E. Instrument
Since literary study is a documentary research, it is obvious that the researcher functions as the instrument. It means that she serves as the tool
for collecting data. That is why the researcher becomes the centre of data collecting activity Siswantoro, 2004:57. It is strengthened by Usman
who states, ”instrumen utama dalam penelitian kualitatif ialah si peneliti
sendiri..”2000:84. From Usman’s definition, it is clear that the whole technique of collecting data is depending on the researcher as the
instrument of the study. Hornby states that instrument is “An implement or
a piece of apparatus used for particular purpose, especially for delicate works: or a person or thing that makes something happens.
”1995: 619. From the above statement, it is clear that instrument is not only as a
thing but also a person. This study, a thing refers to a text or a novella while a person deals with the researcher herself. It can be concluded that
the instruments of this study are a novella “The Mysterious Stranger” and
the researcher.
F. Research Procedures
Every research mainly needs data during the process of analysis. In this case, as literary research which is based on phenomenology, it is clear
that the analysis begins right from collecting of the data. Furthermore, there are some operational procedures of collecting the data which are used in
this research as presented below:
1. First, the researcher chooses the approach. In this research,
there are many kinds of approaches in literary research but the researcher intends to focus on the psychological point of view.
2. Second, after choosing the approach, then the researcher selects
the fiction of literary work. Conducting this research, the researcher takes “The Mysterious Stranger”, a novella by Mark
Twain. 3.
Third, the researcher reads the novella carefully and repeatedly. In this case, she also pays much attention and tries
to comprehend the content of the novella. Therefore, this step of reading activity is called reading for critical. So that the
researcher should understand all the content of the novella. Then, she focuses on the characters named the boys, Father
Peter, Ursula, Marget, the astrologer and Satan that had behaviors and conflicts.
4. The next procedure is to select the theory of psychology that is
relevant to the phenomenon inside of the novella. After finding the theory and then, the researcher master the theory of
Psychoanalysis, the id and the superego. 5.
Next, the researcher writes the title of the study. In this case, the title is A Psychological Study on the Id versus the Superego
in “The Mysterious Stranger”, a novella by Mark Twain.
6. Next procedure is to write a proposal.
7. Next, the researcher begins to collect the needed data based on
the previous theory. Then, she should identify Satan’s and the
astrologer’s behaviors and match them with the criteria of the id, and identify the behaviors of the boys, Father Peter, Ursula,
and Marget and match them with the criteria of the superego. 8.
Next, the researcher starts analyze the collected data. 9.
The last step, the researcher writes the result of the research which is called report writing.
G. Technique of Data Analysis
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