Theory of Imagery Theory of Racism

B. Review of Related Theories

Toeansweretheeproblemeformulationsestatedeinetheefirstechaptereofethisestudy,e someetheoriesewereeused.eTheetheorieseusedeareeasefollows:e

1. Theory of Imagery

Abramse ine hise booke A Glossary to Literary Terms statede thate ine moderne criticismeimageryeiseoneeofetheemostecommoneandetheemostevariableeinemeaning.e Itse applicationehaseaewideerangeeinepoetry;e fromethee“mentalepicture”e which,ease sometimeseclaimedeareeexperiencedebyetheereadereofeaepoem,etoetheetotalityeofethee componentsewhichemakeeupeaepoeme1999:e121.ee AseAbramsepointedeout,ethereeareethreeepointsetoebeeconsideredeineorderetoe findeimagerieseineaepoem:e 1.e“Imagery”ethateis,e“images”etakenecollectivelyeiseusedetoesignifyeallethee objectseandequalitieseofesenseeperceptionereferredetoeineaepoemeoreothere worke ofe literature,e whethere bye literale description,e bye allusion,e ore bye similese ore metaphors.e “Imagery”e ine thise usagee includese visuale sensee qualities,e auditorye hear,e tactilee touch,e thermale heate ande cold,e olfactorye smell,e gustatorye taste,e ande kinesthetice sensatione ofe movement.e 2.e Moree narrowly,e imagerye ise usede toe signifye onlye descriptione ofe visiblee objectse ande scenes,e especiallye ife thee descriptione ise vivide ande particularized.e 3.e Imagery,e commonlye ine recente usage,e signifiese figurative language,e especiallye thee vehicles thee secondarye referencee ofe metaphorse ande similese1999:e121.e e

2. Theory of Racism

Encyclopedia of Race and Racism Vol. 3 mentionede thate racisme hase beene definedeinemanyedifferenteways.eItecontinuesethatethereeareefourefeatureseofethesee definitionseareemostesignificant.ee First,e racisme ise ae forme ofe dominancee ine whiche onee raciale groupe enjoyse controleoveretheeoutcomeseofeanothereracialegroup.eSecond,etheebeliefsethatesustaine anderationalizeegroupedominanceepresumeetheesuperiorityeofetheein-groupeandethee inferioritye ofe thee out-group.e Third,e racisme ise ae multilevele phenomenone thate ise expressede bye individualse microe level,e ise criticallye influencede bye institutionse mesoelevel,eandedeeplyeembeddedeinetheeentireecultureemacroelevel.eInfluencese amonge thee levelse aree bidirectionale ande evolvee ande changee overe time.e Fourth,e racisme contributese directlye ande indirectlye toe persistente raciale inequalitye Encyclopedia of Race and Racism Vol. 3,e2008:e74.e Individuale level,e ore overte racism,e ise similare toe raciale prejudice.e Ate thee individuale level,e negativee attitudes,e feelings,e ore behaviorse aree directede ate thee targetseoferacism.ePrejudiceeiseusuallyelinkedetoenegativeestereotypeseheldeabouteane out-groupeandeappliedetoebehavioredirectedeatememberseofethategroup,eregardlesseofe whethereorenotetheyefitetheegroupestereotype.eAseiteoperateseonepersonalelevel,eoverte racismecaneeasilyebeerecognized.e Institutionaleracism,eonetheeotherehand,eiseprettyemuchesubtle.eIteworkseinsidee theesystem,erunebyeindividualsewitheracismetendencies,eandeiteisehardetoebeeclearlye pointede out.e Stokelye Carmichaele later,e Kwamee Turee ande Charlese V.e Hamiltone introducedetheeconcepteofeinstitutionaleracismeinetheirebookeBlackePowere1967.e Institutional-leveleracismeis,e“theeprocessebyewhicheracialeoppressioneiseimposede one subordinatee raciale groupse bye dominante raciale groupse throughe institutionale channels”eEncyclopedia of Race and Racism Vol. 2,e2008:e180.e e

3. Theory of Nation Language