D. Data Gathering Techniques
In the process of gathering data, the researcher followed Holliday‟s strategies. Holliday 2002: 7 claims that strategies for collecting data have to
develop in dialogue with the unfolding nature of social settings and with opportunity and developing relations between the researcher and the participants
in the research process. In the first day in the field, the researcher established rapport, trust, and relation with the individuals and groups to be observed
McMillan et al., 2001: 322. To develop a good relationship with the participants, firstly the researcher met them to ask their willingness to be the participants in this
study. Secondly, the research made arrangements to have time availability for interviews. In the first interview, the research explained the interview procedures
so that they would feel comfortable during the interview. The transcript of in-depth interviews was the primary data of this
qualitative research. In-depth interviews are open-response questions to obtain data of participant meanings Patton, 2002; McMillan et al., 2001; Holliday, 2002;
Milles and Huberman, 1994. The researcher came to the participants to hold semi structured interviews. Several questions were prepared as the guideline in order to
make the flow of the interview smooth. The obtained data tell how an individual visualizes their world and how they explain or make sense of the important events
in their life. The interviews were audio-taped. The researcher also took notes during
the interviews in the event that recording equipment failed Cresswell, 2003. By using the interview, the researcher could find how the participants assign meaning
toward the phenomenon they had already experienced. Cohen, Manion, and
Morrison 2003: 267 claim that interview enables both of the interviewer and the interviewee discuss their interpretations of the world in which they live, and to
express how they view situation from their own point of view. In this sense, the interview is aimed at entering into other person‟s perspective.
During the interviews the researcher took notes. Patton 2002: 383 states that notes are a back up in the case that the recording goes wrong. Besides, notes
help the researcher formulate new questions while the interview goes along and also facilitate the researcher with later analysis.
In the process of data collecting, the researcher asked about the teachers‟
experience, values, feelings, and backgrounds. The researcher asked the participants‟ experience to elicit what they do or have done with the textbooks
selection. Opinions or values were asked to draw what they thought about their experience which could reveal their intentions, goals, and values. Yet, before
going further, the researcher asked a question which was related to the participant‟s backgrounds to depict their own descriptions.
The second source of data was artifacts collection. The researcher collected teachers‟ selected textbooks, lesson plans, and syllabus that described
the teachers‟ actions, experiences, and beliefs as well as curriculum to reveal the reasons and the ways they conducted textbooks selection.
Observation was also conducted to obtain comprehensive descriptions of the research setting. The researcher wrote notes on what she saw around the
participants and the setting. After conducting the interview, artifacts collection, and observation, the
researcher carried out the re-interviews. The re-interviews were used to complete
necessary data which had not been covered in the in-depth interviews done previously.
The data obtained was used to conduct triangulation in order to improve the validation of this study.
E. Data Processing
After conducting the in-depth interviews and transcribed the data, the researcher then conducted artifacts collection and observation. After obtaining the
Figure 3.1. Data Gathering Techniques
Transcript of interview Transcribing the recorded data
Data Gathering Techniques of Teachers’ Lived
Experience in Selecting Textbooks
STEPS
Conducting in-depth interview
RESULT
Conducting artifacts collection Transcribing the interview
result Constructing questions as in-
depth interview guideline
Conducting observation Conducting re-interview
List of questions
Audio-recorded data, field notes
Transcript of the in-depth interview
Field notes Field notes
Audio- recorded data, field notes