necessary data which had not been covered in the in-depth interviews done previously.
The data obtained was used to conduct triangulation in order to improve the validation of this study.
E. Data Processing
After conducting the in-depth interviews and transcribed the data, the researcher then conducted artifacts collection and observation. After obtaining the
Figure 3.1. Data Gathering Techniques
Transcript of interview Transcribing the recorded data
Data Gathering Techniques of Teachers’ Lived
Experience in Selecting Textbooks
STEPS
Conducting in-depth interview
RESULT
Conducting artifacts collection Transcribing the interview
result Constructing questions as in-
depth interview guideline
Conducting observation Conducting re-interview
List of questions
Audio-recorded data, field notes
Transcript of the in-depth interview
Field notes Field notes
Audio- recorded data, field notes
results of those three data gathering instruments, the researcher analyzed the data and conducted re-interview to gather the missing information.
The next step was transcribing the overall data. The researcher then also read and re-read the transcript, made data classifications using table of categories
of the constructs and coded the data. Berg 1989 in Miles and Huberman 1994: 9 state that coding is giving tags or labels for assigning units of meaning to
descriptive information compiled during the study. In line with this definition, coding was done in this study in order to find out the key content of the in-depth
interviews, artifacts collection, and observation. The researcher used italized or bold typed to underline the expressions needed to identify the themes under the
research. The assigned codes describe the pseudo name of the individual identity and category content of the data. The researcher reduced the data for
manageability purpose and transformed selectively in terms of the issues being addressed. In this case, only significant and meaningful chunks of data were
selected and then removed from the raw data for analysis. After coding, the researcher described the participant‟s lived experience in
selecting textbooks. The description is divided into two categories, namely 1 the descri
ption of the teacher‟s individual lived experience which is based on the data presentation especially on the teacher‟s personal experience, and 2 the
description of the teacher‟s shared lived experience which is based on the data presentation especially
on the teacher‟s shared experience. Because the description is based on the data presentation, it is hoped that it would be free from
the researcher‟s interference. The description consists of five categories based on
the aspects of lived experience used in this study. They are understanding, belief, action, feeling, and intention.
The step after the description is interpretation. To make the interpretation, the researcher worked back and forth between the gained data and the researcher‟s
own perspective and understanding which may be based on theories related to textbooks selection to make sense of the evidence. The interpretation is also
divided into categories, namely 1 the interpretation of the teacher‟s individual lived experience, and 2 the interpr
etation of the teacher‟s shared lived experience.
The last step of the research is drawing conclusion. At this step, the research needed to consider again what the data meant. Then, after reviewing the
analyzed data, the research needed to assess the implications for the research questions.
F. Trustworthiness
Realizing the trustworthiness of the findings in this study, the researcher conducted triangulation. According to Cohen, Manion, and Morrison 2003: 112
triangulation refers to the use of two or more methods of data collection in the study of some aspect of human behavior. Meanwhile, Slake 1994 in Holliday
2002 states that triangulation is normally thought of as increasing the validity of qualitative research by getting and comparing „multiple perceptions‟ of the same
phenomenon. This can be done by establishing relationship between several types of data gained from various resources.
