The Ability Of The 2007 Year Students Of English Literature Department, University Of Sumatera Utara To Distinguish Present Participle From Gerund

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THE ABILITY OF THE 2007 YEAR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA TO DISTINGUISH PRESENT PARTICIPLE FROM GERUND

A THESIS

BY:

DAMIANUS P SITANGGANG REG.NO. 040705026

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly let me thank Lord, the Almighty God as the source of all knowledge in the world, for giving me His blessing all these years that I may do and finish this thesis well. On this opportunity I wish to extend my great gratitude to those who have given me advice, ideas and suggestions in the completion of this thesis. Thanks are surely offered to the following person:

1. Bapak Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A as my supervisor and Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A as my co-supervisor, who have given many valuable ideas and suggestions in writing this thesis. They have given me many comments, suggestions and guidances in improving the arrangement and the contents of this thesis, and I thank a lot for their precious time for sharing dealing with this thesis.

2. Dra. Swesana Mardia Loebis, M. Hum as the Chairman of English Literature Department and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, GradDiped TESOL., Med TESOL as the secretary of English Literature Department, for their guidance dealing with the writing of this thesis.

3. All my lecturers who have given guidance and lectures to me during my study in English Literature Department, from the beginning up to the end of my study. And also the officers of English Literature Department Bang Jumaidi for his kindness.

4. My late beloved Father (M. Sitanggang) and Mother (T. Br. Aritonang) for all the most beautiful love, the deepest attention, pure cares, wise advice, understanding, given to me all the times. I love you Mother and father till the last of my breath, I promise to be the best son for you, and all the best will be on your way and please wish me luck on my way.

5. My sister Sorta Sitanggang who always take care of me, and to all of my sister and daughter for their supports in helping me in completing this thesis. I love you so much.

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6. My special best friend, Rudy P Situmorang and Bernad P Silitonga (Friendship Never Ending) I will never forget for what we have gone through in bad or good situation we always together. And also my best friends, Rosa, Merlin, Erlin, Siska, Agustina, Christy, and the other of my classmate that I do not mention.

MAY GOD RETURN FOR ALL THE KINDNESS

Medan, 28 Mei 2008 Writer,

Damianus P Sitanggang Reg. No: 040705026

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “The Ability of the 2007 Year Students of English Literature Department, University Of Sumatera Utara to Distinguish Present Participle from Gerund”. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana pengetahuan dari mahasiswa Sastra Inggris Universitas Sumatera Utara stambuk 2007 dalam membedakan present participle dari gerund .

Dalam melakukan penelitian tersebut, saya mengumpulkan data dari mahasiswa sastra Inggris Universitas Sumatera Utara stambuk 2007 yang berjumlah 65 orang dengan memberikan mereka sebuah test berjumlah 42 soal masing-masing soal 21 buah untuk present participle dan 21 buah lagi untuk soal gerund. Tes tersebut diadakan pada hari Selasa tepatnya tanggal 25 Maret 2008.

Saya menganalisis dan membuat persentase seberapa persen jawaban yang benar dan salah yang mereka buat dalam tes tersebut dengan memakai metode kuantitatif dan didukung oleh metode kualitatif. Sehingga dengan itu saya akan menyimpulkan sejauh mana pengetahuan mereka dalam membedakan present participle dari gerund. Dan ternyata sesuai dengan perolehan yang saya temukan persentase jawaban yang benar adalah sejumlah 62.02 % dan yang salah adalah sejumlah 37.08 % maka dengan perolehan tersebut saya menyimpulkan bahwa kemampuan mereka dalam membedakan present participle dari gerund adalah baik. Dari persentase jawaban yang salah yang mereka buat juga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ternyata jawaban yang salah lebih dominan di present participle yaitu berjumlah 54.49% sementara di gerund berjumlah 45.51% dan ini menandakan bahwa mereka lebih memahami gerund dibandingkan dengan gerund.

Medan, 28 Mei 2008 Penulis,

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...i

ABSTRACT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Analysis ... 1

1.2 The Scope of the Analysis ... 4

1.3 The Problem of the Analysis ... 4

1.4 The Objectives of the Analysis ... 5

1.5 The Significances of the Analysis ... 5

CHAPTER II: A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND GERUND 2.1The Kinds Of Present Participle ... 6

2.1.1 Present Participle as an Attributive Adjective ... 6

2.1.2 Present Participle after Verb Of Sensation ... 7

2.1.3 Present Participle after Certain Verbs ... 7

2.1.4 Present Participle Replacing a Main Clause ... 8

2.1.5 Present Participle Replacing a Subordinate Clause ... 9

2.1.6 Present Participle Forms Continuous Tense ... 13

2.1.7 Present Participle after Have ... 13

2.2The Kinds Of Gerund ... 14

2.2.1 Gerund as Subject ... 14

2.2.2 Gerund after preposition ... 16

2.2.3 Gerund after Possessive Adjective ... 18

2.2.4 Gerund as Object ... 20

2.2.5 Gerund after Certain expressions ... 20

2.2.6 Gerund in Short Prohibition ... 21

2.2.7 Gerund as Noun Compound ... 22

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CHAPTER III: METHOD OF THE ANALYSIS

3.1Research Method ... 24

3.1.1Population and Data... 24

3.2Data Collecting Method ... 25

3.3Data Analysis Method ... 25

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1Analysis ... 27

4.2Findings ... 52

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION 5.1Conclusions ... 53

5.2Suggestions ... 54

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

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Abstract

Language is considered to be a system of communicating with other people using sounds, symbols and words in expressing meanings, ideas or thoughts. Language can be used in many forms, primarily through oral and written communications as well as using expressions through body language. Edward Sapir (1949:8) says that language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desire by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols. Language is purely human and non-instinctive method because language is the most frequently used and most highly developed form of human communication. And language is a distinctly human instrument, although other animals produce sounds and noises, the human language alone is articulated into words and alone is capable of expressing an infinite variety of thought. Languages are not just sets of symbols. They also often conform to a rough grammar, or system of rules, used to manipulate the symbols. David Nunan (2003:143) says that grammar is generally thought to be set of rules specifying the correct ordering of words at the sentence level. Every human language include English has its own grammar. The grammar of a language is a complex and highly structured affair because it operates in terms of concepts and categories which have to be defined in the same way. So we need grammar in using English and the understanding about grammar also influences our ability in English.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Analysis

Languages are not just sets of symbols. They also often conform to a rough grammar, or system of rules, used to manipulate the symbols. David Nunan (2003:143) says that grammar is generally thought to be set of rules specifying the correct ordering of words at the sentence level. Every human language include English has its own grammar. The grammar of a language is a complex and highly structured affair because it operates in terms of concepts and categories which have to be defined in the same way. So we need grammar in using English and the understanding about grammar also influences our ability in English.

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Present participle and Gerund also some parts of grammar so we can not ignore them. The ability to understand them is really important. Less understanding about them can make serious problem especially in the case of the use of English grammatical structure correctly. What happens if we are faced with such a kind of test that is related with present participle and gerund, while we do not have deep understanding about them?, I think it will make us fail in the test.

