

Additionally, he suggests that literal translation can often be understood if the two languages are related since the general grammatical form may be similar. Literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value if it is used for the speaker of target language who wants the meaning of the source language. In contrast, the idiomatic translation uses the natural form of the target

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language, both in the grammatical construction and in the choice of lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like translation. It sounds like an original text.

B. On Novel

1. Definitions of Novel

The word „novel‟ coming from Italian word novella, which means a fictional prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting (Webster 2003:13). Meanwhile According to oxford dictionary, Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of current English,

Novel isa fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action with some degree of realism.

Science Fiction is one of the types of the novel. According to Oxford

Learner’s Dictionary of current English, Science fiction isstory based on imagined future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes, frequently portraying space or time travel and life on other planets.

2. Angels and Demons Novel

The Angels and Demons novel is a story of the Roman Catholic Church mourns the death of Pope Pius XVI in Rome. Vatican City prepares for the College of Cardinals‟ papal conclave, which will select the next Pope. Until that time, Camerlengo Patrick McKenna, a papal court official and former helicopter

pilot, assumes temporary control of the Vatican. Reporters, nuns, priests, and other faithful members of the Church crowd into Saint Peter‟s Square, waiting for the white smoke from the conclave, signaling a successful vote. But the Illuminati, a 400-year old, underground secret society, kidnap the four most likely candidates before the conclave enters seclusion. The Illuminati threaten to kill one every hour, beginning at 8:00 pm, and then destroy the Vatican in a burst of light at midnight. A stolen security camera shows the missing antimatter vial, which will catastrophically explode when the vial‟s battery dies and the magnetic containment field fails.

The Vatican summons symbol expert, Robert Langdon from Harvard University and Vittoria Vetra from CERN to help them solve the Illuminati‟s threat, save the four preferiti, and replace the vial‟s batteries. Langdon listens to the Illuminati message and deduces that the four cardinals will die at the four altars of the “Path of Illumination”. Since then, Langdon faces the most horrible hours in his life. He has to race with time to find the antimatter within few hours or the Vatican Vanished.

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Fig 3. Novel Angels and Demons English Version

C. Conceptual Framework

In order to ease the study, the researcher needs to make the theoretical framework. The framework gives the writer boundaries of how far he conducts the study. Based on the theories above, the researcher in this study discusses the spelling changes of the loan word used in the bahasa Indonesia version of Dan

Brown‟s novel, Angels and Demons. First of all, after reading the novel, the writer writes down the data into a table and classified them into Type of Word (Type), Adjustment of word (Adjustment) and Translation Method. Each data is equipped with data code that looked like this (79/SL223/TL295) that shows the number of data, the number of page in original novel and the number of page in translated novel.

Furthermore, there are more detailed classification such as Simple Word, Complex Word, Translated Word, Single Vowel, Double Vowel, Single Consonant, Double Consonant, Affixes, Literal Translation, Faithfull Translation, Semantic Translation, Free Translation, Adaptation, Idiomatic Translation, and Communicative Translation.

In the study, the researcher uses loan word theories by Sayogie (2009) and Samsuri (1994). To analyze the spelling adjustments of the loan word, the researcher uses spelling adjustment rules by Alwi (1988) and EYD (2001). To analyze the translation method, the researcher utilizes translation method theory by Newmark (1988) and Larson (1984). The researcher also discusses the reason

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behind every change that happen to the loan words used in the Indonesian novel version of Angels and Demons.

To make the framework clear, the researcher presents the analytical construct below.

D. Analytical Construct

v Translation

ST: Angels and Demon

TT: Malaikat dan Iblis English Expressions Bahasa Indonesia Adjustment Translation Processes: Loan Words Intersemiotic

Intralingual Interlingual

Spelling Changes

Types of Loan words Translation Method

Simple Word Translated Word Complex Word Single Vowels Double Vowels Single Consonants Double Consonants

Closer to SL Closer to TL

Literal Translation Faithful Translation Semantic Translation Free Translation Adaptation Idiomatic Translation Communicative Translation Billingual Multilingual Consonant Clusters Affixes c

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter describes the research methods employed in this study. The chapter consists of six parts. They are type of the research, data and source of the data, research instruments, data collection, data analysis, and trustworthiness. The type of the research on this study is described and followed by the data and data sources. Then, instruments of the research are explained. Data collection presents what kind of techniques used to collect the data. Then, data analysis section describes how the data are analyzed. Finally, in order to achieve credibility the trustworthiness is used.

