these people only have one purpose to move to India which is to find a better life. The cause of successive migration to India is explained below:
“Six years later a famine killed three and a half million people in Bengal alone and ousted millions of refugees. India’s Independence and the partition
in 1947 cast upon Calcutta some four million Muslim and Hindus fleeing from Bihar and East Pakistan. The conflict with China in 1962, and
subsequently the war againta Pakistan, washed up a further several hundred thousand refugees.” p.30
4.1.2.2. Languages
It is inevitable for India to have many languages because of the great divergence of its racial groups. In the novel, it is explained that there are many
languages which are used in India. Each region in India generally has its own language such as Bengal, Urdu, Tamil, Malayalam, Punjab, etc. Each language also
has different dialect so it is difficult to be understood by people who do not use the same language. This fact is mentioned in the novel as it follows:
Hindi the great Lingua Franca of modern India, now spoken by nearly a
quarter of billion people, was understood by the majority of the occupants of the City of
Joy. It was one of twenty or thirty languages used in the slum; others were Bengali, Urdu, Tamil, Malayan, Punjabi, and numerous dialects.”
p.100
Each province in India usually has its own language and dialect 1971: 98. Because there are many languages in India, it is necessary to learn one language
which is understood by most of the people. In the novel, Lapierre mentions that Hindi is a language that is understood by the majority of people in India. The
villagers who do not speak Hindi generally have difficulty to speak with others when they move to city. People who live in big cities consist of all regions of India and
also from countries around India. Generally, these people have their own languages.
Thus, when villagers move to cities they will get difficulty to find a job and to socialize with others if they do not learn Hindi.
Many different languages in India often cause problem. For instance, people from different parts of the country cannot understand each other. The differences in
writing among the languages also present another problem. Actually, before 1965, English had become the official language of India. However, after 1965, English
become an associate language. Nowadays only about 2 people speak English and usually they are educated Indians 1971: 98.
4.1.2.3. Belief