C. B. Burch (2003: 94) says that gerund like infinitives, are also consistent in form or physical appearance. They end in the verb suffix –ing: eating, sleeping, reading, thinking. One difficulty in recognizing gerunds is that other verbal (participles) may also end in –ing. Gerunds can be separated from similar-looking participles, though, by remembering that gerunds function as nouns and only as nouns. The same forms that both have makes people confuse to distinguish them. For examples:

1. Playing 2.

basketball, she spent too much time running around. Playing

These sentences can be fully understood. When we examine those sentences further, we will find that there are syntactical relations among units that construct sentences. If we pay attention to both underlined words they have the same forms but different in function. The first sentence belongs to present participle (present participle replaces subordinate clause) and the second sentence belongs to gerund (gerund as subject)

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Nowadays, to learn English is really important. Many countries introduce English to their nation. English has become a major subject in school’s curriculum in Indonesia starting from elementary schools to university level. Indonesians people will get used to use English in following years.

Indonesians has Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia as their native language whose structure is different from English. Because of that, there might be some mistakes that made by the Indonesian students when they use English especially when using present participle and gerund. The students of 2007 year of English Literature Department, University of Sumatera Utara are the students who are obliged to use English in almost all subjects. So, I am eager to know their ability to distinguish present participle from gerund can be as a measure and correction for them how far their understanding about English especially about present participle and gerund. That is why I am interested in analyzing them through this research.

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1.2 Scope of the Analysis

Structure covers wide range such as Tenses, conditional sentence, subjunctive, gerund, participle, etc. participle itself can be divided into three types: present participle, past participle, and perfect participle. According to the statement above I want to limit my research deal with the using of:

1. Present participle, including: present participle as an attributive adjective, present participle after verb of sensation, present participle after certain verbs, present participle replacing main clause, present participle replacing subordinate clause, present participle forms continuous tense, and present participle after have.

2. Gerund, including : gerund as subject, gerund after preposition, gerund as object, gerund as compound noun, gerund as short prohibition, gerund after possessive adjective and gerund after certain expressions.

1.3 The Problem of Analysis

To know our ability to use English is really important because it can be as a measure to us how far we have understood English. The ability to understand present participle and gerund as parts of English grammatical structure also need to be known.

Related to that case and based on the background stated above, I have formulated the problems study as follows:

1. How many percentages are correct answers and incorrect answers made by the students when answering the question?

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1.4 The Objectives of Analysis

As the objectives of this research are:

1. To find out the percentages of the correct answers and incorrect answers made by the students when answering the questions.

2. To find out the most dominant incorrect answer made by the students.

1.5 The significances of Study

As the significances of this study are as follows:

1. To expand my knowledge about variations of the usage of present participle and gerund as well as giving contributions to the public and the readers who are interested in both present participle and gerund.

2. For teaching purpose, this study will give information to the lecturers or students of English Literature Department, University of Sumatera Utara about how far the ability of the students to distinguish present participle from gerund.

3. To motivate the students to study present participle and gerund. So, their understanding about them will be much better.

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CHAPTER II

A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND GERUND 2.1 The Kinds of Present Participle.

2.1.1 Present Participle as an Attributive Adjective

Present Participle is a part of the verb that ended by –ing and functions as an adjective Allen (1987:177). Besides, Thomson and Martinet (1990:206) also state that present participle (verb + ing) is used as adjective when the noun modifies performs or is responsible for an action. From the definition above, it can be concluded that present participle is part of a verb that ended by -ing and functions as an adjective describing a noun.

Present Participle as an attributive adjective is usually used to modify a noun, so it is also called a noun modifier. It is usually intransitive (it does not take an object) and the verb form of the sentence is in the progressive (continuous) aspects. For examples: walking man, sleeping child, crying baby. This function should be clear from the gerund (verbal noun) in which present participle is to modify noun. In other words, the present participle can be easily substituted by another word such as walking man (the man that walks / is walking). However, depending on the main verb, the present participle can indicate:

a. Present time : The singing bird is a black bird. (the bird is singing) b. Past time : I heard a crying baby last night on my way home. ( a baby

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2.1.2 Present Participle after Verb of Sensation

Present participle can be used after certain verb of sensation (perception) such as: see, hear, notice, taste, feel, watch, perceive, smell, witness, observe. Examples:

• I saw him crossing the road • We heard the baby crying

Verbs of sensation can be followed by either present participle or infinitive, but the meaning has been changed. An action expressed by the present participle means that the action is not completely seen or heard, meanwhile if the action expressed is in infinitive, it means that the whole action is completely seen or heard.

Examples:

I saw him crossing the road.

(It means I saw only the part of action. An action expressed by the infinitive is a complete action) as in:

I saw him cross the road

(It means I saw the whole action).

2.1.3 Present Participle after Certain Verbs

There are some certain verbs that can be followed by present participle Thomson and Martinet, (1984:122). They are:

Find, catch, leave, spend, waste, go, busy.

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Examples:

• They found me picking oranges.

• I wasted a lot of time waiting for you at home. • She caught me staring at her boy friend

Particularly, with go and come we can use the participle of verbs of physical activity; such as: dancing, riding, sailing, shopping, etc.

Examples:

• Come dancing with me on the stage • They go shopping

2.1.4 Present Participle Replacing a Main Clause.

a. Present participle is usually possible to express one or two actions by the same subject occurring simultaneously. The present participle can be before or after the infinitive verb.

Examples:

• He rode away whistling as he went. (He rode away. He whistled when he was riding.

• Holding the rope with one hand he stretches out the other to the boy in the water. (He holds the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the water).

b. When one action is immediately followed by another by the same subject to the first action, it can often be expressed by present participle

Examples:

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(We took off our shoes and creep cautiously along the passage). • Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.

(He opened the drawer he took out the revolver).

It would be seem more logical here to use the perfect participle and saying having opened, having taken off, but this is not necessary to expect when the use present participle might lead to the ambiguity.

Examples: eating his dinner he rushed out of the house would give the impression that he left the house with his plate in his hand. Here, therefore it would be better to say: Having eaten his dinner he rushed out of the house.

c. When the second action forms part of the first, or is a result of it, we can express the second action by present participle.

Examples:

• She went out, slamming the door. • He fired, wounding one of the bandits.

• I feel, striking my hand against the door and cutting it.

From the three examples above, they have three actions; the second actions expressed by present participle.

2.1.5 Present Participle Replacing a Subordinate Clause

The present participle as clause modifier can replace since/because/for (because + subject + verb). Examples:

• Knowing that it would be cold, he packed a coat.

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• Knowing that she had not heard, he asked again

(Because he knew that she had not heard, he asked again) • Making a lot of mistakes, he asked for apologize.

(Because he made a lot of mistakes, he asked for apologize.

It should be noted that being at the beginning of a sentence will normally mean ‘as he is / as he was’:

Example:

• Being a student he was naturally interested in museum.

(Because he was a student, how was naturally interested in museum) And it could not mean ‘while he was student’.

The subject of the main verb is also the subject of the participle phrase.