A. Type of Research

This research was descriptive qualitative method applying the content analysis technique. Bogdan and Biklen (2003: 28) state that one of feature of qualitative research is that it is descriptive and concerns providing description of a phenomenon that occurs naturally without any intervention of an experiment or an artificially contrived treatment.

Sutopo (2002: 35) says in qualitative research, the data collected are in the forms of words, sentences or pictures, which more valuable than number or frequency. By using descriptive qualitative method, the researcher only collects, classifies, analyzes the data, and then draws a conclusion.

This research belongs to qualitative research since it does not employ statistic procedure and calculation. Strauss & Corbin in Syamsuddin & Damianti

(2006: 73) say that qualitative research is a research that the findings are not obtained by means of statistic procedure and calculation.

This research did not incorporate an experiment nor statistic calculation. The research only collected data in the form of words, classified and described the data and then drew conclusion. Therefore, this study was a descriptive qualitative study.

B. Data and Sources of Data

The data of this research were in the form of words. The contexts of the data were sentences and utterances. Source of data refers to the subject from which the data are obtained. Sutopo (2002: 50-54) states that source of data in qualitative research can be informant, event or activity, place, and document, therefore, the source of data of this research was a novel entitled Malaikat dan Iblis. The novel was the Indonesian version of Dan Brown‟s Angels and Demons

which is published in New York, 2000. It is translated by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno. The Indonesian version of the novel was published by Bentang Pustaka in Yogyakarta 2014.

C. Research Instruments

The instruments in this study were the researcher himself, data sheets, and related references. In this research, the researcher acted as the planner, data collector, data analyst, data interpreter, and reporter of the analysis result. Meanwhile, in conducting this study, the researcher used additional instruments, such as dictionaries and a computer to collect and classify the data.

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D. Data Collection

The process of data collection in this study used the content analysis technique. In this process the writer did as follows:

a. Read both the original and translated version of the novel to gain the data.

b. Collect and record the data from both original and translated version of the novel.

c. Sort out the data and classify them into criteria.

E. Data Analysis

In doing analysis, the researcher compared some previous studies which have the similar case as this research. The data were analyzed using content analysis technique. Krippendorf, (2004: 18) says that content analysis is a kind of technique used to analysis a certain text to make a valid conclusion. He also says that content analysis involves special procedures.

Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use. As a technique, content analysis involves specialized procedures. It is learnable and divorceable from the personal authority of the researcher. As a research technique, content analysis provides new insights, increases a researcher's understanding of particular phenomena, or informs practical actions. Content analysis is a scientific tool Krippendorf, (2004: 18). According to Weber (in Moleong, 2009: 220), content analysis is research methodology that uses a number of procedures to draw valid conclusions from a book or document. He adds that that qualitative content analysis goes beyond merely counting words to examining language intensely for the purpose of

classifying large amounts of text into an efficient number of categories that representing similar meanings.

In analyzing the data, the researcher employed some procedures as follows.

a. The researcher identified the data and context of the data.

b. The researcher classified the data according to the spelling adjustment rules as described in chapter II.

c. The researcher applied the trustworthiness of the data to support the data analysis.

d. The researcher analyzed each datum that had been classified in the data sheet.

e. The researcher interpreted each datum based on the classification to answer the research question.

f. The researcher reported the data findings of the research and finally drew the conclusion.

