Review on Socio-political Background

AnotheredistinctiveeuseeofegrammareineJamaicaneCreoleeisetheeprepositionse andeconjunctions.eSomeecommonlyeusedeprepostionseare:einnae‘in’,eoutae‘oute of’,e panpone ‘on’,e aafe e ‘of’,e e fahe fifee ‘for’,e fie ‘to’.e Ande ine additione toe moree commonlyeusedeformselikeeane‘and’,eare‘or’ebote‘but’,esomeeconjunctionseinepatwae are:ecausecawe‘because’,edowealthough’,etille‘until’.e e

D. Review on Socio-political Background

Mosteofe LKJ”sepoemsedealewithetheesocialeconditioneofeEnglandeine1970se ande1980s.eTherefore,eiteiseimportantetoeknowetheesocio-politicalebackgroundeofe Englandeduringethoseetimes.e Ine thee 1950se workerse frome thee Caribbean,e camee toe Englande toe worke ase laborerse ande transporte workers.e Moste ofe thee immigrantse livede ine London,e Birminghame ande Nottingham.e Manye Caribbeane camee withe skillse bute theye weree marginalizede ande givene meniale jobse thate whitee peoplee didn’te want.e However,e Britaine needede cheape labore fore reconstructionse poste Worlde Ware IIe ande thee immigrantse weree chosene toe doe thesee jobse Lolley,e 2002.e e Thee presencee ofe thee blackecommunityeinetheemetropolitanecentreewaseconfrontedewitheprejudiceefuellede byeyearseofeimperialerule.eAsetheeriseeineimmigrationecontinuedesoedidetheeriseeine racialeviolenceeinethoseecities.eDuringe1950s,edebateeoneimmigrationeineparliamente andemediaefocusedeonetheeneedetoecontroleblackeimmigrationeSolomos,e2003:e53.ee Blackeimmigrantsebecameethee“problem”eineBritishesocietyeandeclashesewithewhitee Britonse oftene occurred.e Suche ofe thee clashese happenede one Auguste 23,e 1958e ine Nottinge Hille wheree African-Caribbeane youthse weree attackede bye whitee youths.e TheseeriotsequicklyespreadetoeLondon.e Theeriotseledetoethee1962eCommonwealtheImmigrantseActewhicherestrictede theeentryeofeimmigrantse intoeBritain.eTheepredominanteviewewasethaterestrictinge entrye woulde easee raciale conflict.e Althoughe thee Acte dide note specificallye mentione race,e “immigrant”e becamee synonymouse withe “black”.e Duringe thee 1960se thee economyeineEnglandewasedeclining,econsequentlyeBlackeworkersewereetheefirstetoe losee theire jobs.e Thosee whoe managede toe keepe theire jobse usuallye havee toe doublee worke withe lesse pay.e Ande bye 1972e non-whitese coulde onlye livee ine Britaine withe ae workepermiteoreifetheireparentseoregrandparentsewereeborneineBritain.ee Theeinjustice,ediscriminationeandeoppressioneagainsteBlackepeopleeledetoethee risee ofe “Blacke Power”.e Thee terme “Blacke Power”e wase firste coinede duringe thee formationeofeBlackePantherePartyeineMississippi,eUS,eine1966.eThisemovementewase quicklyespreadeacrossetheeglobeefromeUSetoeEurope,eAsiaeandetheeCaribbean.eIne England,eBrixtonebecameetheecentereofeblackeyoutheorganizationewhichelateregavee birthetoeEngland’seBlackePanthereMovement.e Duringe thee 1970se policee usee ofe Suse lawe frome “suspectede person”e lawe increased.eThiselaweseemedetoeepitomizeeracism.eItewaseaelawethatepermittedepolicee toe stop,e searche ande evene arreste peoplee merelye one thee suspicione thate theye weree loiteringewithetheeintentioneofecommittingeae crime.eManyeofe Blackepeopleeweree arrestedeusingethiselaweLolley,e2002.eTheeBlackePanthereMovementeBPMewase foundede toe fighte againste suche law,e raciale oppression,e policee brutality,e discriminationeandeinjusticeeagainsteblackepeople.eBPMerecruitedeblackeyouthsetoe joine thee Panthere Youthe Leaguee wheree theye weree taughte toe defende themselvese intellectuallyeandephysicallyeagainsteinjusticeeandeoppression.eByedoingesoeBPMe wase tryinge toe givee ae sensee ofe pridee amonge blacke youths.e LKJe himselfe wase ae membereofeBPM.e Ase ae blacke persone growinge upe ine Englande LKJe hade toe deale withe raciale oppression.e Subjectede toe suche hardshipe madee LKJe decidede toe joine thee Blacke PanthereMovementeine1970ePryce,e2009.eAseaemembereofeYoutheSectioneinethee Blacke Panthere Movement,e LKJe wase activelye involvede ine thee studye ofe Blacke History,e Politicse ande Culture.e Ite wase duringe hise involvemente withe thee Blacke Panthere Movemente thate LKJe discoverede Blacke Literature.e Hee reade ae booke bye W.E.BeDuboisecalledeTheeSouleofeBlackeFolkeandediscoverede“...theeproblemeofe thee20thecenturyebeingetheeproblemeofetheecoloreline”eandealsoeheecouldeidentifiede withe hise owne experiencee growinge upe ine Englande “...thee shadowe ofe thee veile thate hungeovereblackelives”eLolley,e2002.eLKJethenewaseinspiredetoewriteepoetry.e e

E. Theoretical Framework