Furthermore, it is also possible for the subject to come first. Examples: • Ann hearing a good job in New York decided to go there.

(Because she heard of a good job in New York, she decided to go there)

However, the subject of present participle do not needs to be the same as the subject of the following verb.

Example:

• The day being fine, he decided to go swimming.

(Because the day was fine, we decided to go swimming)

In this case, the participle must follow its noun / pronoun. Being fine the day, we decided to go swimming is incorrect, but being athletic, tom found the climbing quite easy is alright. As tom is the subject of both participles and the following verb.

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Besides, it is also possible to use two or more participles one after the other. Examples:

• Not knowing the language and having no friends in the country, he found it is impossible to get a job.

(Because he did not know the language and had no friends he found it is impossible to get job)

• Realizing that he had no enough money and not wanting to borrow money from his father, he decided to impawn his watch.

(Because he realized that he had no enough money and did want to borrow money from his father, he decided to impawn his watch)

Also, the present participle can also be replaced by When, while + subject + verb.

Example:

• Walking in the path, he found a wallet.

(When he was walking in the path he found a wallet)

Present participle used when the verb in the clause is continuous tense. Example:

• People waiting for the bus often shelter / sheltered in my doorway.

(People are / were waiting for the bus often shelter / sheltered in my doorway) Present participle can also be used when the verb in the clause express a habitual or continuous action.

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• Passengers traveling on this bus buy / bought their tickets in books.

(Passengers who travel / traveled on this bus buy / bought their tickets in books).

Furthermore, Present participle can be used when a verb in the clause expresses a wish (when the verbs in the clause are: wish, desire, want, and hope)

Example:

• People wishing to go to the tour must book the traveling a agency. (People who wish to go on the tour must book).

A non-defining clause contains one of the above verbs, or any verb of knowing or thinking. Know, think, believe, except can be similarly replaced by a present participle.

• Bill, wanting to make an impression on Ann, took her to Paris. (Bill, who wanted to make an impression on Ann, took her to Paris.

Frank ( 1972:306 ) adds that depending on the main verb, the present participle can indicate:

• Present time : The man addressing to the audience now is famous scientist

• Past time : The trapped miners, hoping to be rescued soon, told stories to keep up their morale.

• Future time : A person traveling in foreign countries will need to take the required documents.

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Present participle adjectives are active and mean having this effect, whereas past participle adjectives are passive and mean “affected this way”

Examples:

• The play was boring. • The audience was bored.

2.1.6 Present Participle Forms the Continuous Tense.

The continuous tense indicate the aspect of time and duration. The present continuous tense, example, is to express an action at the moment of speaking as in she is standing there. When the sentence is produced, the action of standing occurs at the same time. The present perfect continuous tense indicates the duration of the action, that is until the sentence is produced, the action will continues to a certain point of time after the sentence is produced.

Examples:

• She is standing there. • They have been singing • We are being helped

2.1.7 Present Participle after Have

In this case present participle put after have + objects (Have + object + present participle)

Examples:

• He had me swimming in a week.

• We have people standing on our steps all day. • I will not have him cleaning his bike in the kitchen.

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2.2 The Kinds of Gerund

Gerund has exactly the same form as the present participle Thomson and Martinet (1984:227). Furthermore, Allen (1987:177) states it is the part of verb that ended by –ing and function as noun. Azar (1981:182) also states that a gerund is used in the same ways as with a noun, examples: talking, playing, and swimming. A gerund is used in the same ways as with a noun (as a subject or an object)

From the definitions above, it can be concluded that gerund is the part of verb that ended by –ing and functions as a noun. Gerund can be used as subject, as object, after preposition, in short prohibition, noun compounds, after possessive adjective, and after certain expression.

2.2.1 Gerund as Subject of a Sentence

A gerund can be used as a subject of a sentence like a noun. This subject in this case always requires a singular verb. This is connected with the statement by Pyle and Munoz (1987:164) says that if a sentence begins with gerund, the verb must be also singular. Examples:

• Respecting parent is wise

The gerund respecting is used as the subject the sentence. The predicate is indicates the singular verbs. A common mistake may occur when the noun parents is related to the linking verb. Very often students write are instead of is because they look at the word closest to the predicate. The following example can clarify the idea further:

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The gerund producing in the verbs phrase producing fine paintings is the subject of the sentence. The predicate of requires clearly shows that gerund is regarded as the singular subject. This is apparent when it is used in the simple present / perfect tense. In the past / perfect tense, however the predicate does not show the special property.

The gerund can be used instead of infinitive when the action is being considered in general sense, but it is always safe to use infinitive. When we wish to refer to one particular action we must use to infinitive.

Examples:

• Reading French is easier than speaking it. • It is easier to read French than to speak it.

The gerund, like the infinitive, can be the subject of a clause placed after: find, discover, think, believe, consider, expect, wonder (if).

Foe examples:

• He found that parking was difficult. • He found parking difficult.

After find the verb be can be omitted. But it is better not to omit be after other verb.

Frank (1972:354) further comments that the choices are often possible between infinitive and gerund phrase. Where such choices exist, the infinitive usually has stronger verbal force, and gerund has grater nominal force. Also, the infinitive usually has stronger verbal force, and the gerund has greater nominal force. Also the infinitive generally represents and act or state as a whole, whereas the gerund represents an act or state in progress.

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The greater choice between an infinitive or gerund is in the subject function especially if the main verb is present or future. Examples:

• To learn (learning) a new language is difficult • To hear (hearing) such praise will embrace him.

However, if the main verb indicates a past single action, or if the verb is in the p[assive voice, the gerund is usually required.

Example:

• Finding the answer presented a problem

In this example, the action of finding the answer was the only action taken. • Their stealing merchandise from the store will eventually be noticed.

The passive construction makes the gerund a better choices than the infinitive in which the action of stealing merchandise from the store may imply the meaning of an opinion, that is, there is no continuation that will be eventually noticed.

2.2.2Gerund After Preposition

The gerund form must be used when a verb is placed immediately after a preposition. Verbs + preposition followed by the gerund such as: approve of, give up, rely on, insist on, succeed in, count on, keep on, be better of, think about, depend on, put of, think of, object to, look forward to, etc..

Examples:

• In her letter, my friend looked forward to hearing from me. • He insisted on seeing her.

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Accustomed to, intent to, afraid of, interested in, capable of, successful in, angry with, fond of, good at, etc..

Examples:

• We are interested in seeing the film.

• We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.

If there are nouns + preposition, they must be followed by gerund, such as: choices of, possibility of, excuse for, intention for, reason for, method of, etc.. Examples:

• Excuse me for disturbing you.

• She is the reason for her mother for living.

Generally, if there is a preposition it can be directly followed by a verb ended by – ing. The verb will be in the gerund form.

Examples:

• After living the party, Ali drove home.

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2.2.3 Gerund after Possessive Adjective

a. If the verb of verb + preposition is directly followed by gerund it refers to the subject of a verb.

Example:

• He insisted on seeing the document (he saw it)

However, if we put possessive adjective or pronoun before the gerund, the gerund refers to the person denoted by the possessive or adjective pronoun.

