23
Emissions from soil from deforestation of peat swamp forest.
This dataset was developed from data from Delft ydraulics on carbon emissions from peat
swamp drainage presented in ooijer et al. . t was assumed that forest
cover removal of peat swamp forests was accompanied by drainage. Emissions from drainage are based on the equation Y = X . , where Y = annual soil CO
emissions t CO ha.yr ; X= common drainage depth of cm when peat swamp forests are converted to other land uses, resulting in an estimated annual emission
of t CO per ha when swamp forests are converted and drained. Once converted and drained, the peat continues to emit CO . For the analysis presented here,
this was set to years as the approximate mid-point of the -
period of analysis.
Emission from fires in peat swamp forests.
The estimates of emissions from fire in peat swamps are based on an estimate of the area of peat swamp that
burned during the -
interval and an estimate of the emissions of CO per unit area burned. The area burned was estimated from hotspot counts from
satellite imagery ATSR instrument, km resolution, band , and an algorithm relating heat intensity to area burned . The fire algorithm has limitations due to
cloud presence and atmospheric effects. The emissions for carbon dioxide and methane were calculated using equations from the PCC AFOLU. The calculations
of emissions from peat burning first estimated the mass of peat burned—the product of depth of peat burned and the bulk density of the peat . Emissions
factors for CO . t CO t of burned peat mass and C .
t C t burned peat mass were then applied to the estimated quantity of peat burned resulting
in estimates of emissions of CO -e per ha of peat swamp burned.
2.3.3 Results Gross Deforestation.
The analysis suggests that percent forest area loss estimates
from MODS can be corrected with LANDSAT. The relationship between MODS estimates and LANDSAT estimates is linear with r of . and a residual standard
error . Figure . This residual standard error is used as an approximation of the standard deviation of forest area loss.
]
Muraleedharan et al.
]
Peat depth: cm and peat density . t m based on data in Page et al.
]
Co -e: the carbon dioxide equivalent or CO e is a measure for describing how much global warming potential a given type and amount of greenhouse gas may cause, using the functionally equivalent amount or concentration
of carbon dioxide CO as the reference—for methane this equivalent factor is that is molecule of C has a times greater warming effect than CO
24
Figure 3.
Relationship between percent forest area loss from LANDSAT and MODS estimates. Red, yellow and cyan are for Stratum
+
, - and - respectively.
During the five year period -
, a total of about . million ha of forest were deforested in
ndonesia Table , or about . of ndonesia s forest area. Deforestation increased during the -year period, from . million ha in
- to . million ha in
- . This value is considerably
lower than the previously reported estimates of . million ha per year for
- reported in the FAO
report reported to FAO by the Government of ndonesia . About of the deforestation occurred in
dry land forests and in peat swamp forests. n the dry land forests, the highest rates of loss occurred in production forest and non-forest area
, while in peat swamp forest the losses were greatest in production and conversion forests
.
Biomass Carbon Stock
. The biomass carbon stock of the forests range between and
tCha for dryland forest and between and tCha for peat
swamp forest . The lowest estimates are in forests on Java, while the highest occur in Kalimantan and Papua Figure . The resolution of the carbon maps is
coarse as the data used to create it were based on regional and national datasets
]
ansen et al., . Forest change in ndonesia
- . Draft report of a summer workshop.
]
FAO .
]
Based on Gibbs and Brown
25
e.g. climate, inventory data for calibration, and population density data at sub- national scales . This type of country-wide map is a preliminary estimate with
relatively high uncertainty. Data from the National Forest nventory NF might be potential to be used for the improvement of this analysis.
The carbon stock map was overlaid on the map of forest typefunctional class to calculate the area-weighted average carbonbiomass. The resulting pattern
suggests that on average the carbon stock in peat swamp forest is slightly higher than those in dry land forest Figure 4 and Table 5. The data fi t normal
distribution Figure 5. In the subsequent analysis, these data were used in the calculation of historical emissions by sectors.
26
The S igni
fic anc
e of REDD f
or Indone sia
Table 4.