The data analysis was simplified in the table below:

Code SL

Type Adjustment Translation Method

TL SW CW TW 1 V 2 V 1 C 2 C CC AF Closer to SL Closer to TL

LT FT ST FRT AD IT CT

… … …

8/SL223/TL295 Atheist √ √ √ Ateis

… etc

SW : Simple Word CW : Complex Word TW : Translated Word 1V : One Vowel 2V : Double Vowels 1 C : One Consonant 2 C : Double Consonants CC : Consonant Cluster

AF : Affixes

LT : Literal Translation FT : Faithful Translation ST : Semantic Translation FRT : Free Translation AD : Adaptation

IT : Idiomatic Translation CT : Communicative translation

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To ease the data analysis, the researcher gives code to each of the loan word. The coding of the data represents information concerning the number of data, page of the source language, and page of the target language. The data code can be seen below:

To ease reading the table data and the adjustment, the writer bold the part of each data before and after the word is adjusted, and use underlines for the deletion as example below.

MATRIXMATRIKS

CHROMEKROM_

As the result, the table data may contain the same loan words but each datum represents different adjustment.

F. Trustworthiness

Lincoln and Guba (1998: 268) state that to achieve to achieve trustworthiness the data must be checked against four criteria: credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability criteria. Thus, to maintain the data trustworthiness, credibility was applied in this research. Wahyuni (2012: 40) states that the purpose of qualitative research is to describe or understand the

phenomena of interest from the researcher‟s eyes: the researchers are the only one

who can legitimately judge the credibility of the results. In other words, qualitative research uses subjectivity of the researcher in describing the

8/SL233/TL295

phenomena under study. Therefore, there must be credibility to ensure the findings of qualitative research.

To increase credibility of data, triangulation was applied. Triangulation is a technique which utilizes something outside of the data to check, verify, and compare the data findings (Moleong, 2009: 330). One of the forms of triangulation is investigator triangulation which involves using multiple researchers to interpret the data in order to minimize and understand any differences/biases the researchers may have (Denzin and Lincoln in Wahyuni, 2012: 41). It was applied by some students of English Language and Literature majoring in linguistics to verify the collected data or to check whether the researcher was correct in making the categorization of the data in the data sheet. Besides, triangulated data findings were consulted with the supervisors.

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In order to answer the problem statements in Chapter I, the researcher has gathered the data and ready to be discussed further in this chapter. To make the data discussion easier to be done, the researcher divides this chapter into two parts. The first part is the findings, in which the researcher discusses the summary of data gathered and the general analysis. The second part is discussion that describes and elaborates the data in more detail.

A. Findings

From the novel, the researcher finds 100 data of English loan words in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel by Dan Brown and he takes all the data into the study. To make the data easier to analyze, the researcher has classified them into three categories, they are the types of loan word, the types of loan words adjustment and the translation method used from SL to TL. The categorization of the data is as follows:

1. The Type of English Loan Words in the Novel

From 101 data obtained from the novel, the English loan words can be divided into three types; simple loan word, complex loan word and translated loan word. The type of English Loan word is presented in the table below:

Table 6: Type of English Loan Words

Type of Loan word Frequency Percentage

1 Simple Loan word 61 61.00%

2 Complex Loan word 38 38.00%

3 Translated Loan word 1 1.00%

Total 100 100%

Among 100 data, there are 61 English Loan words (61.00%) in the form of simple word, 38 English Loan words (38.00%) in the form of complex words, and 1 English Loan words (1.00%) in the form of translated words. So, it can be said that most of the English Loan words are in the form of simple word.

2. The Adjustment of the English Loan Words in the Novel

The 101 English loan words are used in the Indonesian version of Angels and Demons by undergoing adjustment namely, spelling adjustment, namely single vowel adjustment, double vowels adjustment, single consonant adjustment, double consonants adjustment, adjustment of consonant cluster and adjustment of affixes. To make the analysis of the loan words adjustments clearer, the researcher presents it in the table below:

Table 7: Types of Spelling Adjustment

Types of Adjustment Frequency Precentage

1 Single Vowel 5 5.00%

2 Double Vowels 10 10.00%

3 Single Consonant 42 42.00%

4 Double Consonants 25 25.00%

5 Consonant Cluster 1 1.00%

6 Affixes 17 17.00%

Total 100 100%

From the table above, single vowel adjustment is used 5 times (5.05%), double vowels adjustment is used 10 times (10.00%), single consonant adjustment is used 42 times (42.00), double consonants adjustment is used 25 times (25.00%),

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consonant cluster adjustment is used 1 times (1.00%), and affixes adjustment is used 17 times (17.17%). However, some English Loan words may undergo no adjustment at all. So, the total frequency of the type of adjustment does not reflect the total number of data.