Example:

• He insisted on me / my reading the document (I had to read it)

b. Useful verbs and expressions which can take either construction are:

dislike, dread, fancy, involve, like (negative), mean, mind, propose, recollect, remember, resent, save, stop, suggest, understand, approve / disapprove of, insist on, it’s no good / use, object to, there’s no point in, what’s the point of. Examples:

• He disliked working late ( he disliked me/my working late)

• I object to paying twice for the same thing (I object to his/him making private calls on this phone)

• He resented being passed over for promotion (he resented my/me being promoted before him).

c. Excuse, forgive, pardon, and prevent are not followed directly by the gerund but take possessive adjective/pronoun + gerund or pronoun + preposition + gerund.

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Examples:

• Forgive my/me ringing you up so early ( forgive me for ringing you up so early)

• You can’t prevent his/him spending his own money (you can’t prevent him spending his own money)

d. Possessive adjective and pronoun object compared

In formal English the possessive adjective is used with the gerund. But in informal English we very often use the pronoun. The student therefore has a choice of forms, but is recommended to use the pronoun.

With stop meaning ‘prevent’ the pronoun is more usual than the possessive adjective:

Example:

• I can’t stop him writing to the papers.

e. Nouns with gerund

In very formal English the possessive case is used: I do not remember my mother’s complaining about it. But it is much more usual to omit the ‘s:

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2.2.4 Gerund as Object

Gerund as object can be found after certain verb. This list of the verb is the verb followed by gerund and function as an object (Frank, 1972:323; Thomson and martinet, 1984:23).

Admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, acknowledge, advocate, advise, contemplate, consider, copulate, discuss, defer, delay, deny, defeats, dislike, dread, disclaim, drop, encourage, entail, evade, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, imagine, finish, forgive, facilitate, give up, be, grudge, imagine, involve, justify, keep (continue), keep on, leave off, loathe, mind (object), mean, mention, miss ,necessitate, pardon, postpone, prevent, propose, practice, put off, quit, recollect, remember, resent, resist, risk, recommend, relinquish, relish, renounce, report, save, stop, suggest, shirk, sanction, tolerate, try, understand, urge, withhold.

2.2.5 Gerund after Certain Expression

There are certain expression which are followed by the gerund such as the expression that use: can’t stand (endure), can’t stop, can’t hear, can’t resist, and the expressions that use: it’s no use, it’s no good, and also after the adjective use worth.

Examples:

• I can’t stand staying even one hour with them. • I can’t stop thinking of you

• It’s no use crying over spilt milk • It’s worth doing a favor.

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However, there are also several verbs that can be followed by either infinitive or gerund (Frank : 1972, Thomson and Martinet: 1984) such as:

Advise, abhor, attempt, cease, commence, decline, disdain, (dis) like, endure, hate, hesitate, intend, recommend, allow, love, regret, begin, remember, continue, remember, continue, permit, start, scorn, prefer, stop, propose, try, it needs wants requires.

Examples:

• I began working or I begun to work.

• She continues studying in the broad or She continues to study in the broad. • I like playing guitar or I like to play guitar.

2.2.6 Gerund Used in Short Prohibition Gerund is also used in short prohibitions. Examples:

• No smoking. • No parking.

In this case, these gerunds can not be followed by an object, so prohibitions involving an object are usually expressed by an imperative.

Examples:

• Do not touch these wires. • Do not disturb the lion.

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2.2.7 Gerund As Nouns Compounds

Gerunds used in noun compounds are also called noun adjunct. Gerunds are not inseparable from the noun such as: diving board, sleeping room, stamp-collecting. It makes they are distinguish from present participle used as adjectives, which may be separated from the nouns; smiling girls may be changed to a girl who is smiling and so with dancing girls it can be changed to the girls who are smiling. This means that the noun compound having must be regarded as unit or one unity. Such as swimming pool, it can’t be changed with the pool which is swimming.

Gerund in noun compound can be attached either before or after noun: a. Before Noun

Examples:

Writing list, walking stick, diving board, dining room, swimming pool, etc.

b. After Noun Examples:

Surf-riding, fruit-picking, weight-lifting, bird-watching, coal-mining, stamp-collecting, hitch-hiking, etc.

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2.3 Review of Related Literature

In designing this research, I tried to put forward some basics theoretical backgrounds related to the present study to be discussed and analyzed. I consulted and referred to some relevant text-books to support the idea of the analysis.

C. Beth Burch (2003: 94) says that you can separate gerunds from similar-looking participles, though by remembering that gerunds functions as nouns and only as a noun.

Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner (1994:174) say that gerund is the –ing form of the verb when used in a partly noun like way, as in no smoking (in contrast to the same form used as a participle, e.g. everyone was smoking).”

Two theories above, have the same ideas that state the function of gerund as noun.

Tiomsi (2001) in her thesis “ The Use of Present Participle in the Editorial Text of the Jakarta Post”, concludes that present participle is the part of verb, which ends in –ing that functions as an adjective, whereas, gerund is also part of verbs which end in –ing and function as a noun.

Pyle, M.A and Munoz, M. E (1974:43) say that present participle is used as an adjective when the noun it modifies performs or in responsible for an action.

The two theories above also have the same ideas about present participle that states present participle is part of verb, which ends in –ing that functions as an adjective.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE ANALYSISS 3.1Research Method

3.1.1 Population and Data

In Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary (2003:966) it is stated that population is a group of individual persons, objects, or items from which the samples are taken for statistical measurement. Related to the definition above, I concluded that the population of this research was all the 2007 year students of English Literature Department, University Of Sumatera Utara that consists of 65 students and now they are still in second semester.

In doing this research I used quantitative method. Lexy in his book Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif (2005:3) states that penelitian kuantitatif mencakup setiap jenis penelitian yang didasarkan atas perhitungan persentase, rata-rata, cikuadrat, dan perhitungan statistik lainnya.

In the quantitative method I calculated the percentage of the correct answer and incorrect answer that made by the student in order to get the conclusion of what they did in the test. Besides the quantitative method, I also used qualitative method to support the quantitative method. Lexy in the same book Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif (2005:4) states that penelitian kualitatif sebagai prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang diamati. In the method I tried to describe the usage of present participle and gerund.

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3.2Data Collecting Method

In order to collect the data I set forty multiple-choice sentences consist of twenty sentences using present participles and twenty sentences using gerunds. All the sentences I organized randomly begin from number one until number forty. And from the sentences I asked the students to choose which sentences use present participles and which sentences use gerunds in 30 minutes. The answers that are made by the students were the data to be analyzed.

3.3 Data Analysis Method

The data were analyzed to identify the mistakes that made by the 2007 years student of English Literature Department, University Of Sumatera Utara by using the formula below. Bungin (2005: 171):

n = ×100% N

Note:

fx = Number of the categories test. N = Total number of population.

n = Percentages of the correct answers and incorrect answers.

In order to measure their ability percentage, I used the theory of Suharsimi Arikunto.