Gross forest loss by province between and
in hectare
Dry land Forest Peatswamp
Province Conser-
vation Conver-
sion Landuse
unknown Non-forest
area Produc-
tion Protec-
tion Grand
Total Conser-
vation Conver-
sion Landuse
unknown Non-
forest area
Produc- tion
Protec- tion
Grand Total
Bali ,
, Bangka Belitung
, ,
, ,
Banten ,
, DY
, ,
Dki Jakarta Jawa Barat
, ,
, Jawa Tengah
, ,
, Jawa Timur
, ,
, ,
Jawa Total ,
, ,
, Kalimantan Barat
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Kalimantan Selatan
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Kalimantan Tengah ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Kalimantan Timur ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Kalimantan Total ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Maluku ,
, ,
, ,
, Maluku Utara
, ,
, ,
, Maluku Total
, ,
, ,
, ,
Nusa Tenggara Barat ,
, ,
, Nusa Tenggara
Timur ,
, ,
, ,
Nusa Total ,
, ,
, ,
27
FR OM
DEF O
RE S
TA T
ION AND
F O
RE S
T DE
GR AD
A T
ION R
educing Emissions
IN INDONESIA Dry land Forest
Peatswamp Province
Conser- vation
Conver- sion
Landuse unknown
Non-forest area
Produc- tion
Protec- tion
Grand Total
Conser- vation
Conver- sion
Landuse unknown
Non- forest
area Produc-
tion Protec-
tion Grand
Total Papua Barat
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Papua Barat slands
, Papua Tengah
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Papua Timur ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Papua Total ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Gorontalo ,
, ,
Sulawesi Selatan ,
, ,
, ,
Sulawesi Tengah ,
, ,
, ,
Sulawesi Tenggara ,
, ,
, ,
, Sulawesi Utara
, ,
, Sulawesi Total
, ,
, ,
, ,
Bengkulu ,
, Daerah stimewa
Aceh ,
, ,
, ,
, Jambi
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Lampung
, ,
, ,
, ,
Riau ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Sumatera Barat ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Sumatera Selatan ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Sumatera Utara
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Sumatra Total
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, NDONESA
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
28
Figure 4.
Above and below ground carbon stocks in ndonesia
Table 5.
Number of sample n , mean,and pooled standard deviation of area-weighted average biomass by forest type
Peat Swamp Dry land
NAME LANDUSE Mean
S
pooled
N Mean
S
pooled
n Conservation
. .
Conversion .
. Landuse unknown
. .
Non-forest area .
. Production
. .
Protection .
.
Figure 5.
Distribution of above-below ground biomass tCha for dry land and peat swamp forests.
29
Gross Emissions from Deforestation.
Gross emissions resulting from deforestation of dry land and peat swamp forest in the period of
and were about ,
million tonne Table . An additional emission of about million tonne came from burning peat Table . Thus, a total of
, M t CO -e or . billion tonne CO equivalent were emitted during
this period resulting in an annual estimate of 502 million t CO
2
-e.
Considering the rate of emissions by sources, the highest emissions came from the removal of vegetation from dry land and peat swamp forest ecosystems Figure
. The average area weighted CO emissions per ha total emissions divided by total area deforested or burned for vegetation are three times higher than
the combined emissions due to draining and burning peat t CO -eha .
Emissions per ha from mineral soils is extremely small, due mostly to the fact that most forests are converted to perennial crops, which cause little to no loss
in soil carbon.
30
The S igni
fic anc
e of REDD f
or Indone sia
Table 6.
