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4.5 Options for strategic management intervention
4.5.1 Protected areas
ndonesia s protected areas – Conservation Forest Kawasan konservasi and Protected Forest Hutan Lindung cover an area of approximately million ha.
The protected areas require management intervention to remove unplanned deforestation and degradation. Avoiding deforestation and degradation is thus
concerned with the cost of removing illegal activities. Furthermore, by creating demand for forest carbon, REDD can also provide the
financial means and incentives to offset legal, planned measures to excise land
from the forest estate and remove their conservation status. n some cases, REDD may even offer sufficient incentive to expand existing Protected Areas and create
new ones with local benefits generated in part from carbon payments. This could be especially significant in facilitating the conservation of increasingly rare,
lowland forest some of which is zoned for conversion as PK. REDD provides a potential mechanism to fund a management presence which
will reduce the projected loss of carbon from native forest ecosystems. Because these ecosystems have not only high values in terms of carbon stock; but have also
been set aside as the nation s reserve of its original biodiversity, their enduring protection serves not only to ameliorate climate change but conserves key
biodiversity resources and other environmental goods and services. The challenge for Protected Areas PA s management is similar to that faced by
production forests; however, the extent of the progress which has been made has always been limited by smaller budget allocations. The challenges are:
. To mark and gazette legal boundaries to PA s within the state forest . To ensure a sufficient presence of qualified field staff to provide for protection
of the forest within these boundaries. . To ensure that the boundaries and resources within protected areas are
not encroached upon or used in ways inconsistent with their conservation purposes, and to have the capacity to enforce protection where necessary.
owever, even with these technical advances in place, the long term sustainability of the PAs for their management objectives requires a new context to be established
to lend further legitimacy for their existence. Since the decentralization of government in
, it has been very difficult for PA managers to focus on these special land use zones without reference to the broader landscape within which
there is increasing conflict over space and management options. The ndonesian, PA system remains largely based on its pre-independence history,
and on the national conservation plan set out in . Fundamental changes in
governance, in demography and in regional economies since that time make it timely for a reassessment of how PA s fit into the national forestry land and are
accommodated into local government spatial planning. More than ever before, the management of PA s need to be understood in the context of the broader
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landscape, in which they exist. n the broader landscape, PA s are one of a mosaic of forest, agriculture and settlement zones whose interactions will determine how
effectively REDD carbon emissions are regulated. There are three components to a strategy for reducing emissions from deforestation
and degradation of protected areas: 4.5.1.1 The development of a revised national conservation strategy
Justification.
The purpose of this national land allocation revision is to place PA s in the broader forest estate and in the local government jurisdictions within
which they sit. This is important in terms of the reduction of carbon emissions because the drivers of unplanned deforestation and forest degradation are the
consequence of local attitudes and relationships between local land uses and the allocation of conservation land uses previously established by central government.
Donor support has implemented the first and second national conservation strategies, the last of which was finished some years ago. The enormous changes
that have affected ndonesia since this time economically, socially, demographically, in the state of its environment and the form of its government, make it timely for
the context of Protected Areas and their management to be re-examined. This need exists for all forest industry sectors but it is particularly important with respect
to nature conservation. n this sector the basic management frameworks were established before any of these changes and no longer fit prevailing circumstances.
Because of the size of the protected area estate Kawasan Konservasi and Hutan Lindung
, the way these forested areas are utilized and regarded, by national, provincial and local governments and the local communities and industry around
them, will be a critical factor in the effective implementation of REDD. REDD Readiness grant funding, would be an appropriate vehicle to support a third
National Conservation Plan. REDD market income could subsequently be used to support day-to-day management, recognizing the fact that individual PA s are
integral to the ecological functioning of the landscape as a whole. 4.5.1.2 The development of a professional and sufficient management structure.
Justification.
The purpose of this strategic intervention is to enhance the competence and knowledge base of both professional management, and the
recruitment and resourcing of a field staff able to adequately deal with community interactions extension and enforcement.
nternational experience has confirmed the importance of underpinning PA management with access to appropriate training facilities and career pathways
based on staff experience in the field. t is essential to build a base of well trained para-professional field staff – park
rangers – capable of undertaking the day-to-day management of the protected areas under their control. Without this capability, none of the management
functions can be effectively carried out. n less populated developed countries the
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professional profile of park staff can afford to be less focused on people contact. Extension, negotiation, conflict resolution and dialogue; as well as a grounding
in the fundamentals of community development and the establishment of SME s, is required by ndonesian Park Rangers.
owever, the need for training and education extends throughout the professional echelons as well, with relatively few contemporary management staff understanding
international best practice, nor the opportunities of international networking to support the protection of ndonesian PA s. For example, the existence of an
ndonesia Chapter of the UCN World Commission on Protected Areas remains a largely untapped resource.
The nature conservation Directorate-General within the Ministry has been fortunate in the past in having an internationally recognized conservation training
school. The revitalization of this school has been assisted by TNC in recent years. This assistance is starting to leverage further modest support from international
donors. The REDD carbon market has the potential to provide for long term, routine
funding to maintain such a facility at the forefront of this staffing challenge. REDD funding could also support regional networking with other similar training and
educational facilities in Vietnam, Thailand and Australia, for example. 4.5.1.3 The confirmation of boundaries and the completion of the legal gazettal
process
Justification.
The purpose of this strategic intervention is to complete the legal gazettal process by confirming and marking agreed boundaries of protected
areas. The surveying of boundaries has not been completed and without this the final legal gazettal of many protected areas, including national parks cannot be
established in law. Until this process is completed it will remain very difficult for field staff to legally resist encroachment from local people and commercial
interests. Boundary surveying would be an appropriate use of funding during the
readiness and investment phases of the REDD engagement process and provide a management infrastructure that could support REDD Carbon Trading through
improved certainty and permanence of stocks. There is an important need to incorporate agreement by local people, with proper
attention to land tenure concerns, in the final positions of boundaries prior to gazettal. The process of securing local community support opens up significant
opportunities for CBM and collaborative management of protected areas, which are lower in the hierarchy of protection such as Hutan Lindung. Options could
include joint patrolling, or development incentives, such as support for micro- hydro projects or wildlife farming consistent with the management objectives of
the PA.
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REDD carbon market funds could be used to directly support the implementation of CBM and Collaborative Management options through the establishment of local
economic opportunities capable of easing pressure on the protected land and its resources.
4.5.2 Production Forests
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