Arikunto in his book Manajemen Penelitiian (2005:44) says,”dalam menentukan kriteria kemampuan dapat digunakan persentase:

• 81 - 100 % : sangat baik • 61 - 80 % : baik

• 41 - 60 % : kurang

(33)

Based on the theory above, it can be concluded if the students can answer the test correctly in interval:

 81 - 100 %, their ability is very good.  61 - 80 %, their ability is good  41 - 60 %, their ability is less  0 - 20 %, their ability is poor

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Analysis

As stated in the previous chapter, I gathered the data from the 2007 year students of English Literature Department, university of Sumatera Utara that consist of 65 students and the test held on march 25th 2008. In order to get the correct form to distinguish present participle from gerund I will use the theory of A.J Thomson and A.V. Martinet.

In describing the data completely, I tried to tabulate the whole data items of 42 sentences test so that I could get information which sentences were chosen correctly and which sentences were chosen incorrectly.

(35)

Table 1. The Percentage of Correct Answer and Incorrect Answer of Present Participle and Gerund by The Students of 42 Sentences Test.

Present Participle

Gerund Correct Answer Percentages (%) Incorrect Answer Percentages ( %) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

1 * 48 73.85 17 26.15

2 * 35 53.85 30 46.15

3 * 51 78.46 14 21.54

4 * 24 36.92 41 63.08

5 * 56 86.15 9 13.85

6 * 21 32.31 44 67.69

7 * 45 69.23 20 30.77

8 * 40 61.54 25 38.46

9 * 35 53.85 30 46.15

10 * 41 63.08 24 36.92

11 * 22 33.85 43 66.15

12 * 16 24.62 49 75.38

13 * 38 58.46 27 41.54

14 * 33 50.77 32 49.23

15 * 42 64.62 23 35.38

16 * 49 75.38 16 24.62

17 * 46 70.77 19 29.23

18 * 52 80 13 20

19 * 60 92.31 5 7.69

20 * 45 69.23 20 30.77

21 * 39 60 26 40

22 * 56 86.15 9 13.85

23 * 18 27.69 47 72.31

24 * 32 49.23 33 50.77

25 * 40 61.54 25 38.46

26 * 35 53.85 30 46.15

27 * 34 52.31 31 47.69

(36)

29 * 53 81.54 12 18.46

30 * 41 63.08 24 36.92

31 * 30 46.15 35 53.85

32 * 38 58.46 27 41.54

33 * 50 76.92 15 23.08

34 * 36 55.38 29 44.62

35 * 51 78.46 14 21.54

36 * 54 83.08 11 16.92

37 * 47 72.31 18 27.69

38 * 34 52.31 31 47.69

39 * 44 67.69 21 32.31

40 * 32 49.23 33 50.77

41 * 43 66.15 22 33.85

42 * 40 61.54 25 38.46

TOTAL 2605 1595

AVERAGE (%) 62.02 37.98

Note:

A: P.P. as an attributive adjective B: P.P. After verb of sensation C: P.P. after certain verbs D: P.P. replacing main clause E: P.P. replacing subordinate clause F: Gerund as subject

G: Gerund after preposition H: Gerund as object

I: Gerund as compound noun J: Gerund as short prohibition

K: Gerund after possessive adjective L: Gerund after certain expressions M: Gerund after possessive adjective N: Gerund after certain expression Symbol “ * ”: Part of/Included in…

(37)

The table above shows that the percentage of the correct answer is 62.02 % and the percentage of the incorrect answer is 37.98 %.

Table 2. The Percentage of the Most Incorrect Answers. No Present

Participle

Gerund Incorrect Answer

Percentages ( %) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Present

Participle

Gerund

1 * 17 26.15

2 * 30 46.15

3 * 14 21.54

4 * 41 63.08

5 * 9 13.85

6 * 44 67.69

7 * 20 30.77

8 * 25 38.46

9 * 30 46.15

10 * 24 36.92

11 * 43 66.15

12 * 49 75.38

13 * 27 41.54

14 * 32 49.23

15 * 23 35.38

16 * 16 24.62

17 * 19 29.23

18 * 13 20

19 * 5 7.69

20 * 20 30.77

21 * 26 40

22 * 9 13.85

23 * 47 72.31

24 * 33 50.77

(38)

26 * 30 46.15

27 * 31 47.69

28 * 18 27.69

29 * 12 18.46

30 * 24 36.92

31 * 35 53.85

32 * 27 41.54

33 * 15 23.08

34 * 29 44.62

35 * 14 21.54

36 * 11 16.92

37 * 18 27.69

38 * 31 47.69

39 * 21 32.31

40 * 33 50.77

41 * 22 33.85

42 * 25 38.46

TOTAL 869.23 726.13 1595

AVERAGE 54.49 45.51

The 37.08 % percentage of the incorrect answer, it can be divided again in what part of them is the most incorrect answer. The table shows that the correct answer in present participle is 54.49 % and the percentage of the incorrect answer in gerund is 45.61 %. For more detailed let see table below:

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Table 3. Percentage of the Present Participle Incorrect Answer and Gerund Incorrect Answers Number of test PRESENT PARTICIPLE No GERUND Incorrect answer Percentage (%) Incorrect answer Percentage (%) 1 17 26.15 2 30 46.15

3 14 21.54 5 9 13.84

4 41 63.08 8 25 38.46

6 44 67.69 9 30 46.15

7 20 30.77 10 24 36.92

11 43 66.15 13 27 41.54

12 49 75.38 15 23 35.38

14 32 49.23 17 19 29.23

16 16 24.62 19 5 7.692

18 13 20 21 26 40

20 20 30.77 22 9 13.85

23 47 72.31 24 33 50.77

25 25 38.46 26 30 46.15

27 31 47.69 28 18 27.69

29 12 18.46 30 24 36.92

32 27 41.54 31 35 53.85

34 29 44.62 33 15 23.08

36 11 16.92 35 14 21.54

38 31 47.69 37 18 27.69

39 21 32.31 40 33 50.77

41 22 33.85 42 25 38.46

Total 565 869.23 472 726.13

(40)

Analysis: 1. Having

Students’ answer

finished all her home work, she sat down to watch television. Number of student Percentage

( %)

TRUE 48 73,85 %

FALSE 17 26,15 %

The sentence using present participle replace subordinate clause. Present participle replace subordinate clause can be replaced by since / because / for + subject + verb.

• Since •

she had finished all her home works, she sat down to watch television Because

•

she had finished all her home work, she sat down to watch television For

One thing that we must know from the participle replace subordinate clause is that the subject of the main verb is also the subject of the participle phrase (following verb).

From the sentence the subject of the main verbs is “she” and the subject of the participle phrase is also “she”.

she had finished all her home work, she sat down to watch television.

After showin Students’

answer

g his pass card, he was allowed to enter the building. Number of student Percentage

( %)

TRUE 35 53.85 %

FALSE 30 46.15 %

Sentence number 2 using gerund after preposition (after + showing). From the sentence the preposition is after.

There are so many prepositions in English such as: before, about, in, on, off, of, at, by, etc.