Mean and standard deviation of CO emission from deforestation by province and forest function from -
X tonne
Province Conservation
Conversion Landuse unknown
Non-forest area Production
Protection Grand
Total Mean
Stdev Mean
Stdev Mean
Stdev Mean
Stdev Mean
Stdev Mean
Stdev Bali
Bangka Belitung ,
, ,
, ,
, Banten
, ,
DY DK Jakarta
Jawa Barat ,
, ,
, Jawa Tengah
, ,
, ,
Jawa Timur ,
, ,
, ,
Jawa Total ,
, ,
, ,
, Kalimantan Barat
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Kalimantan Selatan
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Kalimantan Tengah ,
, ,
, ,
, Kalimantan Timur
, ,
, ,
, ,
Kalimantan Total ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Maluku
, ,
, ,
, ,
Maluku Utara ,
, ,
, Maluku Total
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Nusa Tenggara Barat
, ,
, ,
, Nusa Tenggara
Timur ,
, ,
, ,
Nusa Tenggara Total ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Papua Barat
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Papua Barat slands
, ,
31
FR OM
DEF O
RE S
TA T
ION AND
F O
RE S
T DE
GR AD
A T
ION R
educing Emissions
IN INDONESIA
Province Conservation
Conversion Landuse unknown
Non-forest area Production
Protection Grand
Total Mean
Stdev Mean
Stdev Mean
Stdev Mean
Stdev Mean
Stdev Mean
Stdev Papua Tengah
, ,
, ,
, Papua Timur
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Papua Total ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Gorontalo ,
, ,
, Sulawesi Selatan
, ,
, ,
, ,
Sulawesi Tengah ,
, ,
, Sulawesi Tenggara
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Sulawesi Utara ,
, ,
Sulawesi Total ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Bengkulu ,
, ,
Daerah stimewa Aceh
, ,
, ,
, Jambi
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Lampung
, ,
, ,
, ,
Riau ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Sumatera Barat
, ,
, ,
, Sumatera Selatan
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Sumatera Utara ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
Sumatera Total ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ndonesia Total
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
Note: The source of uncertainty considered only from forest area loss and ABG biomass stock, while from soils and peat burning are excluded.
32
Table 7.
Total emissions from deforestation in the period -
by islands
Peat burned Forest Loss
ha CO emissions
Mt CO -e C emissions
Mt CO -e Total Emission
Mt CO -e Bali
Bangka Jawa
Kalimantan
. .
. .
Maluku Nusa
Papua Sulawesi
Sumatra
. .
. .
Total .
. .
.
100 200
300 400
500 600
700
Pea ts
wam p v
eget at
ion D
ry land v
eget at
ion Bur
ni ng o
f peat Pe
at so
il d rai
na ge
D ry
land s oi
l
E m
is si
on R at
e ton C
O 2e
ha
Figure 6.
Emissions in tonne CO -e per ha from different sources
Deforestation and emissions by regionisland.
ndonesia has different levels of emissions from deforestation within each island. The highest
emissions are from Sumatra, accounting for almost of all emissions, with Kalimantan a second with Figure . The combined total for
these two islands is , highlighting the importance of focusing on the these islands in implementing reduced emission strategies.
33
Total CO2-e emissions per island
Sulawesi, 4 Papua, 7
Nusa Tengarra group, 1
Maluku, 2 Jawa, 1
Bali, 0 Bangka, 1
Kalimantan, 28 Sumatra, 56
Figure 7.
Total CO -e emissions by regionisland from deforestation during the period
- .
The high emissions from Sumatra and Kalimantan are due to the high rates of deforestation in these two islands— of the total Figure , and for Sumatra
the important contribution of the existing focus on removal of peatswamp forests.
200,000 400,000
600,000 800,000
1,000,000 1,200,000
Bal i
Ban gk
a Ja
wa Kal
im anta
n Ma
luk u
Nu sa
Pap ua
Sul awes
i Sum
atra
Area ha deforested
Dryland forest Peatswamp
Peatswamp burned
Figure 8.
Area of dryland and peat swamp forests deforested during -
by sland.
34
Figure shows that deforestation of dryland forests in Sumatra emits the same order of magnitude of CO as from peat swamp forests when the peat and soil
are included. n Kalimantan, emissions from dryland forests are about six times higher than from peat swamp forests.
100 200
300 400
500 600
700 800
Bali Bangk
a Ja
wa Kalim
ant an
Ma lu
ku Nu
sa T
engarra group Papua
Sulaw es
i Sum
at ra
Millio n
t C O
2e
Dryland vegetation Mineral soil
Peatswamp forest Peatland soil
Peatforest burning
Figure 9.
CO -e emissions per island by emissions category -
Deforestation and emissions from major landscape categories
n terms of total CO emissions, deforestation of dryland forests in ndonesia are a larger
source of total emissions than peat swamp forests
of the total; Figure . Draining and burning deforested peat swamp forests accounted for of
the total emissions, with practically all the rest due to the clearing of vegetation. Emissions from the soil component of the carbon pool were about of the total
for both the dryland mineral soils and for peat. owever, the importance of peat as a source of carbon can be appreciated when it is considered that . million
ha of dryland forest were cleared compared to . million ha of peat forest.