3. The Translation Method Used to Translate the English Loan Words

According to the theory in chapter II, the translation method is differentiated into closer to SL and closer to TL. To make the presentation of translation method used to translate the English loan words clearer, it is presented as follows:

Table 8: Types of Translation Method

Based on the table above, it can be seen that literal translation method is used 97 times (97.00%) and communicative translation method is used 3 times (3.00%). On the other hands, the faithful translation, semantic translation method, free translation method, adaptation method and idiomatic translation method are not used at all.

Types of Translation Method Frequency Percentage

1

Closer to SL

Literal Translation 97 97.00%

2 Faithful

Translation 0 0.00%

3 Semantic

Translation 0 0.00%

4

Closer to TL

Free Translation 0 0.00%

5 Adaptation 0 0.00%

6 Idiomatic

Translation 0 0.00%

7 Communicative

translation 3 3.00%

B. Discussion

This part is aimed to discuss further about the spelling changes of the English loan words found in Indonesian version of Angels and Demons novel.

1. The Types of English Loan Word

Based on the finding, there are three types of loan word, they are simple word, complex word and translated word. To get deeper insight on those types of English loan words, the researcher conducts the analysis as follows:

a. Simple Word

The first type of English Loan words found in the Indonesian version of

Angels and Demons is English loan words consist of simple word. The characteristic of English loan words in the form of simple word is the adjustment of the spelling and retain of the pronunciation.

The first example of simple word English loan word is Fossil. Fossil  Fosil

Datum, (10/SL8/TL23)

Fosil is categorized as loan word in the form of simple word because it only occur spelling changes by reducing the double consonants into just a single consonant in the TL novel and it retains its pronunciation.

The second example of simple word English loan word is the SL Eclectic. Eclectic Eklektik

Datum, (49/SL43//TL678)

` This word is adjusted into the loan word Eklektik in TL. Eklektik is a simple word English loan word because it only undergoes spelling adjustment in

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TL. The spelling adjustment from Eclectic to Eklektik is the adjustment of single consonant C into K (two times) and the adjustment of suffix “c”into “k”.

The third example is the SL Epic which is adapted into the loan word Epik in TL. Epic Epik

Datum, (97/SL474/TL613)

Epic is English loan word in the form of simple word because, the SL Epic only undergoes spelling adjustment into TL Epik. Epic only change an adjustment of vowel c in SL into vowel k in TL.

b. Complex Word

The second type of English loan word found in the novel is complex word. The characteristic of English loan word in the form of complex word is the adjustment of spelling and pronunciation at the same time. However, in this study the researcher does not discuss about the pronunciation adjustment. The first example of complex word is the word Music in SL which is translates into musik

in TL.

Music Musik

Datum, (22/SL12/TL28)

Music in the SL is a complex loan word because it determine of two adjustments; spelling and pronunciation adjustment. The first adjustment is spelling. The adjustment is the changing C into single K. The word music in the SL and the word musik in the TL, makes different pronunciation from its original English word into Bahasa Indonesia.

The second example is the word Friksi. The word friction in SL which is translates into friksi in TL.

Friction Friksi

Datum, (36/SL23/TL43)

Friction is a loan word in the form of complex word. It is complex word because it undergoes two adjustments. First is adjustment in the spelling. The spelling adjustment of Friction to friksi is the replacement of consonant “c” with

“k” and suffix “ion” becomes “si”.

The third example of complex word is the word phase in the SL which is translates into fase in the TL.

Phase Fase

Datum, (13/SL9/TL25)

Phase in SL which is adjusted into Fase in TL. The SL Phase undergoes spelling and pronunciation adjustment into TL Fase. The adjustment is double consonants

“ph” becomes “f” and it makes adjustment in the way pronouncing the word too.

c. Translated Word

The third type of English loan word found in the novel is translated word. Translated word is the SL word which is translated into Indonesian based on the Indonesian grammatical rule.