(41)

3. When we got home last night we saw a man tryin Students’

answer

g to get on our roof. Number of student Percentage

( %)

TRUE 51 78.46

FALSE 14 21.54

The sentence using present participle after verb of sensation ( saw + object + present participle). Verb of sensation is the verb that related with the five senses. The basic verbs of sensation see, hear, feel, smell, and the verbs listen (to), notice and watch can be followed by subject + present participle:

example:

I watched them winning the game

See, hear, feel and sometimes listen (to), notice and watch can also be followed object + bare infinitive:

We saw him leave the house

I hear him make arrangements for his journey

I saw him changing the wheel mean that I watched only apart of the action.

The infinitive implies that the action is complete. I saw him change the wheel means that I saw whole action.

From the sentence we know the verb of sensation there is saw. 4. I do not know who the standing man

Students’ answer

over there.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 51 63.08

FALSE 14 36.92

(42)

Present participle as an attributive adjective usually used to modify noun, so it also called a noun modifier and it usually intransitive (it does not take an object) and the verb form of the sentence is in the progressive (continuous) aspects. For examples: walking man, sleeping child. One thing that we must pay attention to this is this function should be clear from gerund (verbal noun). In another word one thing that makes it different is the present participle can be easily substituted by another word such as standing man (the man that stands / is standing).

5. Obeying the rules is Students’

answer

wise.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 56 86.15

FALSE 9 13.85

The sentence using gerund as subject.

The gerund obeying in Obeying the rules is used as the subject of the sentence. The predicate is indicates the singular verbs. A common mistake may occur when the noun rules is related to the linking verb. Very often students write are instead of is because they look at the word closest to the predicate.

6. Sweeping

Students’ answer

the floor, he slips away.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 21 32.31

FALSE 44 67.69

The sentence using present participle replacing main clause. Present participle is usually possible to express one or two actions by the same subject occurring simultaneously. And it can be found in the sentence. The sentence can be changed with he sweeps the floor and slips away.

(43)

7. Having

Students’ answer

worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vacation. Number of student Percentage

( %)

TRUE 45 69.23

FALSE 20 30.77

The sentence using the present participle replace subordinate clause. This sentence can be replaced with since / because / for + subject + verb.

The sentence can be changed with:

Because he had worked all his life, he decided to take a long vocation. 8. He mentioned meeting

Students’ answer

the governor at the reception.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 40 61.54

FALSE 25 38.46

This sentence using gerund as object. Gerund as subject can be after the certain verbs. And one of the certain verbs in the sentence is mention.

Gerund as object can be found after certain verb. The list of the verbs below are followed by gerund and function as an object:

Admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, acknowledge, advocate, advise, contemplate, consider, copulate, discuss, defer, delay, deny, defeats, mention, dislike, dread, disclaim, drop, encourage, entail, evade, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, imagine, finish, etc.

9. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing Students’

answer

well.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 35 53.85

(44)

The sentence using the gerund after certain expression. And the expression that using in the sentence is the expression using the worth.

Some certain expression also using gerund. For example the expression that using: • Can’t stand ( = endure)

• Can’ help ( = prevent/avoid) • It’s no use/good

• After the adjective worth 10. She left me without saying

Students’ answer

any words.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 41 63.08

FALSE 24 36.92

The sentence is the present participle after preposition. From the sentence the preposition is without (without + saying).

There are so many prepositions in English such as: before, about, in, on, off, of, at, by, etc.

And after the preposition, must be followed gerund (verb + ing ). 11. Her loud voice disturbs the

Students’ answer

sleeping baby

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 22 38.85

FALSE 43 66.15

The sentence using present participle as an attributive adjective. Present participle as an attributive adjective usually used to modify noun, so it also called a noun modifier and it usually intransitive (it does not take an object) and the verb form of the sentence is in the progressive (continuous) aspects.

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For examples: walking man, sleeping child. One thing that we must pay attention to this is this function should be clear from gerund (verbal noun). For example: swimming pool. It can not be changed with the pool that swims. In another word one thing that makes it different is the present participle can be easily substituted by another word such as walking man (the man that walks / is walking).

12. The walking man Students’

answer

is my uncle.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 16 24.62

FALSE 49 75.38

For examples: walking man, sleeping child. One thing that we must pay attention to this is this function should be clear from gerund (verbal noun). In another word one thing that makes it different from gerund as compound noun is the present participle can be easily substituted by another word such as walking man (the man that walks / is walking).

13. We considered selling Students’

answer

our old car and buy a new one

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 38 58.46

(46)

The sentence is gerund as object. The sentence is the same with number 8. Gerund as subject can be after the certain verbs. And one of the certain verbs in the sentence is considered.

Gerund as object can be found after certain verb. The list of the verbs below are followed by gerund and function as an object:

Students’ answer

rising

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 33 50.77

FALSE 32 49.23

This sentence using present participles after verb of sensation. The verbs of sensation there are smelt and saw (saw/smelt + object + present participle).

Verb of sensation is the verb that related with the five senses.

The basic verbs of sensation see, hear, feel, smell, and the verbs listen (to), notice and watch can be followed by subject + present participle:

example:

I watched them winning the game

See, hear, feel and sometimes listen (to), notice and watch can also be followed object + bare infinitive:

We saw him leave the house

I hear him make arrangements for his journey

(47)

The infinitive implies that the action is complete. I saw him change the wheel means that I saw whole action.

15. He decides to continue her studying

Students’ answer

in America just because of the education system.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 42 64.62

FALSE 23 35.38

The sentence using the gerund after possessive pronoun. The possessive pronoun there is her.

Possessive adjectives in English refer to the possessor and not to the thing possessed. Everything that a man or boy possesses is his thing; every thing that a woman or girl possesses is her thing:

Tom’s father is his father but Mary’s father is her father

Everything that an animal or things possesses is its thing: A tree drops its leaves in autumn.

A happy dog wags its tail. 16. He found his student reading

Students’ answer

in the library.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 49 75.38

FALSE 16 24.62

The sentence using the present participle after certain verbs. The certain verb in the sentence is found.

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There are some certain verbs that can be followed by present participle they are:

Find, catch, leave, spend, waste, go, busy.

Find, catch, leave, spend, waste, go, bus + object 17. Doing all these chemistry home works needs

Students’ answer

concentrate.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 46 70.77

FALSE 19 29.23

The sentence using the gerund as subject. The gerund doing is used as the subject the sentence. The predicate needs indicates the singular verbs. A common mistake may occur when the noun parents is related to the linking verb. Very often students write need instead of needs because they look at the word closest to the predicate.

The subject of the sentence is doing all these chemistry home works. The predicate of needs clearly shows that gerund is regarded as the singular subject. This is apparent when it is used in the simple present / perfect tense. In the past / perfect tense, however the predicate does not show the special property.

18. We are making Students’

answer

some cakes in the kitchen.

Number of student Percentage ( % )

TRUE 52 80

FALSE 13 20

(49)

there. When the sentence is produced, the action of standing occurs at the same time. The present perfect continuous tense indicates the duration of the action, that is until the sentence is produced, the action will continues to a certain point of time after the sentence is produced.