35
Sources of emmissions due to land use change in percent of total land use change emmissions
Peat soil 9
Dryland Vegetation 62
Peatswamp forest vegetation
27 Dryland soil
1
Peat Burned 1
Figure 10.
Total CO -e emissions during -
from major landscape categories
Peat Landscapes in Indonesia
. Because of the importance of peat ecosystems as a potential concentrated source of carbon emission it is useful to consider how
significant it is for ndonesia to focus on reducing emissions from this source. The original area of tropical peat, both forested and non-forested, in ndonesia
has been estimated at about million ha . From until
, million ha were converted or destroyed leaving an area of about million ha. Nine million
ha are in Sumatra and Kalimantan with about eight million remaining in Papua and West Papua. Of the million ha in
, an estimated . million ha was under a forest cover: . million in Kalimantan, . in Papua, . in Sumatra,
with small areas on the island of Bangka . Between
- a further . million ha of peat swamp forest was deforested
average annual rate of thousand ha , mostly for oil palm plantation. Almost
of the loss of peat swamp forests in this period occurred in Sumatra. Of the area deforested, about , or
thousand ha was estimated to have burned as well as drained, maximizing the loss of carbon to the atmosphere. The remaining
was drained.
]
Silvius et al.,
]
Primary analysis of data for this study.
36
As Figure shows, the total emissions from the destruction of the peat swamp forest is around
M t CO -e to the total emissions for the period with of this coming from the above ground biomass Figure
. .
100 200
300 400
500 600
700 800
Vegetation removval Drainage of peat soil
Burning of peat soil
Million t CO2-e
Total emissions from peat swamp forest loss = 940 million t-CO2-e
Figure 11.
Emissions of CO -e from of peat swamp deforestation between -
.
n ndonesia experienced a particularly severe El Nino event and, as a
result, widespread fires occurred throughout the country, particularly on peat swamp areas that had been deforested or degraded followed by drainage. The
estimates of CO emissions given in the literature Table vary widely depending on assumptions about area of peat swamps burned no real measure of total
peat swamp or peat land area burned ; the use of broad extrapolations based on studies in small areas, and crude estimates of carbon stocks of peat swamp
vegetation and emissions factors for peat burning.
37
Table 8.
Estimates of CO emissions from fires in peat swamps during the El Nino
year.
Study source Area included and notes
Estimated emissions in
million metric tons CO
Page et al., Data from an area in Central Kalimantan
extrapolated to all million ha of peat formations includes with and wo forest
cover —assumes . to . million ha burned
, - ,
Levine Kalimantan and Sumatra—assumes
thousand ha of peat lands burned ADBBAPPENAS
Assumed . million ha of peat land burned
, - ,
This to
analysis used the PCC method and accounting for methane emissions which are also a product of peat burning,. The estimated emissions
from burning the thousand ha of peat exposed through deforestation over
the whole period are . million t CO equivalent . When considering REL for peat swamp forests, it is important that the area burned
be clearly identified. For deforestation it is clear that the emissions from burning be those associated with the lands being cleared. Fire in peat swamp forests is
also an important cause of peat swamp forest degradation and higher resolution imagery, both temporally and spatially, is likely to be needed to better identify
areas burning after deforestation and areas burning in peat swamps still meeting definition of a forest
or more crown cover .
Deforestation and emissions by forest function class.
The proportion of total emissions by forest function class follows that for deforestation, with
production forests accounting for the most and conservation and
protection forests the least Figure .
]
The estimate uses data from Page et al. to estimate the amount of peat biomass burned based on a density
of peat of . tm and a conservative burning depth of cm range of to cm .
38
200 400
600 800
1,000 1,200
Production Forests on
other lands Conversion
Conservation Protection
Landuse unknown
M illio
n t C
O 2
-e
Figure 12.
Emissions from deforestation between -
by forest function classes.
2.3.4 Discussion: comparison with other studies
