Background of the Study

1 eCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION e

A. Background of the Study

Forecenturiesemenehaveetriedetoetellehiseexperienceseinemanyedifferenteformse ofe expressione ande alsoe ine manye differente fields,e suche ase love,e hatee ande alsoe resistance.eMusic,epainting,esculptureeandeliteratureeareesomeeouteofemanyedevicese usedetoeexpressethoseeexperiences,eandesometimesetheseedeviceseareecombinedetoe createenewewayseofeexpression.eSinceebotheartseinvolvedesound,emusiceandepoetrye aree oftene combinede together.e Onee ofe thee resultse ofe thee uniquee combinatione ofe musiceandepoetryeisedubepoetry.ee eInetermseofecombiningepoetryewithemusic,eJamaicaehaseitseownestyle.eDuringe thee 1970se reggaee musice wase gaininge musicale ground.e Reggaee musice ise distinguishedebyetheeincreaseeusedeofeJamaicaneCreoleeorepatwa,eaelanguageewhiche developede frome thee combinatione ofe English,e ande Weste Africane languagese Durrleman-Tame,e2008:e1.eReggae,eduringeitsedevelopment,ebecameemediumeofe politicaleprotesteanderesistance.eSomeeartistsestartedetoeaddeinstrumentalesidesetoe theirerecords,ealsoeknowneasetheedubeside,eandedeejayseDJestartedetalkingeoverethee beatseinetheetraditioneofetheeAfricanegriotseLolley,e2002.eThisekindeofetalkingebye deejayse wase referrede toe ase toasting.e Ite wase note juste ine music,e poetrye wase alsoe exploredebyeJamaicaneartists.ePoetsetriedetoeexploreeaneoraleaestheticeforewrittene poetry.eSinceepoetryeiseaneexplorationeofepossibilitieseinelanguage,eJamaicanepoetse usee theire indigenouse language,e patwa,e ase ane elemente of,e ore vehiclee for,e poetry.e Reggaeeandepoetryethenewereecombinedetoecreateeaenewetypeeofepoetryeknownease “dubepoetry”eArnold,e2001:e97.ee Dube poetrye ise usuallye takene toe refere toe ae particulare typee ofe “performancee poetry”,eaebrandeofeoralepoetryeperformedetoetheeaccompanimenteofereggaeemusic.e Dubepoetryeprovideseaeuniqueeexampleeinewhichethereeisemixingeanderemixingeofe spokene ande writtene forms.e Thee terme dube poetrye itselfe ise thoughte toe havee beene popularizedebyetheeJamaicanepoeteOkueOnuoraetoedescribeeaeformeofeoraleartethate hadebeenedevelopingeineJamaicaesinceetheeearlye1970seArnold,e2001:e97.eReggaee ande dube poetrye sharee thee samee characteristic,e bothe aree thee mediae ofe resistancee againsteBabylon,eaetermethateusedebye Rastafarianemovementewhicheappliedetoeae varietyeofeentitiesethateRastafarianseconsidereoppressive.eMovingetoereggaeebeat,e andeofteneperformed,eratherethaneread,etoeliveemusicalebacking,edubepoetryetracese itse lineagee toe thee orale inventivenesse ofe thee street,e thee tenemente yard,e ande “dreadtalk”,e thee Rastafariane waye ofe speakinge stylee Arnold,e 2001:e 86-88.e A.e Jamese Arnolde statede thate “thee dube poetse adaptede thee rhythms,e terminologye ande techniqueseofereggaeeine theireownepoeticetechniques”e2001:e97.e DubePoetrye ise interestinge becausee ite cane bee studiede ine anye context,e whethere ite ise history,e literature,emusic,eperformance,eorerebellion.eItehasegivenepoetryeaenewepopularitye andehaseinfluencedemoreemainstreameliteraryeproducts.e Onee ofe thee prominente dube poetse duringe thise timee ise UK-basede dube poete LintoneKwesieJohnsonealsoeknowneaseLKJ.eHeewaseborneone24eAuguste1952eine Chapelton,eJamaica,eandewhenehiseparentsespliteupeLKJelateremovedetoeEnglandeine 1963e toe bee withe hise mothere Lolley,e 2002.e Ine thise studye Ie trye toe sharee thee significanceeofeLintoneKwesieJohnson’sedubepoetry.eTheetopiceofethisethesiseisethee ideaeoferesistanceeineJohnson’sepoemeentitlede“InglaneiseaeBitch”.eIehaveechosene LintoneKwesieJohnson’sepoemebecauseeheeiseconsideredeaseaeprominentedubepoete andeheeisenotedeforehiseforcefulevocalizationeofeaehighlyepoliticizedestandepointeine relationetoeissueseaffectingetheeblackecommunityeineLondon,easewelleaseforehiselinkse withereggaeemusiceandehisestrikingeperformativeestyle.ee Beingeaedubepoetewitheoralerendition,emosteofeLKJ’seworkseareeinetheeformeofe records.eNumberseoferecordealbumseandebookseofehiseselectedepoemsehaveebeene released.e Withe thee publicatione ofe hise booke Mi Revalueshanary Fren:e Selectede Poemseine2002,eLKJebecameetheesecondelivingepoet,eandetheeonlyeBlackepoet,etoebee publishedeinetheePenguineModerneClassiceseriesePryce,e2009.e “Inglane ise ae Bitch”e ise ae poeme thate showse howe thee immigrante frome thee CaribbeanehadetoedealewitheracismeineEngland,eespeciallyeduringe1950setoeearlye 1980s.eDuringethoseetimes,eaeloteofeimmigrantsefrometheeCaribbean,eandealsoeAsia,e cameetoeEnglandehopingetoefindeaejobeforeaebettereliving.eHowever,etheyewereeonlye givene thee meniale jobse thate thee whitee peoplee dide note wante toe doe evene ife thee immigrantse fite thee requiremente fore ae steadye ande propere job.e Thee poeme ise thee reflectione ofe Johnson’se concerne towardse thee immigrante ande blacke peoplee ine thee UnitedeKingdomeiseinterestingetoebeeanalyzededeeper.eJohnson’sepoemeactseaseae voiceeforetheeminorities.eHisepoemeemphasizesehowetheeblackepeopleeineEnglande mustestrifeetoesurviveelivingeinetheeracistesociety.eInehisearticlee“Riots,eRhymeseande Reasons”,eLKJesaidethatehisemotivationetoewriteepoetrye“...sprangefromeaeviscerale needetoecreativelyearticulateetheeexperienceseofetheeblackeyoutheofemyegeneration,e comingeofeageeineaeracistesociety”eJohnson,e2012.e Thiseresearchefocuseseonetheeattemptetoeanalyzeehoweracismeisepresentedeine LintoneKwesieJohnson’sepoeme“InglaneiseaeBitch”eandehowetheepoetedealsewithethee issue.eIneorderetoeachieveetheegoaleofethisestudy,eIeanalyzeetheeimageryeusedebyethee poetetoefindeoutehowetheeresistanceeagainsteracismeisereflectedeinetheepoem.e e

B. Problem Formulatione