The first example of English loan word in the form of translated word is Oak in SL which is adjusted into Ek in TL.

Oak  Ek

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The original word Oak is translated into Indonesian by following Indonesian grammatical rule. To avoid repetition in the analysis, the analysis types of English loan word is integrated in the analysis of the adjustment of the English loan word in the following section.

2. The Spelling Adjustment of the English Loan Words in the Novel

There are 100 English loan words found in the Indonesian version of

Angels and Demons novel. However, to avoid repetition and unused analysis, not all data are taken into analysis. The researcher only takes some of them as the example of analysis because many of the data found undergo similar spelling adjustments.

a. Spelling Adjustment of Single Vowel

Below are loan words that contain single vowel adjustment in its translation process.

1) Espionage is adjusted into spionase

The first English loan word in the novel that is brought into the analysis is spionase. The loan word “spionase” contains one vowel spelling adjustment from its original Espionase. The spelling changes of the word Espionage into the loan words spionase are as follows:

The word espionage undergoes spelling adaptations as follows: 1). E  Ø – The vowel E is adjusted by dropping it in the TL.

E S P I O N A G E

Datum 66/SL92/TL129

2). S  S – The consonant S is adjusted by keeping its original form in TL. 3). P  P – The consonant P is adjusted by keeping its original form in TL. 4). I  I – The vowel I is adjusted by keeping its original form in TL. 5). O  O – The vowel O is adjusted by keeping its original form in TL. 6). N  N – The consonant N is adjusted by keeping its original form in TL. 7). AGE  ASE – The suffixes AGE is adjusted into ASE in the TL.

From the analysis it can be seen that the word Espionage is adjusted into spionase

by changing one vowel only, the vowel E in SL is adjusted by dropping it in TL. The reason for the deletion of vowel E at the end of the word is because that vowel is not pronounced. Therefore, according to the rule, it should be deleted in the Indonesian word. The adjustment of SL espionage into spionase in TL is also translates using literal translation.

2). Chrome is Adjusted into Krom

Krom is an English loan word that originally adjusted from SL Chrome and then undergoes single vowel changes in the TL. The spelling changes of chrome into krom are as follows:

The comparison above can be elaborated as follows:

1). CH  K – The double consonants CH is adjusted by changing it into K in TL. 2). R  R – The consonant R is adjusted by retaining its original form in the TL. 3). O  O – The vowel O is adjusted by keeping its original form in TL

C H R O M E

Datum 55/SL56/TL83

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4). M  M – The consonant M is adjusted by retaining its original form in TL. 5). E  Ø – The vowel E is adjusted by dropping it in the TL.

From the comparison above, it can be seen that the word Krom contains single vowel adjustment in its translation process from the SL Chrome. The Adjustment is the deletion of vowel E in the end of the word. The reason for this deletion is that according to the rule, vowel E which is not pronounced should be released. So, the TL becomes Krom.

3). Extreme is adjusted into Ekstrem

The third example of spelling adjustment with single vowel is Ekstrem. This English loan word originally comes from Extreme in SL and undergoes spelling adjustment with single vowel. The comparison of two words is as follows:

The comparison above can be explained as follows:

1). E  E – The vowel E is retained in both the SL and TL.

2). X  KS – The consonant X is adjusted into double consonant KS in the TL. 3). T  T – T is also retained in the TL.

4). R  R – the consonant R is also retained in TL . 5). E  E – the vowel E is also retained in TL.

6). M  M – The consonant M is used in TL by maintaining its original form. 7). E  Ø – The vowel E is deleted in TL .