19. No smoking Students’

answer

in this area.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 60 92.31

FALSE 5 7.69

The sentence using the gerund as short prohibition.

No smoking in this area In this case, the gerunds can not be followed by an object, so prohibitions involving an object are usually expressed by an imperative.

Examples:

• Do not touch these wires. • Do not disturb the lion.

And if we change the sentence into the imperative sentence it will be “Do not smoke in this area”

20. The police caught the young boy stealing Students’

answer

a car.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 45 69.23

FALSE 20 30.77

The sentence using the present participle after certain verbs. In the sentence the certain verb is caught.

There are some certain verbs that can be followed by present participle. They are: Find, catch, leave, spend, waste, go, busy.

(50)

Find, catch, leave, spend, waste, go, busy + object 21. He denied having

Students’ answer

been told to service engine before take-off.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 39 60

FALSE 26 40

The sentence using the gerund as object. Gerund as object can be found after the certain verb. The certain verb in the sentence is denied.

The object of the sentence is “having been told to service engine “

Gerund as object can be found after certain verb. The verbs below are followed by gerund and function as an object :

Students’ answer

, for the staff only.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 56 86.15

FALSE 9 13.85

The sentence using the present participle as short prohibition. It is just the same with the sentence number 19. Short prohibition can be changed with the imperative sentence. So, the sentence can be “Do not park, for the staff only”. 23. Entering

Students’ answer

the classroom he gave a lecture.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 18 27.69

(51)

The sentence using the present participle replace main clause. When one action is immediately followed by another by the same subject to the first action, it can often be expressed by present participle.

Form the sentence the first action is “he enter the room” The second action is “he gave a lecture”

If we combine the sentence it will be “He entered the room and gave a lecture”. 24. Student arriving late

Students’ answer

will not be permitted to enter the class.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 32 49.23

FALSE 33 50.77

The sentence using the gerund as compound noun. The compound noun there is “arriving late”.

One thing that makes it really different with present participle as attributive adjective is it can not be changed with “the late that arrives”, compared with “standing man” it can be changed with “the man who is standing” or “the man stands”.

25. He spent

Students’ answer

a lot of money modernizing the house.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 40 61.54

FALSE 25 38.46

The sentence using the present participle after certain verb. The certain verb there is spent.

In this case, after certain verbs always be followed with object. Spent + a lot of money (obj.) + modernizing…

(52)

There are some certain verbs that can be followed by present participle they are:

Find, catch, leave, spend, waste, go, busy.

Find, catch, leave, spend, waste, go, busy + object 26. It is no use crying

Students’ answer

over spilt milk.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 35 53.85

FALSE 30 46.15

The sentence using the gerund after certain expression.

Some certain expression which also using some certain expressions are the expressions that using:

• Can’t stand ( = endure) • Can’ help ( = prevent/avoid) • It’s no use/good

• After the adjective worth 27. She went out, slamming

Students’ answer

the door.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 34 52.31

FALSE 31 47.69

When the second action forms part of the first, or is a result of it, we can express the second action by a present participle.

In the sentence the second action is slamming the door, that is why it uses participle.

(53)

28. She is really grateful for his giving Students’

answer

to her.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 47 72.31

FALSE 18 27.69

The sentence using gerund after possessive adjective. The possessive adjective there is His (his + giving ).

Possessive adjectives in English refer to the possessor and not to the thing possessed. Everything that a man or boy possesses is his thing; every thing that a woman or girl possesses is her thing:

Tom’s father is his father but Mary’s father is her father

Everything that an animal or things possesses is its thing: A tree drops its leaves in autumn.

A happy dog wags its tail. 29. I have been thinking

Students’ answer

it over.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 53 81.54

FALSE 12 18.46

The sentence using the present participle as continuous. The continuous tense indicate the aspect of time and duration. The present continuous tense, example, is to express an action at the moment of speaking as in she is standing there. When the sentence is produced, the action of standing occurs at the same time. The present perfect continuous tense indicates the duration of the action, that

(54)

is until the sentence is produced, the action will continues to a certain point of time after the sentence is produced.

30. I am sorry for breaking Students’

answer

your heart.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 41 63.08

FALSE 24 36.92

This sentence using the gerund after preposition (for + breaking).

There are so many prepositions in English such as: before, about, in, on, off, of, at, by, etc.

And after the preposition, must be followed gerund (verb + ing ). 31. He gave an inspiring speech

Students’ answer

at the speech contest in his school. Number of student Percentage

( %)

TRUE 30 46.15

FALSE 35 53.85

The sentence using the gerund as compound noun. The compound noun in the sentence is inspiring speech.

32. He had his wife’s portrait hangin Students’

answer

g in his office.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 38 58.46

(55)

The sentence using the sentence present participle after have. The using of have here is have + object+(verb+ing)

In the sentence we can see after had (the past form of have) followed with object (his wife’s portrait)

33. No overtaking Students’

answer

, drive your car slowly.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 50 76.92

FALSE 15 23.08

This sentence using the sentence using gerund as short prohibition and the same with the sentence number 19 and 22. Short prohibition can be changed with imperative sentence:

No overtaking, driver your car slowly (Do not over take, driver your car slowly) 34. Didn’t you hear the bell ringing

Students’ answer

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 36 55.38

FALSE 29 44.62

The sentence using the sentence using present participle after verb of sensation. The verb hear shows that the sentence using verb of sensation. Verb of sensation is the verb that related with the five senses.

(56)

I watched them winning the game

See, hear, feel and sometimes listen (to), notice and watch can also be followed object + bare infinitive:

We saw him leave the house

I hear him make arrangements for his journey

I saw him changing the wheel mean that I watched only apart of the action.

The infinitive implies that the action is complete. I saw him change the wheel means that I saw whole action.

35. My parents are happy about my winning Students’

answer

in the first prize in essay contest. Number of student Percentage

( %)

TRUE 51 78.46

FALSE 14 21.54

The sentence using the sentence using gerund after possessive adjective (my + winning).

The possessive adjective in the sentence is my.

The personal pronoun of my is I and its object is me and its possessive pronoun is mine.

36. We have been living Students’

answer

in England for ten years.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 54 83.08

FALSE 11 16.92

(57)

time. The present perfect continuous tense indicates the duration of the action, that is until the sentence is produced, the action will continues to a certain point of time after the sentence is produced.

37. I need a drawing book Students’

answer

to draw the sketch.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 47 72.31

FALSE 18 27.69

The sentence using the gerund as compound noun. The compound noun in the sentence is drawing book.

One thing that makes it really different with present participle as attributive adjective is it can not be changed with “the book draws” or “the book which is drawing”, compared with “standing man” it can be changed with “the man who is standing” or “the man stands”.

38. The day being Students’

answer

dark we canceled to go hiking.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 34 52.31

FALSE 31 47.69

The sentence using the sentence using present participle replace subordinate clause. The sentence can be replaced with because the day was dark, we canceled to go hiking.

In this case, the participle must follow its noun / pronoun. Being dark the day, we canceled to go hiking is incorrect, but Being athletic, Budi found climbing easy is alright, as Budi is the subject of both participle and the following verb.

