Subject of the Research Variables Kinds of Data and Source of Data

study objectively. Operationally, the research methods of this study include the following:

A. Subject of the Research

The subject of this study is literary work of Mark Twain in the form of novella entitled The Mysterious Stranger. It was published in New York by the publisher A Perennial Classic Harper Row Publisher in 1967, it contains of 89 pages.

B. Variables

Commonly, variables are observable in the title of the research. That is why it becomes the center of researcher’s interest. In this study, the title of the research i s “A Psychological Study on the Id versus the Superego as Reflected in The Mysterious Stranger, a Novella by Mark Twain and Its Implication on Teaching Reading in SMA ” It has two variables namely 1 the id and 2 the superego. The two variables are the focus of analysis. The theory which is relevant to the analysis is the psychoanalysis theory by Sigmund Freud.

C. Kinds of Data and Source of Data

1. Kinds of Data The writer employs the descriptive-qualitative type of research. It is done by collecting, arranging, and analyzing the data based on verbal data. The research tries to describe the contradiction personality of the characters. 2. Source of Data Suharsimi defines that data resource is subject where data is gained 1986: 9. This research uses documents as source data. As we know that there are two kinds of data namely primary data source and secondary data source. For the sake of clarity, it will be explained as follows: 1 Primary Data Source. The Primary data are taken from the novella “The Mysterious Stranger” as the main source of data. They describe as follows: a. Event as number of fact, of course it has taken from the behavior and act of the characters. b. Dialogue between the characters in the novella. c. Narration as the explanation of the author about the character and the situation. 2 Secondary Data Source The secondary data are taken from another reference outside of the novella. They consist of websites article, and criticism about Mark Twain’s works that are closely related to the study. This research doesn’t use the secondary data because this study only uses “making conceptual coherence” to ascertain or determine the quality of data. Consequently, this study only uses the primary one, namely the novella “The Mysterious Stranger ”.

D. Sample and Sampling