E X T R E M E

Datum 43/SL32/TL54

From the comparison of the two words, it can be seen that the SL Extreme undergoes single vowel adjustment before it is used in the TL as Ekstrem. It undergoes the deletion of vowel E. The reason for the deletion of the vowel is because the /e/ at the end of the Extreme is not pronounced. Therefore, according to the rules, the vowel should be omitted. During the process to become an English loan word, the word Ekstrem also translate using literal translation method.

b. Spelling Adjustment of Double Vowels

Spelling adjustment with double vowels is adjustment that happens to word with double vowels like ae, au, ea, ei, eo, ie, iu, oi, oo, ua, ue, ui, uo, and uu. The example of spelling adjustment with double vowels is as follows:

1). Nucleus is Adjusted into Nukleus

Nukleus is a simple English loan word. It only undergoes spelling changes from SL to TL. The change during the borrowing process is as follows:

The English loan word Nukleus (TL) is originally from the SL Nucleus. It undergoes double vowels adjustment. The changes are as follows:

1). N  N – The consonant N is adjusted by keeping its original form in TL. 2). U  U – The vowel U is adjusted by retaining its original form in TL. 3). C  K – The consonant C is adjusted by changing it into K in TL. 4). L  L – The consonant L is adjusted by retaining its original form in TL

N U C L E U S

Datum 38/SL25/TL45

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5). EU  EU – The double vowel EU is adjusted by keeping its original form in TL.

6). S  S – The consonant S is adjusted by retaining its original form in the TL. From the analysis it can be said that the SL Nucleus contains spelling adjustment with double vowels. The double vowel EU in SL is retained in TL as suggested by theory in chapter II.

The English loan word Nukleus is translated from Nukleus using literal translation process.

2). Jeans is Adjusted into Jins

Jins is an English loan word that undergoes spelling adjustment with double vowels, from its original word, Jeans. The comparison of the two words is as follows:

The comparison above is explained as follows:

1). J  J – the consonant J is retained in the loan word. 2). EA  I – the double vowels EA is changed into I in TL. 3). N  N – the consonant T is still used in the loan word. 4). S  S – the consonant S is also used in the loan word.

From the comparison and also the analysis above, it can be seen that the spelling

adjustment with double vowels happens when the double vowels „EA‟ is adjusted

J E A N S

Datum 4/SL5/TL20

into „I‟. It is because the double vowel EA in the Jeans is pronounced /i/ so it

should be altered into „I‟.

3). Claustrophobia is Adjusted into Klaustrofobia

Another example of spelling adjustment with double vowels is the English loan word Klaustrofobia. Originally it undergoes several spelling adjustments. However the researcher only focuses on the adjustment with double vowels only. The adjustment of Claustrophobia into Klaustrofobia that contains double vowel adjustment is as follows:

1). C  K – the consonant C is adjusted by changing into K. 2). L  L - the consonant is retained in TL.

3). AU  AU – the double vowel AU is retained in TL. 4). S  S – the consonant S is retained in TL.

5). T  T – the consonant T is retained in TL. 6). R  R – the consonant R is retained in TL. 7). O  O – the vowel O is retained in TL

8). PH  F – the double consonant PH undergoes adjustment into consonant F. 9). O  O – the consonant O is retained in TL.

10). B  B – the consonant B is retained in TL. 11). I  I – the vowel I is retained in TL

12). A  A – the vowel A is retained in TL.

C L A U S T R O P H O B I A

Datum 18/SL11/TL28

48

From the elaboration above, it can be analyzed that Klaustrofobia undergoes

spelling adjustment with double vowels that is the double vowels „AU‟ retained in

the English loan word. According to the rule described in chapter II, vowel AU does not change in the loan word. The rule makes the Indonesian word

Klaustrofobia contains double vowel AU. During the process of translation, the SL Claustrophobia translates using literal translation.

c. Spelling Adjustment of Single Consonant 1). Fax is Adjusted into Faks

Faks is simple English loan word, it is originally adjusted from the SL Fax. The comparison of the two words is as follows:

The comparison above can be elaborated as follows:

1). F  F – The consonant F is adjusted by keeping its original form in the TL. 2). A  A – The vowel A is adjusted by retaining its original form in the TL. 3). X  KS – The consonant X is adjusted by changing it into KS in the TL. From the comparison above, it can be analyze that there is spelling adjustment with single consonant in the process of adapting Fax from SL into Faks in TL, that is the replacement of X with KS. The rule says that consonant X which is not in the initial of a word is changed into KS. The rule makes the Indonesian word of Fax becomes Faks. The loan word Faks also translate by literal translation method

F A X

Datum 8/SL6/TL20

because it is translated into the nearest meaning in the target language that makes equal.