(58)

39. I will not have him cleaning Students’

answer

the room

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 44 67.69

FALSE 21 32.31

The sentence using the sentence present participle after have. The using of have here is have + object + (verb+ing)

In the sentence we can see after had (the past form of have) followed with object (him)

40. It’s no good breachin Students’

answer

g the rules.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 32 42.93

FALSE 33 50.77

The sentence using gerund after certain expression. (it’s no good + breaching) Some certain expression also using some certain expression. For example the expression that using:

• Can’t stand ( = endure) • Can’ help ( = prevent/avoid) • It’s no use/good

(59)

41. She had me paintin Students’

answer

g the wall.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 43 66.15

FALSE 22 33.85

The sentence using the sentence present participle after have. The using of have here is have + object + (verb+ing)

In the sentence we can see after had (the past form of have) followed with object (me)

42. Having a glass of milk every day makes Students’

answer

us healthy.

Number of student Percentage ( %)

TRUE 40 61.54

FALSE 25 38.46

The sentence using gerund as subject. The gerund having is used as the subject of the sentence. The predicate makes indicates the singular verbs.

4.2 Findings

1. The percentage of the correct answers made by the 2007 year students of English Literature Department is 62.02 %, while the percentages of the incorrect answer is 37.98 %.

2. The most dominant incorrect answer between present participle and gerund that made by the student is in present participle with the percentage 54.49 %. While the percentage of incorrect answer in gerund is 45.51 %

(60)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

Having analyzed the data presented in the pervious chapter, I make some conclusions as follows:

1. The percentage of the correct answers that made by the 2007 year students of English Literature Department is 62.02 %, while the percentages of the incorrect answer is 37.98 %. From the percentage of the correct answer above can be said that the ability of the 2007 year students of English Literature Department, University of Sumatera Utara in distinguishing present participle from gerund is good. Because based on the interval made by Arikunto “good “category is between 61%-80 %.

2. The most dominant incorrect answer between present participle and gerund that made by the student is present participle with the percentage 54.49 %. It means that the understanding of the 2007 year students of English Literature Department, University of Sumatera Utara is better in present participle than gerund.

3. Present participle is the part of verb, which ended by –ing that functions as an adjective, whereas, gerund is also part of verbs which is ended by –ing and function as a noun. In other words it can be said that between present participle and gerund have the same form but different function.

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5.2 Suggestions

To understand further about the usage of Present Participle and Gerund, the following suggestions are offered:

1. In studying about Present Participle and Gerund the lecturers of English must give clear explanation about them, so the students will never face some problems in distinguishing them

2. The students should be encouraged to read English book such as newspaper, novel, etc. By doing so the students will be familiar with the usage of present participle and gerund.

3. The lecturers must give some exercises to the students dealing with present participle and gerund.

4. I know that there are not many students who have talked about this topic as their thesis, so I wish to them who are interested in writing about the topic will make it more perfect.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, W.S. 1995. Living English Structure. London: Longman.

Arikunto, S. 2005. Manajemen Penelitian. Jakarta: PT Asdi Mahasatya.

Azar, B.S. 1981. Understanding and Using English Grammar. Prantice-hall International.

Bungin, B. (2005). Metodologi Penelitian sosial. Surabaya. Airlangga Universitry Press.

Burch, C. B. 2003. A Writer’s Grammar. United States: Longman

Chalker, S and Edmund Weiner. 1994. The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. New York: Oxford University Press.

Frank, M. 1972. Modern English (A practical reference guide).New York: Prentice-hall, Inc.

Moleong, L.J. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya Bandung

Nunan, D. 2003. Practical English Language Teaching. Singapore: McGraw Hill companies, Inc.

Pyle, M.A and Munoz, M.E 1987. Preparation Guide. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons.

Sapir, Edward. 1949. Language (An Introduction to the Study of speech). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.

Tiomsi. 2001. The Use of Present Participle in the Editorial Text of the Jakarta Post. Thesis.

Thomson, A.J and Martinet, A.V. 1984. A Practical English Grammar. London: Oxford University.

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Thomson, A.J and Martinet, A.V. 1990. Oxford Pocket English Grammar. London: Oxford University.

Webster, Merriam. 2003. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. United States of America: Merriam-Websters, Incorporated.

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APPENDIX

• Present Participle cross “PP “ TEST

From these sentences determine whether they use Present Participles or Gerunds! (Pay attention to the function of the words added with the suffix –ing that you find in each sentence)

If you chose:

• Gerund cross “G”

Example:

1. She denies stealing

(From the sentence above we know that the sentence use Gerund so you cross G ) the money. ( PP ; G )

1. Having finished all her home works, she sat down to watch television.( PP;G ) Number 1- 42:

2. After showing his pass card, he was allowed to enter the building. ( PP ; G ) 3. When we got home last night we saw a man trying to get on our roof. ( PP ;G ) 4. I do not know who the standing man over there. ( PP ; G )

5. Obeying the rules is wise. ( PP ; G )

6. Sweeping the floor, he slips away. ( PP ; G )

7. He mentioned meeting the governor at the reception. ( PP ; G ) 8. The walking man is my uncle. ( PP ; G )

9. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. ( PP ; G )

10.Having worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vacation. ( PP ; G ) 11.She left me without saying any words. ( PP ; G )

12.Her loud voice disturbs the sleeping baby. ( PP ; G )

13.We considered selling our old car and buy a new one. ( PP ; G ) 14.She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising. ( PP ; G )

15.He decides to continue her studying in America because the system of education there is far better. ( PP ; G )

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17.Doing all these chemistry home works needs concentrate. ( PP ; G ) 18.We are making some cakes. ( PP ; G )

19.No smoking, in this area. ( PP ; G )

20.The police caught the young boy stealing a car. ( PP ; G )

21.He denied having been told to service engine before take-off. ( PP ; G ) 22.No parking, for the staff only. ( PP ; G )

23.Entering the classroom he gave a lecture. ( PP ; G )

24.Student arriving late will not be permitted to enter the class. ( PP ; G ) 25.He spent a lot of money modernizing the house. ( PP ; G )

26.It is no use crying over spilt milk. ( PP ; G ) 27.She went out, slamming the door. ( PP ; G )

28.She is really grateful for his giving to her. ( PP ; G ) 29.I have been thinking it over. ( PP ; G )

30.I am sorry for breaking your heart. ( PP ; G )

31.He gave an inspiring speech at the speech contest in his school. ( PP; G ) 32.He had his wife’s portrait hanging in his office. ( P ; G )

33.No overtaking, drive your car slowly. ( PP ; G ) 34.Didn’t you hear the bell ringing? ( PP ; G )

35.My parents are happy about my winning in the first prize in essay contest. ( PP ; G )

36.We have been living in England for ten years. ( PP ; G ) 37.I need drawing book to draw the sketch. ( PP ; G ) 38.The day being dark, we canceled to go hiking. ( PP ; G ) 39.I will not have him cleaning the room. ( PP ; G )

40.It is no good breaching the rules. ( PP ; G ) 41.She had me painting the wall. ( PP ; G )