2). Aerodynamic is Adjusted into Aerodinamika

Another example of spelling adjustment with single consonant is the English loan word Aerodinamic translates into Aerodinamika. Its originally comes from the English word Aerodynamic in TL. The comparison of the two words is as follows:

From the comparison it can elaborated further as follows:

1). A  A – the vowel A is adjusted by retaining its original form in TL. 2). E  E – the vowel E is also retained in the TL.

3). R  R – the consonant R is retained in the loan word in TL. 4). O  O – the vowel O is also retained in TL.

5). D  D – the consonant D is also retained in TL.

6). Y  I – the consonant Y is adjusted by changing into vowel I 7). N  N – the consonant N is retained in TL.

8). A  A – the vowel A is also retained in TL. 9). M  M – the consonant M is retained in TL. 10). I  I – the vowel I is retained in TL.

11). C K – the consonant C is adjusted by altering it into consonant K in TL 12). Ø  A – there is an addition of vowel A in the final part of the loan word.

A E R O D Y N A M I C -

Datum 34/SL23/TL43

50

From the comparison and the elaboration, it can be analyzed that the English loan word Aerodinamika in TL undergoes spelling adjustment with single consonant. The spelling adjustment with single consonant is the adjustment of Y into I. The reason behind the adjustment is because the Y in SL is pronounced as /i/ in TL so it should be changed into vowel I. During the process of translation from SL to TL, the English loan word Aerodinamika translates use literal translation method.

3). Matrix is Adjusted into Matriksx

The English loan word Matriks is a simple English loan word. It undergoes a certain adjustment during the translation process from SL to TL. The TL Matriks is originally comes from SL Matrix in the novel. To know more about the adjustment, the comparison of the two words is presented below:

From the comparison above, it can be elaborated as follows:

1). M  M – the consonant M is retained in TL. 2). A  A – the vowel A is retained in TL. 3). T T – the consonant T is retained in TL. 4). R  R – the consonant T is retained in TL. 5). I  I – the vowel I is retained in TL.

6). X  KS – the consonant X is adjusted into KS in TL

From the elaboration above, it can be analyzed that the SL Matrix undergoes spelling adjustment with single consonant into TL Matriks. The

M A T R I X

Datum 14/SL10/TL26

SW

W TW 1V 2V 1C 2C CC AF LT FT ST FRT AD IT CT

24/SL14/TL31 Connection √ √ √ koneksi

25/SL14/TL31 Connection √ √ √ koneksi

26/SL14/TL31 Connection √ √ √ koneksi

27/SL17/TL35 Authentication √ √ √ Autentikasi

28/SL17/TL35 Authentication √ √ √ Autentikasi 29/SL17/TL35 Authentication √ √ √ Autentikasi 30/SL17/TL35 Authentication √ √ √ Autentikasi

31/SL18/TL36 Cathedral √ √ √ Katedral

32/SL18/TL36 Cathedral √ √ √ Katedral

33/SL23/TL43 Aerodynamic √ √ √ aerodinamika

34/SL23/TL43 Aerodynamic √ √ √ aerodinamika

35/SL23/TL43 Aerodynamic √ √ √ aerodinamika

36/SL23/TL43 Friction √ √ √ friksi

37/SL23/TL43 Friction √ √ √ friksi

38/SL25/TL45 Nucleus √ √ √ nukleus

39/SL25/TL45 Nucleus √ √ √ nukleus

40/SL27/TL48 Oak √ √ √ ek

41/SL31/TL52 Symbology √ √ √ Simbologi

42/SL31/TL52 Symbology √ √ √ Simbologi

43/SL32/TL54 Extreme √ √ √ ekstrem

44/SL32/TL54 Extreme √ √ √ Ekstrem_

45/SL32/TL53 Monopoly √ √ √ Monopoli

46/SL40/TL64 Conspiracy √ √ √ Konspirasi

47/SL40/TL64 Conspiracy √ √ √ Konspirasi

48/SL43/TL67 Eclectic √ √ √ eklektik

49/SL43/TL67 Eclectic √ √ √ eklektik

50/SL43/TL67 Eclectic √ √ √ eklektik

65  

 

Code SL

Type Adjustment _{Translation Method}

TL SW C

W TW 1V 2V 1C 2C CC AF

Closer to SL Closer to TL LT FT ST FRT AD IT CT

52/SL55/TL81 Particle √ √ √ partikel

53/SL55/TL81 Accelerator √ √ √ Akselerator

54/SL55/TL81 Accelerator √ √ √ Akselerator

55/SL56/TL83 Chrome √ √ √ Krom

56/SL56/TL83 Chrome √ √ √ Krom_

57/SL60/TL89 Gravity √ √ √ Gravitasi

58/SL60/TL89 Seminary √ √ √ Seminari

59/SL63/TL93 Corridor √ √ √ koridor

60/SL63/TL93 Corridor √ √ √ koridor

61/SL70/TL101 Singularity √ √ √ Singularitas

62/SL73/TL104 Symmetry √ √ √ Simetri

63/SL73/TL104 Symmetry √ √ √ Simetri

64/SL73/TL104 Symmetry √ √ √ Simetri

65/SL81/TL114 Mobility √ √ √ Mobilitas

66/SL92/TL129 Espionage √ √ √ _Spionase

67/SL92/TL129 Espionage √ √ √ Spionase

68/SL93/TL130 Flux √ √ √ Fluks

69/SL93/TL130 alloys √ √ √ Aloi (-aloi)

70/SL93/TL130 alloys √ √ √ Aloi (-aloi)

71/SL118/TL162 Irony √ √ √ Ironi

72/SL118/TL162 Coliseum √ √ √ Koliseum

73/SL118/TL162 Coliseum √ √ √ Koliseum

74/SL119/TL163 Martyrs √ √ √ Martir

75/SL121/TL167 Cardinals √ √ √ Kardinal

SW

W TW 1V 2V 1C 2C CC AF LT FT ST FRT AD IT CT

77/SL124/TL170 Baroque √ √ √ Barok

78/SL125/TL170 Chapel √ √ √ Kapel

79/SL125/TL170 Chronograph √ √ √ Kronograf

80/SL125/TL170 Chronograph √ √ √ Kronograf

81/SL192/TL255 Sterile √ √ √ Steril_

82/SL192/TL255 Renaissance √ √ √ Renaisans

83/SL192/TL255 Renaissance √ √ √ Renaisans

84/SL210/TL278 Pigment √ √ √ Pigmen

85/SL223/TL295 Atheist √ √ √ Ateis

86/SL223/TL295 Atheist √ √ √ Ateis

87/SL237/TL312 Futuristic √ √ √ futuristik

88/SL243/TL320 Collage √ √ √ Kolase

89/SL243/TL320 Collage √ √ √ Kolase

90/SL243/TL320 Collage √ √ √ Kolase

91/SL328/TL427 Quarks √ √ √ Kuark

92/SL328/TL427 Quarks √ √ √ Kuark

93/SL387/TL501 Sarcophagus √ √ √ Sarkofagus

94/SL387/TL501 Sarcophagus √ √ √ Sarkofagus

95/SL468/TL606 Evacuate √ √ √ Evakuasi

96/SL468/TL606 Evacuate √ √ √ Evakuasi

97/SL474/TL613 Epic √ √ √ Epik

98/SL497/TL641 Villa √ √ √ Vila

99/SL508/TL656 Canopy √ √ √ Kanopi

100/SL508/TL656 Canopy √ √ √ Kanopi

67  

 

SW : Simple Word CW : Complex Word TW : Translated Word 1V : Single Vowel 2V : Double Vowels 1C : Single Consonant

2C : Double Consonants CC : Consonant Cluster AF : Affixes

LT : Literal Translation FT : Faithful Translation ST : Semantic Translation

FRT : Free Translation AD : Adaptation

IT : Idiomatic Translation CT : Communicative Translation